EASY NOTES ON PHYSICS -IX

Farooq Iqbal Qaisrani, SST F.G SirSyed model Public School Rwp
Unit 1 (Physical Quantities and measurement)
Q.1 What is Science?
Ans. The word Science is derived from the latin word “Scientia”, which means knowledge.
Q.2 What is Physics? Farooq Qaisrani. SST
Ans. Physics: Physics is the study of matter, energy and their interaction.
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Q.3 What is importance of Physics in Sciences?
Ans. Physics is the most fundamental of all the sciences. In order to study biology, chemistry, or any other
natural science, one should have a firm understanding of principles of physics.
Q.4 List with brief description of different Branches of Physics.
Ans. Physics is vast and is subdivided into many branches. However the major branches of Physics are 1.
Mechanics 2. Optics 3. Oscillation and waves 4. Thermodynamics 5. Electromagnetism 6. Astrophysics 7.
Quantum physics 8. Atomic Physics 9. Nuclear Physics 10. Plasma physics 11. Geo physics
Q.6 Why do we study physics?
Ans. We study physics to understand the modern technology and its uses in our daily life.
Q.7. What are physical quantities? Distinguish between base physical quantities and derived physical
quantites.
Ans. Physical Quantities: All measureable quantities are called physical quantities such as length, mass, time
and temperature.
Difference between Base quantities and Derived quantities.
Base Quantities Derived Quantities
1. Base quantities are the quantities on the 1. The quantities that are expressed in terms of
basis of which other quantities are expressed. base quantities are called derived quantities
2. Examples. Length, mass, time, electric 2.. Examples: Speed, force, work, energy etc.
current, temperature, intensity of light and
amount of substance.
3. These have foundation for other quantities. 3.. These are derived from base quantities.

Q.8 What do you mean by unit ? Define Base units and derived units.
Ans. Unit: Unit is a standard with which physical quantities are compared.
Base Unit: Units that describe base quantities are called base units. e.g meter, second, kilogram are base
units.
Derived unit: Units of derived quantities are called derived units. e.g meter per second, pascal, joule etc.
Q.9 What is meant by international system of units?
Ans. System international (SI): The 11th General conference on weights and measures held in paris in1960
adopted a world-wide system of measurements called international system of units. commonly referred as SI.
In SI There are seven base units i.e meter, kilogram,second,ampere, Kelvin, mole and candela.
Q.10 What are prefixes? What is their use in measurements?
Ans. Prefixes: Prefixes are the words or letters added before SI units such as kilo, mega, giga and milli. Prefixes
make standard form or scientific notation further easier.
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Q.11. What is Scientific notation or standard form?
Ans. Scientific notation: in scientific notation a number is expressed as some
[Link] power of ten multiplied by a
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number between 1 and 10. e.g a number 150000000 can be expressed in scientific notation as 1.5 x 108 .
Q.12 Describe construction and working of Vernier calipers in detail.
Ans. Vernier Calipers: A length measuring instrument which can be measure small length upto 0.1 mm is
known as Vernier calipers. There are two scales on vernier calipers. Main scale which has millimeter and
centimeter marked on it. And an other scale is vernier scale which have 10 division on it such that each of its
division is 0.9 mm. The difference between one small division on main scale and one vernier scale division is
0.1 mm. it is called least count of vernier calipers. It can also be found as
Farooq Qaisrani. SST Least count of Vernier calipers =
= = 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm
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Working of Vernier calipers: First of all find least count of [Link] and the Zero error it may be positive or
negative. Now place the small sphere in the jaws and note the main scale reading. Note the vernier scale
coinciding number and multiply it with least count. Which is vernier scale reading. This fraction to be added
with main scale reading. Now take zero correction and add or subtract it from previous reading. It will be the
exact reading of the sphere’s diameter. Repeat this procedure and record at least three observations.
Q. What is meant by vernier constant or Least count?
Ans. Vernier Constant or Least count: The difference between one small division on main scale and one
vernier scale division is 0.1 mm. it is called least count of vernier calipers. It can also be found as
Least count of Vernier calipers =
= = 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm
[Link] is meant by Zero error of Vernier calipers ?
[Link] Error: on closing the jaws of the vernier calipers, if the zero of the vernier scale donot coincide with
zero of the main scale then there is an error in instrument which is called zero error.
[Link] is Screw gauge? What is its pitch and least count? How is it used to measure thickness of thin copper
wire?
Ans. Screw Gauge: it is length measuring instrument which can measure thikness of small objects upto 0.01
mm.
Structure: it is U shaped and has two scales , one is main scale which has smallest division 0.5 mm and other
is circular scale it has 50 divisions on it.
Pitch : The distance travelled by the circular scale on main scale in one rotation is called the pitch of screw
gauge. Which is 0.5mm.
Least count: The minimum length which can be measured by screw gauge is called least count of the screw
gauge. It is 0.01 mm. mathematically Least count =
Farooq Qaisrani. SST
Least count = = 0.01 mm
[Link] the mass measuring instruments oR Describe Physical balance. [Link] Rwp (0334-5044822)
[Link] Balance: Mass is measured by beam balance, Physical balance and electronic balance. Physical
balance can measure mass in milligram. It has two pans. For level the pans leveling screws are used. To
measure the mass of body, body is placed in left pan for our convenience and standard masses are placed in
right pan. When pans balances then standard masses shows the mass of body.
Q. Describe time measuring instrument. OR Describe Stop watch.
Ans. Stop Watch: The instrument used to measure specific time interval is called stop watch. It has two types.
Mechanical stop watch and Digital stop watch. Mechanical Stop Watch: it has two circular dials one is for
second and one for minutes. It has a knob top on it through which it can be start stop and reset to zero. Its
least count is 0.1 S. Digital Stop Watch: it is usually controlled by two buttons. One for start and stop while
other is for reset to zero. Least count of digital stop watch is 0.01 s.
Q. What is meant by measuring cylinder? oR describe volume measuring instrument.
Ans. Measuring Cylinder: it is used to measure the volume of a liquids or powdered substance. It is also called
graduated cylinder. It has vertical scale in ml or cm3 . it is also used to measure volume of an irregular solid
body. least count of measuring cylinder is 1 ml or 1 cm3 .
Q. What are Significant Figures. Write rules to find significant figures in measurement.
Ans. Significant Figures: All the accurately known figure and the first doubtful figure in a measurement are
called significant figures.
Rules to find Significant figures: 1. All non zero digits are significant.
2. Zero between two digits are also significant. 3. Final or ending zero on right side in decimal fraction are
significant. 4. In decimal fraction zero on left side of non zero digits are not significant. 5. In scientific
notation, all digits before power of ten are significant.
Conceptual Questions:
Q.1 Physics has made our lives comfortable. “justify this statement. Or What is importance of Physics in our
daily life/ Society?
Ans. In our daily life we hardly find a device where physics is not involved. Some benefits are 1. A pilot must
understand how wind forces affect a flight path. 2. Electricity is used to get light and heat but also mechanical
energy that drives fans and motors etc Electricity is the invention of physics. 3. In medical field ultrasound and
x-ray machine are invensions of physics which are used to diagnose the ailment of different organs in our body.
4. All other appliances like air conditioners, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, ovens, Tv,Telephoneetc are the
result of application of physics.
Q.2 What base quantities are involved in these derived quantities, force, pressure, power, and charge.
Ans.
Derived Quantity Base Quantities involved
Force Mass, Length, Time
Pressure Mass, Length, Time
Power Mass, Length , Time
Charge Electric current, Time

Q.3 Show that prefix micro is thousand times greater than prefix nano. Farooq Qaisrani. SST
Ans. As we know that micro = 10-6 and nano = 10-9 so [Link] Rwp (0334-5044822)
Relation between micro and nano is 1 micro = 1000 nano
Ratio b/w micro and nano = = 1000 hence it is proved that prefix micro is thousand times greater than nano.
Q.4 Screw gauge can give more precise length than vernier calipers. Briefly explain why?
Ans. Because the least count of vernier calipers is 0.1 mm and for screw gauge it is 0.01 mm. As screw gauge
gives us precise measurement upto 2 decimal places while vernier calipers gives us only one decimal place.
Q.5 Differentiate between mechanical stop watch and digital stop watch.
Ans. Difference between Mechanical stop watch and Digital stop watch.
Mechanical stop watch Digital Stop watch
1. It measures time with two circular dials. 1. It measure time in digits.
2. Its least count is 0.1 s 2.. its least count is 0.01 s
3. It has only one knob through which we can 3.. it has two buttons one for start, stop and
start,stop and reset . other for reset.
Q.6 How measuring cylinder is used to measure volume of an irregular shaped stone?
Ans. take some water in measuring cylinder and note its volume. Now immerse irregular shape stone in it.
Volume of water note again. The volume of stone is found by subtracting the first reading from the second.
Q.7 What precaution should be kept in mind while taking measurement using measuring cylinder?
Ans. 1. Measuring cylinder should be kept on horizontal surface. 2. Eye should be kept at the same level as
the meniscus of the liquid.
Q.8 Why do we need to consider significant digits in measurements?
Ans. We need significant figures in measurement for precise and accurate measurement.
Q.9 The sun is one hundred and fifty million kilometer away from the earth. Write this (a) as an ordinary
whole number . (b) in scientific notation.
Ans. (a) As in ordinary number 150000000 km (b) In scientific notation 1.5 x 108 km
Q.10 What is the least count of meter rule?
Ans. The least count of meter rule is 1mm. Farooq Qaisrani. SST
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Q.11 why do we need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Ans. We need small interval of time for precise and accurate measurements.
Q.12. How many number of milli grams are there in one ton of steel?
Ans. As we know that one ton = 1000kg and 1 kg = 1000 gm also 1 gm = 1000 mg
So 1 ton = 1000 x1000 x1000 mg
One ton = 109 mg
Q.13. Mass of earth is 6.0 x 1015 Tera gram. Express this value in milligrams.
Ans. As we know that 1 Tera gram = 1012 gm and 1 gm = 1000 mg or 103 mg
So mass of earth = 6.0 x 1015 Tera gram
= 6.0 x 1015 x 1012 x 103 mg Farooq Qaisrani. SST
= 6.0 x 1030 mg
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Q.14. What are laboratory safety equipments?
Ans. School laboratory must have following safety equipments.
1. Waste disposal basket.
2. Fire extinguisher.
3. Fire alarm. Farooq Qaisrani. SST
4. First aid box
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5. Sand and water buckets.
6. Fir blanket to put off fire.
Q.15 .What are laboratory safety rules for students?
Ans. 1. Don’t carry out any experiment without the permission of your teacher.
2. Handle equipments and materials with care.
3. Don’t temper with the electrical appliances in laboratory.
4. Don’t eat,drink,play or run in the laboratory.
5. Report any accident or injuries immediately to your teacher.
Short Response Questions (NBF)
Q.1 How physics plays an important role in our life?
Ans. In our daily life we hardly find a device where physics is not involved. For example
1. Electricity is used not only to get light and heat but also mechanical energy that drives fans and motors.
Electricity is invention of physics.
2. Communication devices like mobiles and internet make our life comfortable. These are invention of
physics.
3. Rockets and space shuttles,magnetically levitating trains, microscopic robots and Artificial intelligence
apps all made our life comfortable which are possible due to physics.
Q.2 Estimate your age in minutes and seconds. Farooq Qaisrani. SST
Ans: Let age in years = 14 years
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Age in days = 14 x 365 days
Age in minutes = 14 x 365 x 24 x 60 = 7358400 minutes
Age in seconds = 14 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 441504000 seconds.
Q.3 What base quantities are involved in these derived physical quantities, Force, Pressure, Power and
Charge.
Ans.
Derived Quantity Formula Base quantities involved
Force F = ma Mass, Length, Time
Pressure P = F/A Mass, Length , Time
Power P = W/t Mass, Length, Time
Charge Q=Ixt Electric Current , Time
Q.4 Show that prefix micro is thousand times smaller than prefix milli.
Ans. As we know that milli = 10-3 and micro = 10-6 so 1 milli = 1000 micro
Or 1 micro = 10-3 milli
Q.5 Justify that displacement is a vector quantity while energy is a scalar quantity.
Ans. Displacement: it is the shortest distance between two points. It is vector quantity because it require
direction from one point to another point.
Energy: ability of a body to do work. It is scalar quantity as no direction is required.
Q.6 Screw gauge can give more precise length than vernier calipers. Briefly explain it.
Ans. yes screw gauge give more precise length because its least count is 0.001cm and can measure small
length with more precision while least count of vernier caliper is 0.01 cm.
Q.7 Differentiate b/w mechanical stop watch and digital stop watch.
Ans. See above.
Q.8 How measuring cylinder is used to measure volume of an irregular shaped stone?
Ans. Take some liquid in a cylinder and note its volume. Now immersed irregular shaped stone in it and note
volume again. Difference of these two volumes represents the volume of stone.
Q.9 What precautions should be kept in mind while taking measurement using measuring cylinder?
Ans. 1. Measuring cylinder should be kept on horizontal smooth surface.
2.. keep your eye at liquid level.
Q.10 Why do we need to consider significant digits in measurments?
Ans. we need significant figures for precise and accurate measurements.
Q.11 How random error can be reduced?
Ans. To reduce random error, it is good idea to take multiples of same measurements and find the mean.
Q.12 Differentiate between precision and accuracy.
Ans. Difference b/w Precision and accuracy.
Precision Accuracy
It measures how close results are to one another It measures how close results are to the true or
known value.
Measurement can be precise but not necessarily Measurement can be accurate but not necessarily
accurate. precise.
It needs several measurements to be determined. It can be determined with a single measurement.

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Farooq Qaisrani. SST