PERMUTATION, COMBINATION & PROBABILITY Generalization of Principle of Counting ‘Ya choice of k steps, of which the firstcan be made in 1, ways, of each of these the second can be made in 1., ways, ., and for each of these the k® can be made 1, ways, then the whole choice can be ‘made in 0,0. Dy ways. 1. How many dinners consisting of a soup, vind, dessert and a drink are possible if we can select from 4 soups, 10 viands, 5 desserts and 4 kinds of drinks? 2. A test is composed of 10 multiple-choice question, with each having four possible answers. In how many ways cana student ‘answer all the questions? 3. How many numbers of five different digits each can be made from the digits 1, 2,3, .. 9 if (8) the numbers must be odd, and (@) the first two digits with each number are even? 4. Inhow many ways can 5 boys and 3 girls be seated in a row of 8 seats ifthe ends are to be occupied by boys? 5. How many 3-digit numbers ean be formed from the four digit 0 1,2,3 if) no digits are to be the same? b) the numbers are odd? «) the numbers are even? 4) repetition of digits is allowed. 6. How many numbers greater than 3000 with no repeated digits, can be formed by the use ofthe digits 0, 2,3, 4? 1. Ina sweepstakes with 6 digits, how many possible ways can we seloct 6 digits ifrepetition is allowed? 8 How many 3-digit numbers with no repeated digits using 4, §,6, 7, 8 can be (e) less than 520 (b) greater than 600, (c) greater than 5000? PERMUTATION ‘Permudation is an arrangement of a group of things in definite ‘order, that is, there i a first element, a second, a thir, ete The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken m at a ime is nl. be. a Py= Plan) =n = n(n — In —2) «OD 9. In how many ways can four books (Math, English, History and ‘Science) be arranged on a shelf? Arrangement of n Objects Taken r ata Time ‘The number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is at oem Gale 10. Ia how many ways can the 5 starting pesition ona PBA team be filed with 12 men who can play any ofthe positions? 11, How many permutations can be made from the letters in the word “SUNDAY? if (#4 leters are used time; (Ball Jters are sed; (Cal lees are used but the fists a vowel? 12, How many numbers of five different digits each can be made fiom the digits 1,2 3, ..9i(@) the numbers must be od and (©) the first two digits with each number are even? Permutations of n Objects Some are Alike ‘The number of distinct permutations of m things of which m is of ‘one kind, m: of a second kind, .., m of a K* kind is N= mimo! 13, The number of ways of arranging the word PHILIPPINES is14, How many signals can be made in ae Aarere,} be and 2 we whey ene Tae 8 Ue Circular Permutations ctreutar mutations that cur by ranging objects na cicle are called N= (mt 15, Inhow many ways can 7 different trees be planted in a circle? 16, In how many ways can 6 ladies be seated at round if a) they can sit anywhere?) 2 particular ladies must not sit next to each COMBINATIONS ‘A combination sao concerns crrngemens, bu witout re to the order. = ead Combinatorial Formula ‘The number of ways of selecting r objects taken from n at atime is C(n, 1) where a Cm) = Taam 17, In deck of $2 cards, how many ways can we select 5 hearts? 18. In a foto with 42 numbers, how many ways can we select 6 numbers? . Given $ non-collinear points in a plane, a) how many lines can be drawn? b) How many triangles ean be drawn? 20. Acollege faculty consists of 10 professors in a department. How many different ways can a committee be selected consisting of + two groups of faculty, one with group A with 6 professors, end the other group B with 4 professors? 21. In bow many ways can we select a group of 2 men and 3 women cut of men and 4 women respectively? 22. A girl has 3 flowers, each of diferent variety. How many different bouquets can she form? [ 23. A box contains 4 red, 3 ble, and 2 white balls. In how many ‘ways can we select 3 balls such that 4) they are of different colors? b) they are all ro? )twoare blue and one is white?) exactly 2 are blue? ) none is white? fat leat one white? PROBABILITY Probability of Events P(E) =___—_Number of outcomes in event E Total number of outcomes forthe experiment EL nS) 24, Ima deck of 2 cards, what isthe probability of getting a) a heart? byan ace? c)ared card? 25, Find the probability of obtaining ) head and the probability of obtaining tall for one tos of seoin. b) exactly one head in two tosses of coin.) exactly two heads in3 tosses of coin. 26. What isthe probabiiy of winning inthe lot for one share of ticker? 27. Find the probability of geting 3 aces and 2 jacks na selection of S cards out of 32, 28. Consider the experiment of rolling a dice twice. Find the that the sum ofthe numbers obtained on two rll is 29, A point is selected at random inside an equilateral triangle whose side is 3 units. Find the probability tat its distance to any comer is greater than 1 $7) b,0544 =. 0597. 0555Conditional Probability Conditional probasitty sth probability tht an event will our ‘given that another event has already occurred. If A and 3 are two events, then the conditional probability of A is writen as PY4/B) and read as “the probability of A given that B has already occurred.” 30. In a certain survey among 60 males interviewed, it is found that 45 are in favor ofa referendum and 15 are against. Compute the conditional probability P(in favor/male) for the data of 60 males. Independent and Dependent Events ‘Two events are said to be independent ifthe occurrence of one does not affect the probability ofthe occurrence ofthe other. In other words, A and B are independent event if ether PAB) = P(A) or P(B/A)= PCB). ‘An example of independent events E, and E, is when drawing ball (E,)ffom an um and after replacing the first, second ball is drawn y. ‘An example of dependent events E, and E, is when drawing the first ball (E, ), a second ball is drawn (E,) without replacement of the frst. If the occurrence of one event affects the probability of the occurrence ofthe other event, then the two event are saidfo be dependent events. Using probability notation, the two events will be dependent if elther (ALB) # P(A) oF PQB/A) # PCB). 31. Three balls are drawn from an urn containing 2 black, 3 white, and 4 red balls. Determine the probability that they are in the order black, white, and blue if each ball is (a) replaced and (b) not replaced, 32. One bag contains 3 red and 2 blue balls; a second bag has 4 red and 5 biue balls. If one ball is drawn from each bag, find the probability that (a) both ae red; (b) both are blue, and (c) one is red and one is blue. Probability Rules ‘Multiplication Rule ‘The probability that events A and B can happen together is called the Join probability of A and B and is written as P(A and B). ‘The probability of the intersection of two events is called their Joint probability. It's written as P(A and B). ‘The probability of the intersection of two events A and B is P(A and B)= P(A) P(B/A) ‘The joint probability of events A and B can also be denoted by P(A) or P(AB). Conditional Probability PBandA) PB) + Where P(A) # 0. and P(B) 0. Notice that If A and B are two events, then, P(A/B) P(A and B) - = BIA) refers tthe probability of B given that Aha already occue, 33. The probaly tat andomly eleced sadent fom a olge ie phoresis adh pln poy Sate saat tod sophomore 80.05. Fin the condtnsl Probably tat ¢ sent sleet random 2 ath aor hen hat hele is esophorore‘Multiplication Rule for Independent fvents ‘The foregoin the assumption that Bare dependent if i discussion ofthe multiplication rule was based on the two events are dependent, ie, two events A and . P(A and B)= P(A) BIA) te probability of the i event and p sit Probability ofthe intersection of owe independent events A P(A and B) = P(A) PB) 34. A box contains 2 red, 3 white, and 4 blue balls. 13 balls are drawn at random without replacement, determine the probably ‘that a) all3 are blue; b)2.are blue and I is white; c) atleast 1 is blue; 4) 3 balls drawn in succession are red, white and blue; €) one for each color. 35. The probability that a patient is allergic to penicilin is 0:30. Suppose the drug is administered to three patients. 1. Find the probability that all tree of them are alegic to it '. Find the probability tata least one of them snot allergic to it ‘Union of Events Let A and B be two events defined ina sample space. The union (of events A and B is a collection of all outcomes that belong ether to A oF B, orto both A and B and is denoted by A or B. ‘The umion of events A and Bis cso denoted by “A UB.” Addition Rule ‘The method used to caleulate the probability of the union of ‘events is called the addition rule. Its defined as follows ‘The probability of the union of two events A and B is P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) ~ P(A and B) 36, What sth probability of geting king orbear” carina of 52 cards? a - ae 37. Ina college raduting cls o 10 sade 5 sae math, 70 sted history, and 30 sae beth math ad sty. If ne Stnent is selected t random, ind the pobblty tc (te Student aes math erty. ale for Mutually Facasive Events The probability ofthe union of two mutually exclusive events A and Bis P(A or B) = Pd) +¥(B) 238. Whats the probability of geting a queen ora king card in deck of S2cards? 39, Suppose there are 1,300 stents, in certain college with 240 in elementary, 660 in igh school, and 900 in college. Ifonestndeot is selected at random, what i the probability that a student is either in high schoo or in college? Binomial Distribution Formula Consider @ binomial that has two posible outcome, success oF failure. Let (success) = p and P(failue) If this experiment is performed m times, then the probably of geting x successes out of them als is. Gr we-o? 40. Bight percent ofthe putes of certain univers who apy for friar medal schol are adied. This Year, Our tyadues fom he ad univers have applied for adsion to the medical school. Find the probability tht only two of them are accepted P(x successes)=,C,p'aaoe ersecnmmamiy Busses st 5 muliple choice question, find ae ne ee caar e ‘ind the probability that in tossing a fair coin th ‘will appear a) no heads b) 3 heads c) 2 ea Tal 2 ele and | head; and e) 3 tails. ae Peisson Distribution Formula The probability of observing exactly x number of occurrences Per unit of measure (hour, minzite, cubic, centimeter, pags) ex 8 found using the formula. “ pee pe* PO = ES ‘where jx = the mean mumber of successes; € = the mathematical constant 2.7183; and P(x) = the probability of getting cxactly x umber of occurrences. '43. Records show thatthe probability tire will sufer a blowout in the next year is 0.001. 1f200 tres are used fora year, what ithe probability of exactly 3 blowouts? 44, An average of 2 cars artive at a highway tollgate every 10 Seconds, If ths rate i approximated by a Poisson process, what is the probability that exactly 3 cars will ative in a 10 seconds period? i 45, The number of cars arriving at a gasoline station follows a Poisson distribution, with a mean of 3 ears every 10 minutes. ‘What isthe probability that exactly a) 1 car, b)2 car, and c) 3 ‘cars will arris ‘the next 10 minutes? ‘opps 46. Find the odds in favor of getting exacty 1 head when three coins ae tossed. 23:5 bs: e2it 1:2 47. 1f the odds against event € are 2:7, find the probability of 22/9 B79 eons a1 imino! 48. A fair die is tossed 8 times. What is the probability of obtaining the faces 5 Jand 6 twice and each of the other ‘once. 0,004 —b.0.005 «0.006 d.0.007 ‘Mathematical Expectetion 49, An item’s cost distribution is given as a function of the probability. What is the expected cost? CostinPesos 1 92 3 4S Probability 020 028 C18 023 0.1 50. Ina dice game, one fair de is used. The player wins P20.00 if he rolls either 1 or 6. He losses P10.00 if he turns any other face. ‘What isthe expected winning for one roll ofthe die? .P40.00 b.PO00 «P2000 4. P10.00,