User defined data types - struct

Dr. Manjubala Bisi

Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE,
NIT Warangal.

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 structures
• Student is an object which contain attributes like rollno, name,
department, course, etc.
– All these attributes of different types.
• How to store such an information under same name ?
– structures
• A Structure is a collection of related data items, possibly of
different types.
• A structure type in C++ is called struct.
• A struct is heterogeneous in that it can be composed of data of
different types.
• In contrast, array is homogeneous since it can contain only
data of the same type.
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 structures
• Examples:
– Student record: student id, name, major, gender,
start year, …
– Bank account: account number, name, currency,
balance, …
– Address book: name, address, telephone number,
…
• In database applications, structures are called records.

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 structures
• Individual components of a struct type are called members (or
fields).
• Members can be of different types (simple, array or struct).
struct student
{ int rollno;
char name[20]; Members of the
char department[30]; struct
char course[20];
}s1, s2, s3;

where student is a structure name // like int (int is a primitive data type)

s1, s2 and s3 are variables of structure student.

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 Declaring struct variables

struct student p, q, r;
• Declares and sets aside storage for three variables – p, q,
and r – each of type struct student.

struct student M[25];

• Declares a 25-element array of struct student;
allocates 25 units of storage, each one big enough to hold
the data of one student

struct motor *m;

• Declares a pointer to an object of type struct student
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 Accessing Members of a struct
struct student p;
struct student q[10];
struct motor *r;
• Then
p.rollno — is the roll no
p.name — is the name
p.Department — is the department name
p.course — is the course name

q[i]. rollno — is the of the rollno of ith student

q[i]. name — is the name of the ith student

r -> rollno — is the rollno of the student pointed to by r.

p -> name — is the name of the student pointed by r.
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 Operations on struct
• Copy/assign
struct student p, q;
p = q;
• Get address
struct student p;
struct student *s;
s = &p;
• Access members
p.rollno;
s -> rollno;

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 Example
• Consider the problem discussed in the previous class and do the
solution using structures.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct student
{ int rollno;
int marks;
};
student s1[60], s2[60], s3[60];
struct total
{ int rollno;
int m1,m2, m3,sum;
char grade; }t[60];
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 Example
int main()
{ int n;
cout << "Enter number of students:"; cin >> n;
// read the data into s1, s2, s3
int i=0;
// get the data into student structure
while(i< n)
{ cout << "\n Enter the " << i+1 << "student details";
cin >> s1[i].rollno >> s1[i].marks >> s2[i].marks >> s3[i].marks;
s2[i].rollno = s3[i].rollno = s1[i].rollno;
i++;
}

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 Example
// read the data from the student and write it into total
i=0;
while(i<=n) // Include the marks validation
{ t[i].rollno = s1[i].rollno;
t[i].m1 = s1[i].marks;
t[i].m2 = s2[i].marks;
t[i].m3 = s3[i].marks;
t[i].sum = t[i].m1 + t[i].m2 + t[i].m3;
if (t[i].m1 >= 40 && t[i].m2 >= 40 && t[i].m3 >= 40)
t[i].grade = 'P';
else t[i].grade = 'F';
i++;
}
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 Example
// display the data
i=0;
while(i<n)
{
cout << endl << t[i].rollno << " " << t[i].m1 << " " << t[i].m2 ;
cout << " " << t[i].m3 << " " ;t[i].sum << t[i].grade;
i++;
}
return 0;
}

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 How to pass or return a structure
to/from a Function
Passing of structure to the function can be done
in two ways:
• By passing all the elements to the function
individually.
• By passing the entire structure to the function.

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 #include <iostream>
using namespace std; Using Call By Value
struct Distance { Method
int kilometer;
int meter;
};

// accepts distance as its parameters

void TotalDistance(Distance d1, Distance d2)
{
// creating a new instance of the structure
Distance d;

// assigning value to new instance of structure

d.kilometer = (d1.kilometer + d2.kilometer) / 1000;

d.meter = (d1.meter + d2.meter) / 1000;

cout << "Total distance:";

cout << "kilometer: "
<< d.kilometer << endl;

cout << "meter: " << d.meter

<< endl; 13
}
// Function that initialises the value
// and calls TotalDistance function
void initializeFunction()
{
// creating two instances of Distance
Distance Distance1, Distance2;

// assigning values to structure elements

Distance1.kilometer = 10;
Distance1.meter = 455;

Distance2.kilometer = 9;
Distance2.meter = 745;

// calling function with (structure)

// distance as parameters
TotalDistance(Distance1, Distance2);
}

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// Driver code0
int main()
{

// Calling function to do required task

initializeFunction();

return 0;
}

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 Using Call By reference
Method
/ C++ program to pass structure as an argument
// to the functions using Call By Reference Method

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

struct number {
int n;
};

// Accepts structure as an argument

// using call by reference method
void increment(number& n2)
{
n2.n++;
}

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void initializeFunction()
{
number n1;

// assigning value to n
n1.n = 10;

cout << " number before calling "

<< "increment function:"
<< n1.n << endl;

// calling increment function

increment(n1);

cout << "number after calling"

<< " increment function:" << n1.n;
}
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// Driver code
int main()
{
// Calling function to do required task
initializeFunction();

return 0;
}

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How to return a structure from the
functions?
// C++ program to return a structure from
// a function using Call By Value Method

#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>

using namespace std;

// required structure
struct Employee {
int Id;
string Name;
};

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/ return type of the function is structure
Employee data(Employee E)
{

// Assigning the values to elements

E.Id = 45;
E.Name = "aman";

// returning structure
return (E);
}

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// Driver code
int main()
{

// creating object of Employee

Employee Emp;

// calling function data to assign value

Emp = data(Emp);

// display the output

cout << "Employee Id: " << Emp.Id;
cout << "\nEmployee Name: " << Emp.Name;

return 0;
}

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 C++ – Pointer to Structure
• Pointer to structure in C++ can also be
referred to as Structure Pointer. A structure
Pointer in C++ is defined as the pointer which
points to the address of the memory block
that stores a structure.
• Syntax:

struct name_of_structure *ptr;

ptr = &structure_variable;

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// Structure declaration for

// vertices
struct GFG {
int x;
int y;
};
// Structure declaration for
// Square
struct square {

// An object left is declared

// with 'GFG'
struct GFG left;

// An object right is declared

// with 'GFG'
struct GFG right;
};

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// Function to calculate area of
// the given Square
void area_Square(struct square s)
{
// Find the area of the Square
// using variables of point
// structure where variables of
// point structure is accessed
// by left and right objects
int area = (s.right.x) * (s.left.x);

// Print the area

cout << area << endl;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
// Initialize variable 's'
// with vertices of Square
struct square s = { { 4, 4 }, { 4, 4 } };

// Function Call
area_Square(s);

return 0;
} 24