Introduction to Computer Network

❖Target Audience of this course

❑ CSE/ IT/ EC/ BSC/ MSC – Computer/ Electronics
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❑ All the competitive examinations covered:
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▪ GATE/ BARC/ ISRO/ UGC-NET {8 to 10%}
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❖Books used to prepare this course
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❑ Fourozon
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❑ Jim Kurose
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❑ Andrew S. Tanenbaum
❑ Practice Examples of GATE/ UGC-NET

Engineering Funda
 Computer Network Syllabus
Application ❖ End user Layer, HTTP, FTP, IRC, SSH, DNS

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Presentation
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❖ Syntax Layer, SSL, SSH, IMAP, FTP, MPEG, JPEG

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Session
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❖ Synch & Send to port, API’s, Sockets

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Transport
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❖ End to End connection, TCP, UDP

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Network ❖ Packets, IP, IPV4, IPV6, Routing protocols

Data Link E
❖ Frames, Ethernet, Error Control, MAC Protocol

Physical ❖ Fiber, Coax, Wireless

 Computer Network Basics
❖ Definition of Computer Network

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❑ A Computer network is a set of Nodes connected by Communication links.
❖ Node in Computer Network
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❑ Node is capable of sending/receiving data.u
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❑ Examples : Computer, Mobile, Tablet, Printer, Camera, Switches, Bridge,
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❖ Communication Link in Computere
Router etc.
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i n e Network

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❑ Communication links are medium for

❑ There are two E

sending/receiving data.
types of communication
link: Wired Communication link and
Wireless Communication link
❖ Wired Communication Links
❑ Ethernet Cable
▪ 10 Base T, 100 Base T
▪ 10 Base Tx {RJ45 2 pair}
❑ Fiber optic Cable
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▪ 100 Base Fx
❑ Coaxial Cable
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▪ 10 Base 2, 100 Base 5
❑ USB Cable
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❖ Wireless Communication Links
❑ Infrared
▪ Used for short range {1-10m}
▪ Example: TV remote
❑ Radio
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▪ Used for short range {1-100m}
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▪ Example: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee
❑ Microwave
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▪ Used for Medium range {1 - 10km}
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▪ Example: Cellular System
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❑ Satellite

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▪ Used for Long range {above 100km}

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▪ Example: Dish TV, GPS
 Internet

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 Types of Nodes
❖ End Nodes of Computer Network

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❑ Examples: Computer, Smart Phone, Tablet, Pinter, Server, VoIP Phones,
Cameras etc.
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❖ Intermediary Nodes of Computer Network
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❑ Examples: Routers, Switches, Bridges, Hubs, Repeaters, Cell Tower etc.
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 Services of Computer Network
❖ e-Mail
❖ Internet {World Wide Web}
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❖ Voice over IP
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❖ Video Telephony
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❖ File Sharing
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❖ Storage Services
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❖ Instant Messaging
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❖ Online Gaming
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 Types of Data Communication in CN
❖ There are three types of data communication in computer network

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❑ Simplex
❑ Half Duplex
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❑ Full Duplex
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❖ Simplex communication in computer network

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❑ Simplex communication is unidirectional.
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❑ One device will transmit and second will receive.
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❑ Example : Radio station broadcasting

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❖ Half Duplex communication in computer network
❑ Half Duplex communication is bidirectional.
❑ both device can send and receive data but not at same time.
❑ Example : Walkie Talkie

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❖ Full Duplex communication in computer network

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❑ Full Duplex communication is bidirectional.

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❑ both device can send and receive data at same time.
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❑ Example : Telephony
Types of Casting in Computer Network
❖ In general we use three types of casting in computer network

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❑ Unicast
❑ Multicast
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❑ Broadcast
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❖ Unicast in computer network
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❑ Unicast means one to one message forwarding.
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❑ Using IP of node, unicasting can be done.
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Router

Network A Network B
❖ Broadcast in computer network
❑ There are two types of broadcast in computer network
1. Limited Broadcast : Limited Broad address is 255.255.255.255. It is

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limited to given router.

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2. Direct Broadcast : Direct broadcast is used to send data to another
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network. It is not limited to given router.
F u
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Network A
90.0.0.0
E Network B
91.0.0.0
Limited Broadcast in network A Direct Broadcast in network B
by any node of network A is by any node of network A is
done by 255.255.255.255 done by 91.255.255.255
❖ Multicast in computer network
❑ In multicast we send message from one computer many but not to all.

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Peer to Peer vs Client Sever Network

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Types of Computer Network

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WAN {Above 50km}

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[Leased Line, Dial Up]

MAN {5-50km}

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[ATM, FDDI, CDDI]

CAN {1-5km}

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[Ethernet]

LAN {Up to 2km}

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[Wi-Fi, Ethernet]

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PAN {1-100m}
[Bluetooth,
Zigbee]
 Types of Computer Network
Parameters PAN LAN CAN MAN WAN

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Personal Area Local Area Campus Area Metropolitan Area Wide Area

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Full Form
Network Network Network Network Network
Range 1 – 100m Up to 2Km 1-5Km

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Transmission
Speed
Very High Very High

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Area Within Room Building, Office Universities, Within City Within Countries

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Corporate Offices

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Leased Line,
Technology Bluetooth, Zigbee Wi-Fi, Ethernet Ethernet ATM, FDDI, CDDI

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Dial-Up

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Ownership Private Private Private Private or Public Private or Public
Maintenance Very Easy Easy Moderate Difficult Very Difficult
Error Rate Very Low Low Moderate High Very High
Cost Very Low Low Moderate High Very High

Engineering Funda
 Topologies of Computer Network
❖ In general we use five types of topologies in computer network

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❑ Mesh
❑ Star
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❑ Bus
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❑ Ring
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❑ Hybrid

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 Mesh Topology in Computer Network

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❖ In Mesh topology, All the nodes are connected by links to each other.
❖ Number of cables = n(n – 1)/2
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❖ Number of Ports = n(n – 1)
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❖ Reliability is very high.
❖ Cost is very high.
❖ Security is very high.
❖ It gives point to point connection {dedicated}.
 Star Topology in Computer Network
❖ In Star topology, all the nodes are transferring
messages vie hub.
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HUB
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❖ So, if hub is getting failed then entire network

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will get failed. F
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❖ Number of cables = n
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❖ Number of Ports = 2 x n

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❖ Reliability is very less.
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❖ Cost is low, but cost of hub is high.
❖ Security is very less.
❖ It gives point to point connection {dedicated}.
 Bus Topology in Computer Network

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Drop Line

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Thick ethernet cable Tap Terminator or repeater
Node

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{Backbone cable}

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❖ In Bus topology, All the nodes are connected by single cable {Backbone cable}
❖ Number of cables = n + 1
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❖ Number of Ports = n x 1
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❖ Cost is very less. En
❖ Reliability is very less due to backbone cable.

❖ Security is very less.

❖ It gives multi point connection.
 Ring Topology in Computer Network
❖ In Ring topology, All the nodes are

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connected in ring or round manner.
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Node
❖ If cable or node is getting failed then

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there can be issues with network.

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❖ Number of cables = n
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❖ Number of Ports = n x 2 g
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❖ Reliability is very less due to backbone cable.
❖ Cost is very less.
❖ Security is very less.
❖ It gives multi point connection.
Hybrid Topology in Computer Network

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HUB

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Router

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 Advantages of Hybrid Topology in
Computer Network
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❖ This type of topology combines the benefits of different types of topologies in
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one topology.
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❖ The speed of the topology becomes fast when two topologies are put together.

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❖ It is easily scalable as Hybrid networks are built in a fashion which enables

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easy integration of new hardware components.

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❖ Can be modified as per requirement.
❖ It is extremely flexible.
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❖ It is very reliable.

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❖ Error detecting and troubleshooting are easy.
❖ Handles a large volume of traffic.
❖ It is used to create large networks.
 Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology in
Computer Network
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❖ Hubs which are used to connect two distinct networks are very costly. And hubs

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are different from usual hubs as they need to be intelligent enough to work with

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different architectures.

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❖ There is a change in the hardware to connect one topology with another
topology.
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❖ Usually, hybrid architectures are larger in scale so they require a lot of cables in
the installation process.
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❖ It is a type of network expensive.
❖ The design of a hybrid network is very complex.
❖ Installation is a difficult process.

Engineering Funda