1.
CERTIFICATE OF
EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTIONS
11. SOURCES OF ERROR
12. BIBILIOGRAPHY
AIM OF THEPRQJECT
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of—
l. Input and output voltage.
2, Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self made transformer,
The transformer iS a device used for converting a IOW
altemating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic
flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C voltages. A transformer is most widely used
device in both IOW and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where
as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of
tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving
parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
stepup transformer. A transformer which decreases the A,C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil plp2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, Whole of the magnetiC flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn ofthe primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.mf.'s induced in the primary and the
secondary and NP and NS are the no. Of turns Of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and
/ dt = rate of change of flux
in each turnoff the coil at this instant; we have
Ep = -NP dtP/dt (1)
and
Es = -NS dc/'/dt (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, SO by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep=-Ns/Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil PI, so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E—Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, plp2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip=E-Ep/Rp E-€p-lpRP
Thus back = input e,mrf
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep-És/E = output e.
m.f/ input e.m.f
-Ns/Np-K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
M A STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
ES < E so K < 1, hence NS<NP
Ip value of primary current at the same instant
And
IS = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power output power
Or
or
ILLUSTRATION
Step Down Transformer
2000
Iron core
Electricity
PrimarySecondary Electricity in CoilCoil out
(input)(output)
Es > E so K > I, hence NS > NP As, k > I, 50 Ip > or
<
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hencer whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality Steps down the current
step down transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
Step Up Transformer
Step up
Iron
transformer
Electricity Electrici
out
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power.
i.e.
n = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1, Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils Of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3, Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations, Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of SIS2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of PIP2,
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization Of the iron core when
A.C is fed to it,
S, Magneto striation i.e. humming noise Of a transformer
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer,
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet Of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect PI, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
sland s2.
5. Now connect sland s2t0 A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step
up tra nsformer,
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number Of turnS in primary and secondary coil.
USES
OF_TRANSFORMERS
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
3. A Step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-
Ravs and NEON advertisement.
S. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the transmissions Of a.C, over
long distances.
7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones.
loud speakers and electric bells etc
CONCLUSION
I. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (NS/N p) with
respect to the input voltage
3, There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the
A.C should remain constant.
SOURCES OF
ERROR
1.Values Of current can be changed due to heating
effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
1) NCERT textbook
class 12 2) NCERT
physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com
THEEND
