LAB REPORT 2

Name: Muhammad Ali Khalil

Roll #: 2745
Reg #: NUML-S22-10560
Semester: 6th
Subject: Computer Networks (LAB)
Section: BSCS-6A (Morning)
Submitted To: Mr. Zafarullah
Dated: September 19th, 2024
Name: Muhammad Ali Khalil
Roll #: 2745
Reg #: NUML-S22-10560
Semester: 6th
Subject: Visual Programming (LAB)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Section: BSCS-6A (Morning)
Submitted To: Mr. Zain-ul-Abideen
Table of Contents
LAB 02: NETWORK CABLES ............................................................................ 2
2.1 – Network Cables.................................................................................... 2
2.2 – Twisted Pair Cables ............................................................................. 2
2.3 – RJ-45 Pinout ........................................................................................ 3
2.4 – Straight-Through Cables .................................................................... 4
2.5 – Crossover Cables ................................................................................. 5
2.6 – Rollover Cables .................................................................................... 7
2.7 – Fiber Optic Cables ............................................................................... 8
2.8 – Coaxial Cables ..................................................................................... 9
LAB 02: NETWORK CABLES
2.1 – Network Cables
Network cables are physical cables used to connect devices within a local area network (LAN)
or across a larger network infrastructure. They transmit data between computers, servers,
switches, routers, and other networked devices. The type of network cable used depends on the
network's size, speed, and the type of transmission required.
 Types of Network Cables:
Here are some common types of Network Cables:
1. Twisted Pair Cables
2. Coaxial Cables
3. Fiber Optic Cables

2.2 – Twisted Pair Cables

A Twisted Pair Cable is a type of network cabling used for data transmission in wired networks,
consisting of pairs of copper wires twisted together. The twists help reduce electromagnetic
interference (EMI) and crosstalk between adjacent pairs of wires, ensuring that the signal
transmission remains clear and reliable.
 Types of Twisted Pair Cables:
Here are some common types of Network Cables:
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

1. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables (UTP):

UTP is a type of twisted pair cable commonly used in Ethernet networks and telephone
lines. It consists of pairs of copper wires twisted together without any additional shielding
to protect against electromagnetic interference (EMI)
2. Shielded Twisted Pair Cables (STP):
STP is a type of twisted pair cable that includes additional shielding to protect the wire pairs
from electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk from nearby cables. STP cables are
typically used in environments with high interference, such as industrial settings or data
centers.
 Categories of Twisted Pair Cables
The performance of twisted pair cables is categorized by their standards:
 Cat5: Supports speeds up to 100 Mbps, used in older Ethernet setups
 Cat5e: Enhanced version of Cat5, supporting speeds up to 1 Gbps
 Cat6: Offers speeds up to 10 Gbps over short distances (up to 55 meters)
 Cat6a: An improved version of Cat6, capable of handling 10 Gbps over longer distances
(up to 100 meters)
 Cat7: Provides speeds up to 10 Gbps with better shielding, often used in high-
performance networks
  Structure:
The performance of twisted pair cables is categorized by their standards:
 Wires: A twisted pair cable typically contains four pairs of copper wires (8 wires in total).
 Telecommunication: The pairs are twisted around each other at varying intervals to
minimize interference. The tighter the twists, the better the protection against crosstalk.
 Insulation: Each wire is insulated to prevent contact with others, helping to avoid signal
degradation.
 Use Cases
The performance of twisted pair cables is categorized by their standards:
 Ethernet Networking: The most common application, used for connecting computers,
routers, and switches in LANs.
 Telecommunication: Often used for telephone lines.
 Data Center and Enterprise Networks: Shielded versions are used in high-interference
environments.
2.3 – RJ-45 Pinout
RJ45 Pinout refers to the arrangement of wires inside an RJ45 connector, which is used to
terminate Ethernet cables and connect devices in a local area network (LAN). RJ45 connectors
are typically used with Twisted Pair cables like Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat6a to connect computers,
switches, routers, and other network devices.
The RJ45 pinout defines the specific order in which the eight individual wires inside the twisted
pair cable are connected to the pins in the RJ45 connector. There are two common wiring
standards for RJ45 connectors: T568A and T568B.

Pin Wire Color (T568A Standard) Wire Color (T568B Standard)

1 White/Green White/Orange
2 Green Orange
3 White/Orange White/Green
4 Blue Blue
5 White/Blue White/Blue
6 Orange Green
7 White/Brown White/Brown
8 Brown Brown

 Standards:
T568A Standard: In this standard, pins 1 and 2 are wired with the green pair, and pins 3 and
6 are wired with the orange pair. This is often used in residential wiring in some regions but
less common in commercial networking
T568B Standard: In this standard, pins 1 and 2 are wired with the orange pair, and pins 3 and
6 are wired with the green pair. This is the most common wiring standard in commercial
Ethernet networks.
2.4 – Straight-Through Cables
A straight-through cable is a type of Ethernet cable in which the wire connections on both ends
of the cable follow the same wiring standard, either T568A or T568B. This means that each pin
on one end of the cable connects directly to the corresponding pin on the other end. Straight-
through cables are the most commonly used type of Ethernet cable and are typically used for
connecting devices of different types, such as a computer to a switch or a router.
 Purpose of Straight-Through Cables:
The primary purpose of a straight-through cable is to connect different types of network
devices to each other. For example:
 Connecting a computer to a router or switch
 Connecting a router to a switch
 Connecting a computer to a network printer

 Wiring Standards for Straight-Through Cables:

There are two widely accepted wiring standards for Ethernet cables and either of these can be
used for straight-through cables:
 T568A
 T568B

Pin Wire Color (T568A) Wire Color (T568B) Function

1 White/Green White/Orange Transmit Data + (TX+)
2 Green Orange Transmit Data - (TX-)
3 White/Orange White/Green Receive Data + (RX+)
4 Blue Blue Unused (10/100 Mbps)
5 White/Blue White/Blue Unused (10/100 Mbps)
6 Orange Green Receive Data - (RX-)
7 White/Brown White/Brown Unused (10/100 Mbps)
8 Brown Brown Unused (10/100 Mbps)

 Pin Configuration for Straight-Through Cables:

In a straight-through cable, the pinout at both ends is the same. For example, if pin 1 on one
end is connected to a white/orange wire, pin 1 on the other end will also be connected to a
white/orange wire. Here's a breakdown of the pin configuration based on the T568B standard
(commonly used in networking):
 Pin Wire Color (T568B) Function
1 White/Green Transmit Data + (TX+)
2 Green Transmit Data - (TX-)
3 White/Orange Receive Data + (RX+)
4 Blue Unused (10/100 Mbps)
5 White/Blue Unused (10/100 Mbps)
6 Orange Receive Data - (RX-)
7 White/Brown Unused (10/100 Mbps)
8 Brown Unused (10/100 Mbps)

 Use Cases for Straight-Through Cables:

The performance of twisted pair cables is categorized by their standards:
 Connecting a Computer to a Switch or Hub
 Connecting a Router to a Switch or Hub
 Connecting a Computer to a Network Printer
 Connecting Modems, Routers, and Access Points
 Power over Ethernet (PoE) Devices

2.5 – Crossover Cables

A crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable in which the wire connections at each end of the
cable follow different wiring standards: one end uses the T568A standard, and the other end
uses the T568B standard. The crossover arrangement swaps the transmit and receive pins,
allowing two similar devices to communicate directly without needing an intermediary device
like a switch or router.
 Purpose of Crossover Cables:
The primary purpose of a crossover cable is to connect two similar devices directly, where the
transmit and receive signals need to be crossed. This was traditionally necessary to enable
direct communication between:
 Two computer (PC to PC)
 Two switches (or hubs)
 Two routers

 Wiring Standards for Crossover Cables:

A crossover cable uses T568A wiring on one end and T568B wiring on the other end,
effectively swapping the transmit and receive pairs of wires.
 Pin Wire Color (T568A) Pin Wire Color (T568B)
1 White/Green 1 White/Orange
2 Green 2 Orange
3 White/Orange 3 White/Green
4 Blue 4 Blue
5 White/Blue 5 White/Blue
6 Orange 6 Green
7 White/Brown 7 White/Brown
8 Brown 8 Brown

 Pin Configuration for Crossover Cable:

In a crossover cable, the pins used for transmitting data on one end are connected to the pins
used for receiving data on the other end. Specifically, the wire pair used to transmit data (pins
1 and 2) on one device are connected to the receiving pins (pins 3 and 6) on the other device,
and vice versa:
Here’s how the pin configuration works:

Pin (T568A) Pin (T568B) Function

1 3 Transmit + (TX+)
2 6 Transmit - (TX-)
3 1 Receive + (RX+)
4 2 Receive - (RX-)
5 4 Unused (10/100 Mbps)
6 5 Unused (10/100 Mbps)
7 7 Unused (10/100 Mbps)
8 8 Unused (10/100 Mbps)

 Use Cases for Straight-Through Cable:

 PC to PC (Direct Connection)
 Switch to Switch (or Hub to Hub)
 Router to Router
 Connecting Devices Without Auto-Sensing Ports
2.6 – Rollover Cables
A rollover cable, also known as a console cable or Cisco rollover cable, is a type of Ethernet
cable in which the pinout on one end is completely reversed from the pinout on the other end.
This means that pin 1 on one end is connected to pin 8 on the other end, pin 2 is connected to
pin 7, and so on. The term "rollover" refers to how the cable "rolls over" the wiring order,
essentially flipping it.
 Purpose of Rollover Cables:
The primary purpose of a rollover cable is to establish a direct serial connection between a
computer's serial (or USB) port and the console port of a networking device such as a router or
switch, often for configuration and management purposes. These cables are primarily used to
access the console of networking devices for administrative tasks, especially during the initial
setup or when troubleshooting.

 Wiring Standards for Rollover Cables:

In a rollover cable, the wiring is reversed from one end to the other:

Pin (End 1) Pin (End 2)

1 8
2 7
3 6
4 5
5 4
6 3
7 2
8 1

 Pin Configuration for Rollover Cables:

The pin configuration for a rollover cable is simple: it reverses the order of the wires from one
end to the other. Here is an illustration:

Pin End 1 (DB9 to RJ45) End 2

1 Pin 1 Pin 8
2 Pin 2 Pin 7
3 Pin 3 Pin 6
4 Pin 4 Pin 5
5 Pin 5 Pin 4
6 Pin 6 Pin 3
7 Pin 7 Pin 2
8 Pin 8 Pin 1
  Use Cases for Straight-Through Cable:
Some of the use cases of Straight-Through Cables
 Routers
 Switches
 Firewalls
2.7 – Fiber Optic Cables
A fiber optic cable is a type of networking cable that transmits data as light pulses through glass
or plastic fibers. Unlike copper cables, which transmit electrical signals, fiber optic cables rely
on light to transmit information, offering significantly higher bandwidth, faster speeds, and
longer-distance data transmission with less signal degradation.
 Purpose of Fiber Optic Cables:
The primary purpose of fiber optic cable is to enable high-speed data transmission over long
distances with minimal loss of signal quality. Fiber optics are used in various applications,
including.

 Internet Connections
 Telecommunications
 Cable TV
 Military and aerospace communications
 Data centers and enterprise networks

 Types of Fiber Optic Cables:

There are two main types of fiber optic cables, each suited for different applications:
 Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
 Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)

 Wiring Standards of Fiber Optic Cables:

Unlike copper Ethernet cables, fiber optic cables do not follow the same pinout wiring
standards. Instead, fiber optic cables use optical fibers to transmit data. The key wiring aspects
are related to the connector types and the type of fibers (single-mode or multi-mode) rather
than the pin configuration:
Common Fiber Optic Connector Types:
 Subscriber Connector (SC)
 Lucent Connector (LC)
 Straight Tip (ST)
 Multi-Fiber Push-On (MTP/MPO)

 Pin Configuration for Rollover Cables:

Fiber optic cables do not have electrical pins like traditional copper cables. Instead, they rely
on optical connectors to align and connect the light-transmitting fibers. These optical
connectors are used to couple the light source into the fiber and align the receiving end with a
detector
 Function Fiber Type Connector
Transmit Single-mode or Multi-mode LC, SC, ST, etc
Receive Single-mode or Multi-mode LC, SC, ST, etc

 Use Cases for Straight-Through Cable:

Some of the use cases of Straight-Through Cables
 High-Speed Internet and Telecommunication
 Data Centers
 Long-Distance Networking (WANs)
 Local Area Network (LANs)
 Medical and Industrial Applications
 Military and Aerospace

2.8 – Coaxial Cables

A coaxial cable (often referred to as coax cable) is a type of electrical cable that consists of a
central conductor surrounded by an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating
layer. This design allows coaxial cables to transmit data over long distances with minimal signal
loss and interference.
 Purpose of Coaxial Cables:
The primary purpose of coaxial cable is to transmit electromagnetic signals over a range of
frequencies. Coaxial cables are commonly used in various applications, including.

 Television signals (cable TV)

 Internet connections (broadband)
 Radio frequency (RF) transmission
 Video surveillance systems
 Two-way radio communications

 Wiring Standards of Coaxial Cables:

Coaxial cables do not follow the same wiring standards as twisted-pair or fiber optic cables.
Instead, they are defined by their physical characteristics, impedance, and construction:
Common Impedance Ratings:
 75 Ohm
 50 Ohm

 Pin Configuration for Coaxial Cables:

Coaxial cables do not have pins like Ethernet cables; instead, they consist of a single copper
conductor at the center and a combination of insulating layers and shielding.

 Use Cases for Coaxial Cables:

Some of the use cases of Straight-Through Cables
 Cable Television
 Internet Connections
 Satellite Communications
 RF and Antenna Connections
 Security Camera Systems
 Professional Audio/Video