Computer Aided Drawing

5th Sem- 3rd year

(Open Elective- BTME15503)

Chapter 3
Advanced 2D Commands
Dr. Supriya Deshmukh
MED, SCET, Surat
 Chapter 3: Advanced 2D Commands
 Layer command with sub commands, line type, color, hatch.
 Dimension commands: linear, aligned, arc length, radius,
diameter, centre, leader, baseline and continuous
dimensioning, tolerance, override and dimension updates.
 Text and dtext commands with text style.
 3D commands- units, elevation, thickness, UCS and UCS icon,
viewports, extrude.
 3D solids- sphere, box, cylinder, cone, wedge, interference.
 3D surface- revolved, tabulated and ruled surfaces. Hide,
render and shade of 3D drawings.
 About layer tools
 Layer tools provide the means to manage layer display, layer sets,
visibility and locking, and the board layer stack.
 When we are speaking of different layered PCBs (Printed Circuit Board),
we are referring to how many copper layers they consist of. If you are
creating a single-sided PCB the circuit board has one layer of
conducting material on one side of the board and the other side is used
for incorporating different electronic components.
 There are several types of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), but three
(3) of them are outstanding. Here are the 3 and how they work:
1. Single-Sided PCB
 Also called the single sided boards, these are the Printed Circuit
Boards (PCBs) that don’t use multiple conductive layers. Instead, it
uses just one conductive copper layer, which is placed above the
substrate.
The general specifications include:
 The placement of one layer of the base substrate and one single,
conductive layer, which make up the fiberglass and copper,
respectively.
 The single-sided boards also have the electrical components
placed on one side and the conductive circuit placed on the other
side.
2. Double-Sided Boards
 The double-sided PCBs are the opposite of the single sided boards
in the sense that they use one layer or conductive material
(preferably copper) on both the top and bottom sides of the circuit
board (the two sides of the substrate).
 The double-sided PCBs can be connected on either side using
either the Through-Hole Technology (THT) or Surface Mount
Technology (SMT). If the through-hole is to be used, the through-
hole components or the lead components must be installed into
the pre-drilled holes on the Printed Circuit Board, before using a
soldering iron to apply a solder mask to the pads on both sides of
the circuit board.
 If you are to use the surface-mount process, the process simply
involves mounting the electrical connections on the circuit board’s
surface.
3. Multi-Layer Boards
 If you are looking for a PCB manufacturing process that uses several
copper layers, it has to be the multi-layer PCB.
 As the name suggests, it supports the use of multiple conductive layers,
usually exceeding two (2).
 The minimum number of supported copper layers is 3 and it can be as
high as 40. The configuration process involves interconnecting the
conductive layers with copper plated holes.
Display Layers
 The Display Layers panel is an integrated part of the 2D PCB and
Library editor contextual environments. By default it is docked to the
left and collapsed.
  Hover over the Display Layers title bar to access the More (vertical
abbreviation) menu where you can change the panel docking.

Toggle single layer view

Switches between displaying all visible layers in full color to displaying only the Active Layer in full color and all other
layers in grayscale. And, back again.
On the PCB Design toolbar, click Toggle Single Layer View The active layer remains full color and all other layers
are grayscale. Click again and full color is restored to all grayscale layers.
 Use the Display Layers command to control the board layer visibility, layer color, and
texture.
Flip Board
 Flip Board provides a way to look at the opposite side of the board,
just as if you were holding it in your hand and turned it over.
Toggle Single Layer View
 Changes the display to grayscale for all layers except the one on which
you are routing (direction-finding).
Layer Stack Manager
 Defines the layer stack order, materials, via types and more.
Working with the Layer Sets Manager
Create or modify custom layer sets. There are three types of layer sets:
 Read-only Layer Sets are predefined layer sets provided for convenient
use.
 Custom Layer Sets are editable layer sets, with a few examples provided.
Create layer sets to meet your workflow needs.
 Editable Layer Sets are predefined silkscreen layer sets to which you can
add or subtract layers. The two layer sets, Top Silkscreen and Bottom
Silkscreen contain only layers with visible content that displays in the
CAM Preview and 3D PCB document. You can add layers to these sets
and any visible objects in the added layers will display.
Add a new layer set
 In the Display Layers panel, click Layer Sets Manager .
 In the dialog, at the bottom of the pane, click the (+) to add a layer set.
 Double-click the layer set to modify the default name.
 In the Available layers pane click on the layers to add to the set.
 When finished, click Done.
Modify a layer set
 In the Display Layers panel, click Layer Sets Manager .
 In the dialog, select a custom layer set to modify.
 In the Layers in the set pane, click the X in the layer row to remove the layer from the
set.
 In the Available layers pane click on the layers to add to the set.
 When finished, click Done.
Delete a layer set
 In the Display Layers panel, click Layer Sets Manager .
 In the dialog, select a custom layer set to delete.
 Click the ‘X’ at the bottom of the Layer Sets pane and click OK to the prompt. The
selected layer set is deleted.
Lines in sketches
 The Line tool in the Sketch > Create panel lets you create a connected series of lines
and arcs as sketch geometry or construction geometry in an active sketch in Fusion
360.
 You can use the following command to create lines in an active sketch:
Create lines in a sketch
Tips
 You can pause over an end point, then click and drag to
create an arc segment that is tangent to the previous line
segment. Move the mouse to the opposite side of the line
segment to flip the direction of the arc.
 You can specify a radius before you create additional line
segments.
 As you move the mouse cursor, object snap symbols display
near the geometry when you snap to the sketch grid or other
geometry in the design. If you snap to a specific point, the
logical constraints are automatically added to the sketch.
 Colour
Physical materials and appearances
 The Physical Material, Appearance, and Manage Materials commands let
you create, customize, and apply materials to components and bodies in
Fusion 360
Appearance
 The Appearance command lets you apply color to components,
bodies, and faces.
 By default, the color of a component, body, or face is inherited from
the physical material. Appearances override the color assigned by the
physical material and only apply to the selected occurrence.
Appearances do not affect engineering properties.
 You can drag an appearance from the dialog to a component,
body, or face to apply it.
.
Manage Materials
 The Manage Materials command lets you manage the physical
materials used in your design.
 Physical materials affect the color and engineering properties of bodies
and components.
 You can drag the physical material from the dialog to the body or
component in the canvas.

Apply physical materials to components and bodies in a design

 On the toolbar, click Design > Modify > Physical Material
 The Physical Material dialog displays
 In the dialog, locate the physical material you want to use in one of
the following sections:
 In This Design: Physical materials that are already in use in your
design.
 Library: Physical materials that are not yet in use in your design, but
that appear in the Fusion 360 Material Library, Fusion 360 Additive
Material Library, Fusion 360 Nonlinear Material Library or
your Favorites library.
 Click and drag the physical material and drop it on top of the
components or bodies in the Browser or canvas.
 The new physical material displays on the components and bodies in
the canvas.
 Repeat steps 2-4 to apply different physical materials to other
components and bodies.
 Click Close.
Tips
 Open the Preferences dialog > Material section to specify the default physical material to
apply to objects in new designs.
 Drag and drop a physical material onto the default component in the Browser to change
the default physical material applied to new objects in the design.
 Preselect components and bodies in the Browser to apply a new physical material to
them all at once.
 Drag and drop a physical material onto specific bodies or components to apply an override
to that object.
 Drag and drop a physical material onto a parent component, and you can choose to keep
any overrides applied to components and bodies within it, or remove the overrides so that
the objects inherit the physical material from their parent component.
Manage materials in a design
 On the toolbar, click Tools > Utility > Manage Materials
 The Material Browser dialog displays.
 On the Physical or Appearance tab:
 Search for a material.
 In the Home section, navigate to and select a material within one of the libraries.
 Add a selected material to your Favorites or a custom library.
 View the Identity, Appearance, and Physical details of a selected material in a read-only
library.
 View or edit the Identity, Appearance, and Physical details of a selected material in
your Favorites or a custom library.
 Open, create, or remove a custom library.
 Create or delete a custom material category.
 Create a new material.
 Duplicate an existing material.
 Open or close the Asset Browser dialog.
 Click Apply to apply your changes.
 Click OK to close the Material Browser dialog.
Physical Material reference
 Physical Material lets you assign physical material and visual
material to bodies or components.
Design > Modify > Physical Material
 Assign physical materials and visual materials to components
or bodies. Select materials from various libraries.
 Library Displays available materials for selected library.
 Library drop-down Use the drop-down menu to select a
desired library to apply materials. There are three options
available: Fusion 360 Material Library, Legacy Material Library,
and Favorites.
Appearance reference
 Appearance affects the color of bodies, components, and faces. Appearances
override the color assigned from the physical material.
Design > Modify > Appearance
 Adjust the appearance of the existing materials used in your design. Appearances
override the color assigned from the physical material. Appearance do not affect
the engineering properties.
 Apply To: Select if you want to change appearance of bodies/components, or
faces only.
 In This Design: Lists materials used in a current design. Hover over the image to get
the material name and description.
 Library: Use the drop-down to select a library to be used to modify the appearance
of the desired material.
 Show downloadable materials Check the box to show materials available for
download. Click Download Material if you want to download desired material.
 Cancel all Download Available when Show downloadable materials is enabled.
Click this to stop any active downloads.
 Dimension commands
Dimensions in sketches
 In the Drawing workspace in Fusion 360, you can use the commands in
the Dimension panel on the toolbar to add measurements to
orthogonal drawing views as you document your design.
 Dimensioning is the process of adding measurement annotation to a
drawing.
You can use the following commands to add dimensions to
a sheet:
1. The Dimension command creates linear, aligned, angular, radius and diameter
dimensions based on the geometry you select in a drawing view.
 You select points, edges, or existing dimensions, then place the dimension on the
sheet. The most appropriate dimension type is created automatically.
 Dimensions are associated with the drawing view. If you move the drawing view,
the dimensions move with it. If you edit the geometry in the design, the
dimensions update to reflect the changes.

2. Ordinate Dimension
 The Ordinate Dimension command creates dimensions that are measured in the
X or Y direction, relative to an origin point that you select in a drawing view.
 You define the origin point (0,0) in the drawing view, place the origin dimension
on the sheet, then click to place additional dimensions, drag in the direction you
want dimension, then place the dimension leader and label on the sheet.
 Ordinate dimensions prevent escalating errors by maintaining
accurate offsets of features from the origin.
 You can create a separate origin point for each drawing view. The
origin dimension displays a glyph (symbol) when you hover over it.
 Ordinate dimensions display differently for the ASME and ISO drawing
standards:
ASME: The dimension value sits beside the dimension line:
 ISO: The dimension value sits on top of the dimension line:

If you delete the origin point, all ordinate dimensions that are associated with it are
deleted as well.
Note: If you need to create many ordinate dimensions, you may want to create baseline
or chain dimensions instead.
3. Linear Dimension
 The Linear Dimension command create a dimension that measures the
horizontal or vertical distance between two points.
 You select two points, then place the dimension on the sheet.
4. Aligned Dimension
 The Aligned Dimension command creates a dimension that measures
the precise distance between two points. The dimension displays parallel
to the geometry it measures.
 You select an edge or two points, then place the dimension on the
sheet.
5. Angular Dimension
 The Angular Dimension command creates a dimension that measures
the angle between two edges, two points, or a rounded edge.
 You select two edges, curves, or points, then place the dimension on
the sheet.
6. Radius Dimension
 The Radius Dimension command creates a dimension that measures the radius
of a rounded edge.
 You select a rounded feature like a fillet, hole, sphere, or cylinder, then place
the dimension on the sheet.
7. Diameter Dimension
 The Diameter Dimension command creates a dimension that measures the
diameter of a rounded edge.
 You select a rounded feature like a fillet, hole, sphere, or cylinder, then place
the dimension on the sheet.
8. Jogged Radial Dimension
 The Jogged Radial Dimension command creates jogged radius dimensions (also
called foreshortened radius dimensions) when the center of an arc or circle is
located off the layout and cannot be displayed in its true location. The origin
point of the dimension can be specified at a more convenient location called
the center location override.
 You specify the override location of the center, the location of the dimension
line and the location of the jog, then you place the dimension on the sheet.
9. Arc Length Dimension
 The Arc Length Dimension command
creates a dimension that measures the
distance along an arc.
 You specify arc length dimension location,
or right-click to select Full/Partial arc
length from the context menu, then you
place the dimension on the sheet.
10. Baseline Dimension
 The Baseline Dimension command
creates multiple linear dimensions that
measure distance from the same base
point.
 You select an existing linear dimension,
then select points to create additional
linear dimensions that originate from the
same base point.
11. Chain Dimension
 The Chain Dimension command creates a series of linear dimensions that
measure distance from the end of the previous dimension.
 You select an existing linear dimension, then select points to create additional
linear dimensions that originate from the previous point in the dimension chain.
Arrange dimensions
The Arrange Dimensions command lets you stack or align linear or angular dimensions.
 Stack: Adjust the spacing between linear or angular dimensions.
 Align: Align linear or angular dimensions within a view and/or across multiple views.

Flip Arrows
The Flip Arrows command flips the direction of the selected dimension arrows.

With the command active, click a dimension arrow to flip its direction.

Dimension Break
The Dimension Break command creates a break in a dimension line or leader line where it intersects
another dimension line or leader line. You can add dimension breaks to dimensions, leaders,
balloons, and bend identifiers.

You select one or more intersecting dimensions or leaders, then choose whether to add or remove a
break.
Create dimensions on a sheet
 On the toolbar, select Dimension > Dimension
 On the sheet, select edges, points, or an existing dimension.
 Based on the selection, the relevant dimension type displays:
 Linear Dimension
 Aligned Dimension
 Angular Dimension
 Radius Dimension
 Diameter Dimension
 Move the mouse pointer to position the dimension.
 Click to place the dimension.
 The dimension displays on the sheet and is associated with the geometry that it
measures in the drawing view.
 If you create a side view of a cylinder or a hole, the Dimension command
automatically adds a diameter symbol to the dimension value when you
select an edge that represents a diameter.
 Use object snaps to ensure that the dimensions are associated with
precise locations.
 When you place one dimension over another, the dimension with higher
value moves down.
Create ordinate dimensions
 Create dimensions that measure the perpendicular distances from an origin
point (0,0) in a drawing view on a sheet.
1. On the toolbar, select Dimensions > Ordinate Dimension
2. On the sheet, click to place the origin point (0,0) on a drawing view.
3. Move the mouse pointer to position the origin point leader.
4. Click to place the origin point leader.
5. Select a point to measure.
6. Move the mouse pointer to position the ordinate dimension leader.
7. Click to place the ordinate dimension leader.
8. Optional: Repeat steps 5-7 to place additional ordinate dimensions.
9. The dimensions display on the sheet and are associated with the geometry that
they measure in the drawing view.
 Align ordinate dimension leaders
 After you select a point to measure, hover over an existing ordinate dimension.
 An object snap displays.
 Drag the mouse pointer in the direction you want to align the dimensions.
 A dashed object tracking line displays and the dimension leader snaps to it.
 Click to place the ordinate dimension leader.
 The ordinate dimension leaders are now aligned on the sheet
Create horizontal or vertical linear dimensions
 Create a dimension that measures the horizontal or vertical distance between
two points on a sheet.
 On the toolbar, select Dimension > Linear Dimension .
 On the sheet, select the first point to measure.
 Select the second point.
 Move the mouse pointer to position the dimension.
 The dimension switches between horizontal and vertical orientation based on
the location of your mouse pointer.
 Click to place the dimension.
 The dimension displays on the sheet and is associated with the geometry that it
measures in the drawing view.
Create aligned dimensions
 Create dimensions that measure the precise distance between two
points on a sheet.
Create an aligned dimension by selecting two points
 On the toolbar, select Dimension > Aligned Dimension .
 On the sheet, select the first end point to measure.
 Select the second point.
 Move the mouse pointer to position the dimension.
 Click to place the dimension.
 The dimension displays on the sheet and is associated with the
geometry that it measures in the drawing view
Create an aligned dimension by selecting an edge
 On the toolbar, select Dimension > Aligned Dimension
 Press the Spacebar to switch from point selection to edge selection.
 On the sheet, select the edge.
 Move the mouse pointer to position the dimension.
 Click to place the dimension.
 The dimension displays on the sheet and is associated with the
geometry that it measures in the drawing view.
Create a radius dimension
 Create a dimension that measures the radius of a rounded edge on a
sheet.
 On the toolbar, select Dimension > Radius Dimension
 On the sheet, select the rounded edge to measure.
 Move the mouse pointer to position the dimension.
 Click to place the dimension.
 The dimension displays on the sheet and is associated with the
geometry that it measures in the drawing view.
Create a diameter dimension
 Create a dimension that measures the diameter of a rounded edge
on a sheet.
 On the toolbar, select Dimension > Diameter Dimension
 On the sheet, select the rounded edge to measure.
 Move the mouse pointer to position the dimension.
 Click to place the dimension.
 The dimension displays on the sheet and is associated with the
geometry that it measures in the drawing view.
 Dimensions in sketches

 The Sketch Dimension tool in the Sketch > Create panel lets you add dimensions to
sketch geometry and construction geometry in an active sketch in Fusion 360.
 You can use the following command to create dimensions in an active sketch:
Sketch Dimension
 The Sketch Dimension command creates dimensions to define and constrain
geometry in the active sketch. Use dimensions to control the size and position of
sketch geometry.
 You select the sketch curves to dimension, then click to place the dimension in the
canvas.
1. Driving dimensions
 A Driving dimension is a dimension that is used to explicitly define measurement
values of geometry.
 Driving dimensions are the default type of dimension created by the Sketch
Dimension command, unless the dimension will over-constrain the sketch.
 Note: When a sketch is over-constrained, you can choose to make a
dimension Driven instead of Driving.
2. Driven dimensions
 A Driven dimension is a dimension whose value is flexible, and is
determined by geometry or other dimensions, parameters, or
expressions.
Driven dimensions:
 Are automatically added when the dimension you are adding will over-
constrain the sketch.
 Display their calculated value in parentheses.
 Update automatically as the geometry, dimensions, parameters, or
expressions that drive them change.
 Display as read-only values in the Parameters dialog, in parentheses and
greyed out.
 You can toggle a dimension from Driving to Driven if it is not referenced
outside its sketch.
 You can reference a Driven dimension in other dimensions within the
same sketch.
Design > Sketch > Create > Sketch Dimension
 Create a dimension
 In the Design workspace, create a new sketch or edit an existing sketch to enter the Sketch environment.
 On the toolbar, on the Sketch contextual tab, select Create > Sketch Dimension.
 Select sketch geometry:
 Single lines, parallel lines, or two points create linear dimensions.
 Non-parallel lines create angular dimensions.
 Circles create diameter dimensions.
 Arcs create radius dimensions.
 Define the value of the dimension:
 Enter a specific value.
 Click an existing dimension to reference it as a parameter.
 Enter a mathematical expression that contains values, parameters, or a mix of both.
 Press Enter to accept the value or expression.
 Move the mouse pointer away from the geometry, then click to place the dimension.
 Optional: Repeat steps 2-3 to create another dimension.
 Press Esc or start another command.
 The dimensions display in the canvas. Any sketch geometry that is constrained by the dimension displays
black.
Edit a dimension
 Double-click the dimension.
 Enter a new value or expression for the dimension.
Convert a driving dimension to a driven dimension
 Right-click the dimension you want to convert.
 Select Toggle Driven.
 The dimension is converted to a Driven dimension. If the expression only
references Driving dimensions, it is converted to a static value, and cannot be
recovered by toggling the dimension back to Driving.
Convert a driven dimension to a driving dimension
 Right-click the dimension you want to convert.
 Select Toggle Driving.
 The dimension is converted to a Driving dimension.
Reference a driven dimension in another dimension
 In the active sketch, add a new dimension or double-click to edit the value of an existing
dimension.
 Refer to a driven dimension:
 Click a driven dimension to reference it directly.
 Enter an expression that includes the parameter name of a driven dimension.
 Press Enter to complete the value.
 The computed value for the dimension updates to reflect the value or expression that
references the Driven dimension.
 Note: You cannot reference Driven dimensions in Tangent or Offset dimensions. If
Tangent or Offset dimension is Driven, you cannot reference it in other dimensions.
 Tips
 Before you place a dimension in the canvas, right-click to access contextual options for it.
Examples:
 Radius or Diameter
 Driven or Driving
 Pick Circle/Arc Center or Pick Circle/Arc Tangent
 You cannot convert a dimension to a Driven dimension if it is referenced outside its sketch.
 From the Parameters dialog, you can also reference the parameter name of a driven dimension
within the same sketch.
 Override dimension settings
 Although the default dimension settings are defined by the document settings, you can
override the settings of any dimension.
 Override settings for a dimension
 Double-click the dimension.
 The Dimension dialog displays.
 In the Dimension dialog, adjust the settings:
• Representation
• Insert Symbol
• Primary Units
• Linear Precision
• Zeros/Units
• Alternate Units
• Tolerances
• Inspection
 Click Close.
 The changes apply to the dimension.
Note: Once you override the settings of a dimension in this way, the settings you
changed no longer adjust to the changes you make to the document settings.

 Restore default settings for a dimension

 If you override the settings of any dimension, you can restore the dimension
to the defaults define in the Document Settings.
 Select the dimension.
 Right-click, then select Restore from the context menu that displays below
the Marking menu.
 All of the settings for that dimension will restore to the settings defined in
the Document Settings.