When all the sums of the forces of the system in certain directions and the sum of moments of the forces with respect to certain axes are zero for any particular force system, its resultant is zero, and the body on which the system acts is in equilibrium.
The conditions assuring equilibrium of a body with a particular type of force system can therefore be expressed as a set of algebraic equations which must be satisfied. By means of these conditions, it is possible to determine one or more unknown forces or reactions acting on a body which is in equilibrium.
4.1 Free body Diagrams
Is a sketch of a body, a portion of a body, or two or more bodies completely isolated or free from all other bodies, showing the forces exerted by all other bodies on the one being considered.
Procedure for drawing a free body diagram
1. Draw outlined shape
Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut (free) from its surroundings by drawing its outlined shape.
2-Show all forces
Indicate on this sketch all the forces that acts on the particle. These forces can be active forces, which tend to set the particle in motion. Or they can be reactive forces which are the result of the constraints or support that tend to prevent motion.
71 The forces that are known should be labeled with their proper magnitudes and directions. Letters are used to represent the magnitudes and directions of forces that are unknown.
Note
All cables will be assumed to have negligible weight and they cannot stretch. Also, a cable can support only a tension or pulling force and this force always acts in the direction of the cable.
72 73 74 Examples of Free Body Diagrams
75 Examples Example (1):- Draw the free body diagram of the uniform beam shown in figure. The beam has a mass of 100 kg.
Solution:- F.B.D
76 Example(2):-
Two smooth pipes, each having a mass of 300kg, are supported by the forked tines of the tractor. Draw the F,B.D for each pipe and both pipes together.
Solution:-
77 Example(3):-
Draw the F.B.D of the unloaded platform that is suspended off the edge of the oil rig shown in figure. The platform has a mass of 200kg.
Solution:-
78 H.W
H.W 6
Make whatever changes or addition are necessary in each case to form a correct and complete F.B.D.
79 4.2 General Procedure for the Solution of Problems in Equilibrium.
1. Determine the given data and the unknown.
2.Draw the F.B.D for the member on which the unknown forces are acting.
3. Determine the type of force system acting on the F.B.D and the number of independent equations of equilibrium.
4. Compare the number of unknown on the F.B.D with the number of independent equations of equilibrium.
A. If the number of equations=the number of unknowns, then start the solution.
B. If the number of unknown > the number of independent equations, then draw F.B.D. for another body and repeat step 3 and 4.
5. If the number of unknowns in the second F.B.D = the number of equations then solve the problem. If it is not repeat step 4-6
6. If there are still too many unknowns after drawing F.B.D for all bodies, then the problem is statically indeterminate.
4.2.1 Equations of Equilibrium for Concurrent Coplanar Force System.
The resultant of a concurrent, coplanar force system is a single force through the point of concurrence. When this resultant force is zero, the body on which the force system acts is in equilibrium. The equations necessary to ensure a zero resultant are the equations of equilibrium.
80 A.
∑ Fx = 0 ∑ Fy = 0
The resultant is zero.
B.
∑ Fx = 0 ∑ MA = 0
The sum of the moments of the forces of the system with respect to an axis through A is equal to zero, where A is any point not on the y axis, the resultant will be zero because the moment arm from A to the y axis is not zero.
C.
∑ MA = 0 ∑ MB = 0
Where line AB does not pass through the point of concurrence of the forces of the system.
Note:- For a collinear force system 81 A.∑ Fx = 0
Where the x axis is parallel to the force.
B.∑ MA = 0
Where A is not on the action line of the forces of the collinear system.
82 Examples Example(1):- Determine the tension in cables BA and BC necessary to support the 60kg cylinder shown in figure.
Solution:- From(a)
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
TBD − 60(9.81) = 0 ∴ TBD = 60(9.81)N
From (b)
→ ∑ Fx = 0
4 TC cos 45 − ( ) TA = 0 → TA = 0.8839TC (1) 5 ↑ ∑ Fy = 0
The 300N shaft M and the 500N shaft N are supported as shown in the figure. Neglecting friction at the contact surfaces P,Q,R and S, determine the reaction at R and S on shaft N.
Solution:- From F.B.D of M
↑ ∑ Fy = 0
Q sin 40 − 300 = 0 ∴ Q = 467N on M
From the F.B.D. of N
↑ ∑ Fy = 0
S − 500 − Qsin 40 = 0 ∴ S = 800N ↑ on N
→ ∑ Fx = 0
R − Q cos 40 = 0 ∴ R = 358N → on N
84 Example (3):- Determine the tensile force in chain D of the chain system shown in figure.
Solution:- From F.B.D (b)
↑ ∑ Fy = 0
TA sin 30 + TC sin 40 − 6000 = 0 (1)
→ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑇𝐶 cos 40 − 𝑇𝐴 cos 30 = 0 cos 40 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐶 (2) cos 30 Subs (2) in (1) cos 40 TC sin 30 + TC sin 40 − 6000 = 0 cos 30 ∴ TC = 5555.5N
From F.B.D (a)
↑ ∑ Fy = 0 (a)
85 TE sin 45 − TC sin 40 = 0 sin 40 TE = 5555.5 = 5050N sin 45 → ∑ Fx = 0
TD − TE cos 45 − TCcos 40 = 0 ∴ TD = 7826.6N
(b)
86 Example(4):- Determine the force F of which must be applied to ring A in order to keep the 100N cylinder B in equilibrium.
4.2.1 A. Equilibrium of Bodies Acted on by Two Forces or Three Forces
When a body is acted on by only two forces, it's called a two force body or member If this body is held in equilibrium ,the forces must be collinear ,equal in magnitude, and opposite in sense because:-
A. if the two forces are parallel, equal in magnitude, and opposite in sense, they form a couple.
88 B. if the forces are not parallel and not collinear; they must be concurrent and thus have a resultant as indicated by the parallelogram law.
A three force member is one which is acted by three, and only three non-parallel forces. When this body is held in equilibrium, the force must be concurrent and coplanar. This fact can be used to locate the point of intersection of the three forces.
89 Examples
Example(1)
The center of gravity of the 90N bar is 10m from B measured along the bar. All surfaces are smooth. Determine the reaction at A and B on the bar.
Solution:- From F.B.D Since FA and 90N force intersect at C,FB must also pass through C. ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 15 FB − 90 = 0 17 FB = 102N on AB
