vi. : Physical Quantities and Measurement Textbook Exercise Questions Encircle the correct answer from the given choices. ‘The number of base units in SI are: (a) 3 (b) 6 ()7V (d)9 Which one of the following unit is not a derived unit? (a) Pascal (b) kilogram ¥ (c) Newton (d) watt Amount of a substance in terms of numbers is measured in: (LHR 2011) (a) Gram (b) kilogram (c) Newton (d) mole ¥ An interval of 200 ps is equivalent to: (LHR 2015) (a) 0.28 (b) 0.02 s (2x 104s Vv (d) 2x 10%s Which one of the following is the smallest quantity? (a) 0.01 g (b) 2 mg (©) 100 ng (d) 5000 ng V Which instrument is most suitable to measure the internal diameter of a test tube? (a) Meter rule (b) Ver (c) Measuring tap (d) screw gauge A student claimed the diameter of a wire as 1.032 cm using Vernier calip what extent do you agree with it? r callipers ¥ Up to (a) Lem (b) 1.0.cm (c) 1.03 em (d) 1.032 cm A measuring cylinder is used to measure: (a) Mass (b) area (c) Volume ¥ (d) level of a liquid A student noted the thickness of a glass sheet using a screw gauge. On the main scale, it reads 3 divisions while 8th division on the circular scale coincides with index line. Its thickness is: (a) 3.8 om (b) 3.08 cm (c) 3.08 mm 4 (d) 3.08 m Significant figur (a) All the di n_an expression are:(b) All the accurately known digits (c) All the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit V (d) All the accurately known and all the doubtful digits xi, Identify the base quantity in the following: (a) Speed (b) Area (c) Force (a) Distance ¥ 1.2: What is the difference between base qu: examples in each case. ‘ities and derived quantities? Give three Exeiermnrnns Deed The quantities on the basis of which other | Physical quantities which can be described quantities are expressed are known as base _| in terms of base quantities are known as quantities, derived quantities. Examples Examples Length, time, mass Force, area, volume 1.3: Pick out the base units in the following: Joule, Newton, kilogram, hertz, mole, ampere, meter, Kelvin, coulomb and watt Base units © Kilogram (unit of ma © Mole (unit of quantity of substance) ss) © Ampere (unit of electric current) © Metre (unit of length) © Kelvin (unit of temperature) 1.4: Find the base quantities involved in each of the following derived quantities: (a) Speed (b) Volume (c) Force (d) Work Ans: (a) Speed speed sistance time _ Length time So base quantities involved in speed are length and time. (b) Volume: Volume = length * width » height = length « length length So base quantities involved in volume is length.(c) Force: Force = mass * acceleration - Change in velocity =masgx Change in velocity time distance =massx————— time x time __ Length =mass x = time x time So base quantities involved in force are length mass and time. (d) Work: Work = Force * distance = mass « acceleration * distance Change in velocity time distance =mass*————- x distance time x time Le =mass*———=—— x Length time x time =mass* x distance So base quantities involved in work are length, mass and time Estimate your age in seconds, (LHR 2014, 2015) Ans: Let present age = 15 years = 15 x 365 days 5475 days = 5475 * 24 hours = 131400 hours = 131400 = 3600 second = 473040000 second 1.6: | What role SI units have played in the development of science? (LHR 2013) ‘Ans: With the development in the field of science and technology, the need for a commonly acceptable system of units was seriously felt all over the world particularly to exchange scientific and technical information. To fulfil this need a world-wide system of measurements called international system of units was adopted. 1.7: What is meant by vernier constant? (LHR 2014, 2015) Ans: “The difference between one small division on main scale and one vernier scale division is called vernier constant. This is the minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of a vernier callipers. That is why it is also called the least count of vernier callipers”1.8: Ans: 1.9: Ans: 1,10: Ans: 11d: Ans: 1,12: Ans: What do you understand by the zero error of a measuring instrument? (LHR 2014) The error in a measuring instrument due to non-uniform or wrongly marked graduation due to which a measurement may be less or greater than actual measurement is called zero error of the measuring instrument. Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument? (LHR 2013) If a measuring instrument has a zero error, readings taken by it will not be correct, By knowing the zero error first, necessary correction can be made to find the correct measurement. Such a correction is called zero correction. What is a stopwatch? What is the least count of a mechanical stopwatch you have used in the laboratories? “An instrument used to measure the time interval or specific period of an event is known as stop watch”, Least count of mechanical stop watch is 0.1 second Why do we need to measure extremely small interval of times? We need to measure extremely small interval of times to get accurate and error free results of experiments. What is meant by significant figures of a measurement? (GRW 2013) In any measurement all the accurately known digits and first doubtful digit is known as significant figure How is precision related to the significant figures in a measured quantit An improvement in the quality of measurement by using better instrument increases the significant figures in the measured result. More significant figure means greater precision. Eg. measurement of vernier callipers would be more precise than a metre rule, therefore measurements taken by vernier callipers would have more significant figures than that taken by metre rule.Qu Ans: i) (ii) Q2 Ans: oD) 2) 3) 4) an 6) 7) 8) 9) Long Questions} Define Science. The knowledge gained through observations and experimentations is called science. The word “Science” is derived from the Latin word Scientia, which means knowledge. Various aspects of material objects were studied under a single a subject called natural philosophy. But as the knowledge increased, it was divided into two main streams: Physical sciences: It deals with the study of non-living things. Biological sciences: It is concerned with the study of living things Define the branches of Physics. There are different branches of physics that are given as under: Mechanics It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects. Heat It is the branch of physics that deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat. Sound It is the branch of physics that deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties and applications. Light It is the branch of physics that deals with the physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical instruments. Electricity and Magnet It is the study of the charges at rest and in motion, their effects and their relationship with m magnetism, Atomic Physics It is study of the structure and properties of atoms Nuclear Physics It deals with the properties and behavior of nuclei and the particles within the nuclei Plasma Physics It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter — the fourth state of matter, Geophysics It is the study of the internal structure of EarthQ3 Ans » 2) 3) 4) Q4 Ans: Qs Ans: Describe the importance of Physics in our daily life. Positive Aspects: Electricity is used not only to get light and heat but also mechanical energy that drives fans and electric motors etc. This is possible due to knowledge of phys The means of transportation such as car and airplanes; domestic appliances such as air conditioners, reftigerators, washing machines and microwave ovens ete. are the gifts of knowledge of physics The mean of communication such as radio, T.V, telephone and computer are the result of applications of physics. A mobile phone allows us to contact people anywhere in the world and to get latest worldwide information. We can take and save pictures, sent and receive messages of our friends, We can also receive radio transmission and can use it as a calculator as well, All this is possible due to knowledge of physics Negative Aspects: The scientific inventions have also caused harms and destruction of serious nature, One of, which is the environmental pollution and the other is the deadly weapons. cs. Define phys‘ Physical quan All measurable quantities are called physical quantities. A physical quantity possesses at least two characteristics in common. One is its numerical magnitude and the other is the unit in which it is measured. Physical quantities are divided into two types: Base quantities: The quantities on the basis of which other quantities are expressed are known as base quantities. For example length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, intensity of light and amount of substance. Derived quantities: The quantities that are expressed in terms of base quantities are called derived quantities. For example area, volume, speed, force, work ete. quantities. Also describe its types. ies: What is international system of units? Briefly disc There is a need of some standard quantities for measuring/comparing unknown quantities Once a standard is set for a quantity then it can be expressed in terms of that standard quantity. This standard quantity is called a unit. With the development in the field of science and technology, the need for a commonly acceptable system of units was seriously felt all over the world particularly to exchange scientific and technical information. The eleventh General conference on weight and Measures held in the Paris in 1960 adopted a world-wide system of measurement called international systems of units commonly referred as ST S.Qo Ans: Q7 Ans: Qs Ans: Ditlerentiate between base and derived units. Base units: The units that describe base quantities are called base units. Each base quantity has it SL unit. Name Name Symbol Length | 7 Meter m Mass m Kilogram kg Time t Second s Electric current I ‘Ampere A Intensity of light L Candela cd Temperature T Kelvin K Amount ofa substance | n Mole mol Derived units: The units use to measure derived quantities are called derived units. Derived units are defined in terms of base units and are obtained by multiplying or dividing one or more base units with each other. For example the unit of area (meter)? and the unit of volume (meter)* Define prefixes. Also give examples. The words or letters added before a unit and stand for the multiples or sub-multiples of that unit are known as prefixes. Examples: Kilo (10°), Mega (10°) micro (10°) nano (10°) ete. Define scientific notation. Also give examples. In scientific notation a number is expressed as some power of ten multiplied by a number between | and 10. 1o* Distance of moon from earth is 384000000 metres. In scientific notation it can be expressed as 3.84 « 10° metres, For example: 62750 in scientific notation can be expressed as 6.275 Briefly describe a metre rule and measuring tape. Metre Rule: A metre rule is a length measuring instrument. It is commonly used in the laboratories to measure length of an object or distance between two points. Construction: It is one metre long which is equal to 100 centimetres. Each centimetre is divided into 10 small divisions called milimetre(mm). Thus one millimetre or 0.1 cm is the smallest reading that can be taken using a metre rule and is called its least count. How can we avoid errors in the measurement? While measuring length, or distance, eye must be kept vertically above the reading point The reading becomes doubtfill if the eye is positioned either left or right to the reading point Measui g Tape: Measuring tapes are used to measure length in metres and centimeters. Construction:‘A measuring tape consists of a thin and long strip of cotton, metal or plastic generally 10m, 20m, 50, or 100 m long. Measuring tapes are marked in centimetres as well as in inches. Q.10 Write a detail note on vernier callipers. Vernier Calipers isa device which is generally used to measure length as small as “th of a milimetre (0.1 mm) Construction A Vernier Calipers consist of two jaws One is the fixed with main scale attached to it. Main scale has centimetre and millimetre marks on it. The other jaw is a moveable jaw, It has vernier scale having 10 divisions over it such that each of its division is 0.9 mm. Figure 1.8: 4 cylinder placed between the outer jaws of Vernier Callipers. Vernier constant: The difference between one small division on main scale and one vernier Scale division is called vernier constant or lest count of vernier calipers. One small division on main scale = 1 , One small division on main scale = 1 0.9mm Least count = 1mm ~ 0.9 mm =0.1 mm Least count of vernier callipers can be also be found as follows. smallest reading on main scale Total no. of divisions on vernier scale _imm 10- =0.1mm ol 10 0.01 cm Working of vernier callipers: First of all find the error in the measuring instrument known as zero error. To find the zero error, close the jaws of vernier callipers gently. If the zero line of the vernier scale coincide with the zero of the main scale then the zero error is zero. (Nil) Zero error will exist if zero line of the vernier scale is not coinciding with the zero of the mains scale. There are two types of errors. Positive zero error: Zero error will be positive if zero line of vernier scale is on the right Least count of verier callipers = side of the zero of the main scale.Negative zero error: Zero error will be negative if zero line of vernier scale is on the left side of the zero of the main scale. Zero correction: Knowing the zero error, necessary correction can be made to find the correct measurement. Such a correction is called zero correction of the instrument. Zero correction is the negative of zero error. Taking a reading on vernier calipers: To find the diameter of a solid cylinder using a vernier callipers place the solid cylinder between jaws of the vernier callipers. Close the jaws till they press the opposite sides of the object gently. Note the complete division of the main scale before the vernier scale zero. Next find the vernier scale division that is coinciding with any division on the main scale. Multiply it by least count of vernier callipers and add it in the main scale reading. This will give the diameter of the solid cylinder. Add zero correction to get the correct measurement. Q.11 Write a note on the Screw Gauge. Ans: A screw gauge is an instrument used to measure small lengths accurately up to one- hundredth part of a millimeter. It is also called micrometer screw gauge. It accuracy is greater than a vernier calipers Construction It consists of a U-shaped metal frame with a metal stud at one end. A hollow cylinder (or sleeve) has a millimeter scale over it along a line called index line parallel to its axis. The hollow cylinder acts as a nut. A thimble has a threaded spindle inside it. Circular Scale The thimble has 100 divisions around one end. It is circular scale of the screw gauge. As thimble completes one rotation, 100 divisions pass the index line and the thimble moves 1 mm along the main scale. Thus each division of circular scale crossing the index line moves the thimble through 1/100 mm or 0.01 mm on the main scale. Thus each division of circular scale crossing the index line moves the thimble through 1/100 mm or 0.01 mm, Lock Main scale Ratchet Circular seule Stud Spindle Hollow cylinder or sleeve Index line Metal frame Figure 1.9: A micrometer screw gauge Pitch As the thimble completes one rotation, the spindle moves 1 mm along the index line. It is because the distance between consecutive threads on the spindle is | mm; the distance is called the pitch of screw gauge on the spindle. Least count Least count of a screw gauge can also be found as given below:pitch of screw gauge no. of divisions on circular scale Imm 100 = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm The least count of the screw gauge is 0.01 mm or 0.001 em. Working of a Screw Gauge The first step is to find the zero error of the screw gauge. Close the gap between the spindle and the stud of the screw gauge by rotating the ratchet in clockwise direction. If zero of circular scale coincides with the index line, then zero error will be zero. If zero of circular scale does not Least count coincide with index line, then there will be zero error in the screw gauge. There are two types of zero errors (i) Positive Zero Error (ii) Negative Zero Error Positive Zero Error Zero error will be positive if the zero of circular scale is behind the index line. In this case multiply the number of divisions on the circular scale that has not crossed the index line with the least count of the screw gauge to find positive zero error Negative Zero Error Zero error will be negative if the zero of circular scale has crossed the index line. In this case multiply the number of divisions on the circular scale that has crossed the index line with the least count of the screw gauge to find negative zero error. king reading on a screw gauge: To find the diameter of a given wire place the given wire in the gap between stud and spindle of the screw gauge. Turn the ratchet so that the object is pressed gently between the stud and the spindle. Note main scale as well as circular scale readings to find the diameter of the given wire. Multiply circular scale reading with least count and add it in the main scale reading. This will give diameter of wire. Add zero correction to get the correct measurement. Mass Measuring Instruments Q.12 What is Physical Balance? And how it is used? Ans: A common physical balance is a laboratory instrument that is used to measure the mass of various objects by comparison Construction It consists of a beam resting at the center on a fulcrum as shown in the figure, The beam carries scale pans over the hooks on either side. Unknown mass is placed on the left pan. Find some suitable standard masses that cause the pointer to remain at zero on raising the beamStirrup Beam Balancing Screw Pointer is at zero, Beam is balanced Pointer Figure 1.14: A physical balance Example: Find the mass of a small stone by a physical balance Solution @ (ii) (iii) (iv) Wy) (vi) Q.13 Ans: Follow the following steps to measure the mass of a given object Adjusting leveling screws with the help of plumb line to level the platform of physical balance Raise the beam gently by turning the arresting knob clockwise. Using balancing screws at the ends of its beam, bring the pointer at zero position Turn the arresting knob to bring the beam back on its support. Place the given object (stone) on its left pan Place suitable standard masses from the weight box on the right pan. Raise the beam. Lower the beam if its pointer is not at zero Repeat adding or removing suitable standard masses in the right pan till the pointer rests at zero on raising the beam Note the standard masses on the right pan. Their sum is the mass of object on the left pan. ‘onic balance? Briefly explain lever balance and elec Lever Balance: A lever balance consists of a system of levers. When lever is lifted placing the object in one pan and standard masses on the other pan, the pointer of the lever system moves. The pointer is brought to zero by varying standard masses. The sum of these standard masses is the mass of object. Electronic Balance: Electronic balances come in various ranges; milligram ranges, gram ranges and kilogram ranges. Before measuring the mass of a body, it is switched ON and its reading is set to zero. Next place the object to be weighed. The reading on the balance gives you the mass of the body placed over it.Ans: (a) (b) © Qs Ans: Which one of the following is the most accurate? Beam balance, Physical balance, and Electronic balance The mass of one rupee coin is done using different balances as given below. Beam Balance Mass of coin = 3.2 g A sensitive beam balance may be able to measure mass accurately as small as 0.1 g or 100 mg. ie. least count of beam balance is 0.1 g or 100 mg Physical balance Mass of the coin = 3.24 g Least count of physical balance is 0.01 g or 10 mg. therefore, measurement taken by physical balance would be more precise than a sensitive beam balance. Electronic balance Mass of coin = 3.247 g Least count of electronic balance is 0.001 g or 1 mg. Therefore, its measurement would be more precise than a sensitive physical balance. The electronic balance is most sensitive balance than all the balances given above Write a note on the Stop Watch, “An instrument used to measure the time interval or specific period of an event is known as stop watch”. Types of stop watch How to use (ii) There are two types of stop watch. (i) Mechanical stop watch (ii) Digital stop watch (Electronic stop watch) Mechanical Stop Watch A mechanical stop watch can measure a time interval up to a minimum 0.1 second A mechanical stop watch has a knob that is used to wind the spring that powers the watch. It can also be used as start — stop and reset button, The watch starts when the knob is pressed once. When pressed a second time, it stops the watch while the third time press brings the needle back to zero position Electronic/Digital Stop Watch Digital stop watch commonly used in laboratories can measure a time interval accurately up to 1/100 second or 0.01 second. How to use The digital stop watch starts to indicate the time lapsed as start/stop button is pressed. As soon as start/stop button is pressed again, it stops and indicates the time interval recorded by it between start and stop of an event. A reset button restores its initial zero setting. Named as stop watchThis watch is named stopwatch because it can be started or stopped at will as required when the duration of the time is to be measured. Q.16 What do you know about Measuring Cylinder? How volume of liqui using this cylinder? ‘Ans: A measuring cylinder is a cylindrical tube that is used to measure the volume of the liquid or powdered substance. It is also used find the volume of an irregular shaped solid insoluble in a liquid by displacement method Construction is measured by It is made of transparent plastic or glass, which has a vertical scale in milliliter (ml) or cubic centimeter (cm*). Measuring cylinders have different capacities from 100 mL to 2500 mL. Measurement of Volume When a liquid is put in measuring cylinder, the volume is noted on the scale in front of the meniscus of the liquid. The meniscus of most of the liquids curve downwards whiles the meniscus of mercury upwards. Precautions To measure correctly the volume of the liquid following precautions are kept in mind (i) The cylinder must be placed on horizontal surface (ii) The eye should be kept on a level with the bottom of the meniscus (curved surface). When the eye is above the liquid level, the meniscus appears higher on the scale. Similarly when the eye is below the liquid level, the meniscus appears lower than actual height of the liquid (a) Incorreet position CG ¢ 1.19 (a) Wrong way to note the liquid level keeping eye above liquid level. (b) correct position of eye to note the liquid level keeping liquid level. Measuring Volume of an irregular shaped solid: Volume of irregular shaped solids is found by displacement method Displacement method The solid is lowered into measuring cylinder containing water/liquid. The level of water/liquid rises. The increase in the volume of water/liquid is the volume of the given solid object. Method Let us find the volume of a small stone. Take the volume Vj of water in the cylinder. Tie the solid with a thread. Lower the solid into the cylinder till it is fully immersed in water. Note the volume V+ of water and the solid. Volume of the solid will be Vr— Vi.Q.17 Detine and explain Significant figures. What are the main points to be kept in mind while determining the significant figures of a measurement? Ans: All the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in a measurement are called significant figures. It reflects the precision of a measured value of a physical quantity. The accuracy in measuring a physical quantity depends upon various factors. © The quality of the measuring instrument © The skill of the observer ¢ The number of observations made. Example A student measures the length of a book as 18 cm using a measuring tape. The numbers of significant figures in this measured value are two. The left digit | is the accurately known digit. While the digit 8 is the doubtful digit for which the student may not be sure. Rules for determining Significant Figures The following rules are helpful in identifying significant figures Non-zero digits are always significant. For example 27 has 2 significant digits Zeros in between two significant figures are also significant. For example in 1.406, the number of significant figures is 4 In any observation, the zeros on the left side of the decimal point for the purpose of spacing the decimal point are not significant. For example in 0.0036, the number of significant figures is 2 (iv) Final or ending zeros on the right side in the decimal fractions are considered significant. For example the number of significant figures in 2.450 is four. (vy) In whole numbers that end in one or more zeros without a decimal point. These zeros may ‘or may not be significant, In such cases, it is not clear which zeros serves to locate the position value and which are actually parts of the measurement. In such a case, express the quantity using scientific notation to find the significant zero, (vi) If numbers are recorded in scientific notation then all the digits before the power of 10 are significant, For example in 1.40 x 10°, the number of significant figure is three. Q.18 Write down the rules to round off the numbers? The following rules are used to round off the numbers: (i) If the last digit is less than 5 then it is simply dropped. This decreases the number of significant digits in the figure Example 1,943 is rounder to 1.94 (3 significant figures) If the last digit is greater than 5, then the digit on its left is increased by one. This also decreases the number of significant digits in the figure Example 1.47 is rounded to two significant digits 1.5 If the last digit is 5, then it is rounded to get nearest even number. Example 1.35 is rounded to 1.4 1.45 is rounded to 1.41. Unit 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement The branch of science which deals with the study of properties of matter, energy and their mutual relationship is called: (a) Astronomy (b) Physics (c) Geology (4) Chemistry The study of properties of the ionic state of matter is called (a) Plasma Physics (b) Astrophysics (c) Sound (d) Electromagnetism The study of internal structure of earth and its activities like seismography is called: (GRW 2013, 2015) (a) Solid state physics (b) Heat (c) Mechanics (d) Geophysies The study of the isolated nuclei of an atom is called: Plasma Physics (b) Astrophysics (c) Nuclear Physics (d) Biophysics Much of the universe is made up of: (a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Plasma (d) All of above The international system of units is abbreviated as: (a) IS (b) SI (c) Botha & b (d) none The terms used internationally for multiples and submultiples of various units are known as: (a) Standard (b) Scientific notation (c) Prefixes (d) All of above Meter rule can measure the length accurately up to: (a) 1mm (b) 1 cm () 1m (a) Lk —- can accurately measure up to one tenth of a millimeter. Meter rule (b) Vernier callipers (c) Screw Gauge (d) All The SI unit of intensity of light is: (a) Newton (b) Kelvin (c) Kilogram (d) Candela One meter is equal to: (a) 10° mm (b) 107 km (ce) 10? cm (d) All13. 20, 21, 22. 23. 24, Volume measuring scale has a vertical scale in: (a) Milliliter (b) cm? (€) Both a & b (d) none One Femto is equal to: (a) 10" (b) 10" (c) 10° (d) 10°? The least count of ver (LHR 2015) (a) 0.1em (b) 0.1mm (©) 0.01em (d) Both b & ¢ Total length of the vernier scale is: (a) Imm (b) 9mm (c) 10 mm (d) Lom Number of divisions on the vernier scale are: (a) | (b) 9 (©) 10 (d) 100 Length of the smallest division on main scale of the vernier calipers (a) Lom (b) 1mm (c) 0.9 mm (d) All Separation between division on the vernier scale of the vernier calipers is: (a) Lom (b) 1 mm (c) 0.9 mm (d) All If zero of the vernier scale is on the right side of the zero of the main scale then known as zero error (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) No error (d) none of these If zero of the vernier scale is on the left side of the zero of the main scale then it is known zero error (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) None of these (d) No error If zero of the vernier scale is on the right side of the zero of the main seale then zero error is to be: (a) Added (b) Subtracted (c) Multiplied (a) Divided If zero of the vernier scale is on the left side of the zero of the main scale then zero error is to be: (a) Added (b) Subtracted (c) Multiplied (d) Divided The least count of Screw Gauge is: (a) 0.1 mm (b) 0.01 mm (©) 0.1. em (d) 0.01 em Total number of divisions on the circular scale of Screw Gauge are: (a) 10 (b) 20 (©) 100 (d) 200 Pitch of the screw gauge is: (a) lm (b) | mm26. 27, 28. 29. 30. 3h. 32. 33. 34, 36. 37. 38. 39, (e) Lem (d@) 0.1 mm If the zero of the circular scale is above the horizontal line then the zero error will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) None of these (d) No error If the zero of the circular scale is below the horizontal line then the zero error will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) None of these (d) No error If the zero of the circular scale is above the horizontal line then the zero error is to be: (a) Added (b) Subtracted (©) Multiplied (d) Divided If the zero of the circular scale is below the horizontal line then the zero error is to be: (a) Added (b) Subtracted (c) Multiplied (d) Divided For scientific notation internationally accepted practice is that there should be ~ digit(s) before the decimal point. (a) One (b) Two (c) Three (a) No In screw gauge, the distance moved forward or backward in one complete rotation of the circular scale is known as: (a) Least count (b) Pitch (c) Constant (d) None of above A physical balance is used to measure: (a) Weight (b) Volume (c) Length (d) mass Least count of mechanical stop watch is: (a) | second (b) 1 minute (©) 0.1 second (d) 0.01 second Least count of digital stop watch is: (a) 1 second (b) 1 minute (©) 0.1 second (d) 0.01 second In any measurement, the accurately known di (a) Prefixes (b) Si (c) Real numbers (@) All The radius of wire is 0.022 cm. The number of significant figures in the measurements are: and first doubtful digit are known as: ificant figures (a) 1 (b)2 (©)3 (dy 4 The number of significant figures in 1.406 are: (a)4 (b) 3 (©) 2 (a) The number of significant figures in 1.40 x 10° are: (a) 1 (b) 2 (3 (a4 Vernier constant is also known as of vernier ¢ (a) Pitch (b) Proportionality constant40, 41. 42, 43, 44. 46, (©) Vernier value The zer: (a) Significant (c) Constant 10° Stands for: (a) Micro (c) Nino Ips is equal to: (a) 10° s (c) 10° s To measure correctly the volume of the liquid, the eye must be kept on the surface of menise (a) Lower (c) Middle SI unit of electric charge is (a) Ampere (c) Pascal (d) least count n between the digits are considered: (b) Insignificant (d) None of above (b) Pico (d) Mega (b) 10° s (d) 10? s (b) Upper (d) All of above (b) Kelvin (d) Coulomb The word science is derived from the Latin word (a) Scientia (c) Scient Least count of digital vernier ca (a) 0.Imm (©) 0.001 mm (b) Santia (d) None of these (b) 0.01 mm (a) | mm ANSWER KEY1.2: Ans: Ans: Physical Quantities and Measuremen Express the following quantities using prefixes. (a) 5000 g (b) 2000 000 W (©) 52x 10 kg (d) 225 x 10% 5 (a) 5000 g=5x 10° g= 5Skg (b) 2000 000 W =2 x 10° W=2 MW (c) 52x 10" kg=5.2x 10'x 10 x 10° g=5.2x 10% g=5.2ug (d) 225 x 10°* s=2.25 x 10? x 10% s=2.25 x 10%s=2.25 us How do the prefixes micro, 1 micro and 10° = 107 = 10° no and pico relate to each other? Inano=10 * micro Relation between micro and pico 1 pico = 10? =10%* 10% Ipico=10 ° micro} Relation between nano and pico 1 pico = 10°? 103 « 10° I pico=10 * nano} Your hairs grow at the rate of Imm per day. Find their growth rate in mms", (LHR 2013, GUJ 2015) Growth rate = 1 mm per day _ 1mm ~ Iday __1xd0*m 8.64 10's1.4: 1.6: = x10? 10% ms 64 = 0.1157 x 107 mst = 11.57 « 107 x 107 ms! = 11.57 * 10° ms! = 11.57 nmst Rewrite the following in standard form. (a) 1168 x 1077 (b) 32 x 108 (c) 725x105 kg (a) 0.02 x 10 (a) 1168 « 1077 = 1.168 x 103 x 10?” = 1.168 x 107 (b) 32 * 10° =3.2x 10! x 10°= 3.2.x 10° (c) 725 « 10 kg = 7.25 x 10? x 10° x 10° g=7.25 g (d) 0.02 * 108 = 2.0.x 10? x 10%=2.0x 10” Write the following quantities in standard form. (a) 6400 km (b) 380 000 km (c) 300 000 000 ms? (d) seconds in a day (a) 6400 km = 6.4 * 10° km (b) 38000 km = 3.8 x 10° km (c) 300.000 000 ms! = 3.0.x 108ms™ (d) 1 day = 24 hours = 24 x 3600 s = 86400 s = 8.64 x 10's On closing the jaws of a vernier callipers, zero of the Vernier scale is on the right of it main scale such that 4" division of its vernier scale coincides with one of the main scale ion. Find its zero error and zero correction. Number of division of Vernier scale = 4 Least count of Vernier calipers = 0.01 om Zero error x 0.01 cm = 0.04 em As zero of the Vernier scale is at the right side of the zero of the main scale so zero error will be positive. So Zero correction = - 0.04 cmmm, What is its least count? (LHR 2013) Ans: No. of divisions on circular scale = 50 Pitch = 0.5 mm pitch of screwguage As least count = ____PUCT 0! Screwetiase __ Number of circular scale divisions 0.5mm Least Count = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm 1.8: Which of the following quantities have three significant figures? (LHR 2015, GRW 2015) (a) 3.0066 m (b) 0.00309 kg (c) 5.05 x 1077 kg (d) 2001 s Ans: bande 1.9: What are the significant figures in the following measurements? (LHR 2015, GRW 2015) (a) 1.009 m (b) 0,00450 kg (c) 1.66 x 1077 kg (d) 20015 Ans: (a) 4 (b)3 (o)3 (d)4 1.10: A chocolate wrapper is 6.7 cm long and reasonable number of significant figures. (GRW 2013, LHR 2014) Ans: Given data: Length of chocolate wrapper = 1 = 6.7 cm Width of chocolate wrapper = w = 5.4m Required: Area of chocolate wrapper = A =? Solution: As we know that Area =length x width By putting the values we have Area = 6.7 cmx 5.4m = 36.18 cm? Result: As the least number of significant figures in observed measurements are 2 So Area = 36 cm? A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale. The pitch of the screw gauge is 0.5 4 cm wide. Calculate its area up to21 iii, vi. Unit 2: Kinematics Textbook Exercise Questions Encircle the correct answer from the given choices. A body has translatory motion it moves along az (a) Straight line (b) circle (c) line without rotation V (d) Curved path The motion of a body around an axis is called motion. (LHR 2015) (a) Circular (b) Rotatory ¥ (c) Vibratory (d) Random Which of the following is a vector quantity? (a) Speed (b) distance (c) Displacement ¥ (a) power If an object is moving with constant speed then its distance-time graph will be a straight line. (a) Along time-axis (b) Along distance-axis (c) Parallel to time-axis (d) Inclined to time-axis Vv A straight line parallel to time-axis on a distance-time graph tells that the object (a) Moving with constant speed (b) At rest 7 (c) Moving with variable speed (d) In motion The speed-time graph of a car is shown in the figure, which of the following statement is true? (a) Car has an acceleration of 1.5 m: (c) Distance travelled by the (b) Car has constant speed of 7.5ms™ 75 mv (d) Average speed of the car is 15 ms" vans) 7 tT h of the following graphs is representing uniform acceleration? (LHR 2015) d, (a) iv (b) ; (@) US! (d) 4!viii. xi, xii. 2.2 Ans: 2.3 By dividing displacement of a moving body with time, we obtait (a) Speed (b) Acceleration (c) Velocity ¥ (d) Deceleration A ball is thrown vertically upward. It velocity at the highest point i (a) -10 ms? (b) Zerov (c) 10 ms? (d) None of these A change ii (GRW 2015) (a) Speed (b) Velocity (c) DisplacementY (d) Distance is moving at a speed of 36kmh'. Its speed expressed in m: (GRW 2015) (a) 10 ms'V (b) 20 ms (c) 25 ms" (d) 30 mst A car starts from rest. It acquires a speed of 25 ms" after 20 s. the distance moved by the car during this time is: (a) 31. 25m (b) 250 mv (c) 500 m (a) 5000 m Explain translatory motion and give examples of various types of translatory motion. Such type of motion in which a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line may be straight or curved. Linear motion The motion of freely falling bodies A car moving along the straight line c A stone attached with thread, when whirled, it will move along a circular path A toy train moving on a circular track. Random motion The flight of an insect and birds r motion Motion of dust or smoke particles in air Differentiate between the following: i Rest and motion Circular motion and rotatory motion Distance and displacement (GRW 2014) Speed and velocity (LHR 2013, 2015) Scalars and vectors (GRW 2013, LHR 2014, 2015) Difference between Rest and Motion If a body does not change its position with If a body continuously changes its respect to surroundings then it is said to be | position with respect to surroundings ina state of rest then it is said to be in a state of motion,(i) ~~ Circular motion and rotatory motion. CIRCULAR MOTION ROTATORY MOTION The motion of an object ina circular path is | The spinning motion of a body about its known as circular motion axis is called rotatory motion Examples: Examples: The motion of earth around the sun. © The motion of wheel about its axis. © The motion of electron around nucleus. * Motion of ceiling fan (iii) _ Difference between Distance and Displacement. Actual (total) length between two points © The shortest distance between is known as distance. two points is known as © Itisa scalar quantity. displacement © Itis represented by “S” ® Itis a vector quantity. It is represented by “d”. (iv) _ Difference between Speed and Velocity © The distance covered in unit time is © The rate of displacement of a body known as speed is called velocity * Mathematically speed is given by © Mathematically velocity is given by Speed = distance/time Velocity = displacementitime ve8 Pea t Va | t It isa scalar quantity. © Itis a vector quantity. (v) _ Difference between scalar and vector. UXT Physical quantities. which are completely] Physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude only are known as| described by their magnitude and scalars, direction as well are known as vectors. Example Example Speed, distance, time ete. Force, displacement, velocity etc. 2.4 Define the terms speed, veloci Ans: Speed The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed Mathematical Formula Distance covered , and acceleration. (GRW 2013, LHR 2015) Speed = otal time Distance = speed x time Or S=vxtVelocity The rate of displacement of a body is called velocity. Mathematical form displacement time taken d velocity t Here d is the displacement of the body moving with velocity ¥ in time t. Acceleration The rate of change of velocity of a body is known as acceleration. Mathematical form If a body is moving with initial velocity ’vi’ and after some time ‘t’ its velocity becomes. ‘ve then change in velocity will occur in time t changein velocity Acceleration = total time final velocit tial velocity ‘Acceleration = £tal-velocity —initial velocity total time So a-= t 2.5 Cana body moving at a constant speed have acceleration? (LHR 2014) Ans: A body moving with constant speed can have acceleration if its direction of motion changes continuously. For example a body moving with constant speed in a circular path has an acceleration. 2.6 How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not circular motion? Ans: Riders in a Ferris wheel move in a circle without rotation therefore motion of rider in Ferris wheel is translatory not rotatory. 2.7 Sketch a distance — time graph for a body starting from rest. How will you determine the speed of a body from this graph? ‘Ans: The distance-time graph is shown below The slope of the graph gives speed with the help of the aim formula “0 a, Speed (v) of the object = slope of line AB of a _ distance EF 20 time CD 106 20m © us) = 2m a ois 10s Figure 2.19: Distance-time =2ms? graph showing constant The speed found from the graph is 2 ms a28 Ans: pe) Ans: 2.10 Ans: 241 Ans: 212 Ans: 2.13 Ans: 2.14 Ans: What would be the shape of speed — time graph of a body moving with variable speed? (LHR 2013, 2014, 2015) Lines OA and OB shows that body is moving with variable speed. Line OA shows that speed of body changes equally in equal intervals of time. Line OB shows that speed of body changes unequally in a equal intervals of time. Which of the following can be obtained from speed ~ time graph of a body? All the given quantities can be obtained form speed-time graph. How can vector quantities be represented graphically? (LHR 2014, GRW 2014) To represent a vector quantity graphically we draw a line known as represented line. The length of the line drawn is according to some selected scale give the magnitude of vector and an arrow on one end of this line shows the direction of vector. vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities? Scalar quantities can be described completely by magnitude only and can be added or subtracted by s in addition to magnitude also need. direction for their description. So vectors cannot be added or subtracted by arithmetic rules due to direction. imple arithmetic rules. Vector quantities How are vector quantities important to us in our daily . In order to locate a place from a reference point, we will have to describe the distance and direction of that place from reference point. Description of distance along with direction will make up a vector quantity. Hence by using vector quantities we can describe the position (or location) of bodies Derive equations of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. See Q.no.4 Long Question Sketch a velocity — time graph for the motion of the body. From the graph explaining each step, calculate total distance covered by the body. Total distance travelled 7 area under the graph aot 0 16mg Ag 18s B (trapezium OABC) wi . ai | (cum of parallel sides) x height ayn ' Seb eS = (18s +30 8) x (16 ms) Figure 225: Speedie graph \ 2 of a car dunng 30 seconds. 384mUnit 2: Kinematics| Q.1 Define Translatory motion and its types. (LHR 2011, 2012, 2013 GRW 2013, 2015) Ans: Such type of motion in which a body moves along a line without any rotation. The line may be straight or curved. Examples Motion of a car in straight line ¢ Motion of electron around the nucleus * Motion of gas molecules ¢ Aeroplane moving straight is in translational motion es of Translatory Motion There are three types of translatory motion (i) Linear mot (LHR 2014) (ii) Circular moti (iii)Random motion (LHR 2013, 2014) (i) Linear motion If the motion of a body is in straight line, it is known as linear motion Examples * The motion of freely falling bodies * A car moving along the straight line ‘ular motion Ifa body moves in a circle then its motion is known as circular motion. Examples * A stone attached with thread, when whirled, it will move along a circular path © A toy train moving on a circular track * A bicycle or car moving along a circular track © Earth moving around the sun in solar system Random motion The disordered or irregular motion of an object is called random motion. Examples © The flight of an insect and birds * Brownian motion of gas or liquid molecules © Motion of dust or smoke particles in airQ.2._ Explain Distance — me Graph. Ans: The term distance and displacement are used interchangeably when the motion is in straight line. Similarly, if the motion is in a straight line then speed and velocity are also used interchangeably In distance — time graph, time is taken along horizontal axis while the vertical axis shows the distance covered by the object au) 20 20 Object at Rest In the graph shown in figure, the istance moved by the 4 oi object with time is zero, That is the object is at rest. Thusa = is > 8) horizontal line parallel to time axis on a distance — time graph Figure 2.18: Distance-time aoe graph when the object is at shows that speed of the object is zero fest Object moving with Constant Speed The speed of an object is said to be constant if it covers . equal distances in equal intervals of time. The distance — time graph as shown in figure is a straight line. Its slope gives the speed of the object of Lent Figure 2.19: Dstance-ime graph showing consian! Object moving with variable speed am PA When an object does not cover equal distances in equal 40 7 intervals of time then its speed is not constant. In this a mR case the distance — time graph is not a straight line as - ‘0 | shown in figure. The slope of the curve at any point can tae ae be found from the slope of the tangent at that point Figure 2.20: Distance-time graph showing variable speed. Explain Speed — Time Graph. In a speed — time graph, time is taken along x — axis and vis) speed is taken along y-axis. f Object moving with constant speed ‘| When speed of an object is constant with time, then the speed spo — time graph will be a horizontal line parallel to time — axis as S aaa Figure 222: Spaed-tme graoh shown in figure. In other words, a straight line parallel to time Showng constant sees, axis represents constant speed of the object.Object moving acceleration) Let the speed of an object be changing uniformly. In such a case speed is changing at constant rate. Thus its speed-time graph would be a straight line as shown in figure. A straight line means that the object is moving with uniform acceleration. Slope of the line gives the magnitude of its acceleration uniformly changing speed (uniform Distance travelled by a moving object The area under a speed ~ time graph represents the distance travelled by the object. If the motion is uniform then the area can be calculated using appropriate formula for geometrical shapes represented by the graph Q4 Deri « Ans: Proof: Suppose a body is moving with initial velocity vi in a straight line with uniform acceleration a. Its velocity becomes vr after time t. The motion of the body is described by speed ~ time graph as shown in figure first equation of motion using speed time graph. (GRW 2013) Figure 2.26: Speed-time graph. Area Under the graph gves the distance ‘covered by the body, Slope of line AB = 2— AC We know that slope of line in speed-time graph gives the magnitude of acceleration. Acceleration = 2C AC BC a= AC As AC=OD and BC=BD-CD BD-CD So, oD As BD=w, CD=¥ and OD Hence oie 7 Or vi-vi=at Therefore, ve= vit at Which is required first equation of motion,Ans: Q6 Ans: Derive second equation of motion using speed-time graph. (LHR 2012, 2013) Proof: Suppose a body is moving with initial velocity vj in a Sosed straight line with uniform acceleration a. Its velocity vpoo becomes vr after time t. The motion of the body is |y, tee =f described by speed ~ time graph as shown in figure Figure 2.26: Speed.time graph. Aree tiger" the graph ges te distance (covered by the Dod In speed — time graph the total distance s travelled by the body is equal to the total area of trapezium OABD under the graph. Le Area of the rectangle OACD = OA x OD =vixt Area of the triangle ABC = : (ACx BC) =5(0DBe) 1 2 txat Area of trapezium OABD = area of rectangle OACD + area of triangle ABC Putting the values in the above equation, we get 1 s=vitt — at? 2 which is required second equation of motion Derive third equation of motion using speed-time graph. (GRW 2015) Proof: Suppose a body is moving with initial velocity vi in a soges straight line with uniform acceleration a. Its velocity — ++--- becomes vr after time t. The motion of the body is le oe described by speed — time graph as shown in figure ‘area =! «at ca wie Figure 2.26: Speed time graph Area tinder the graph gves te sistance covered by the body In speed ~ time graph the total distance s travelled by the body is equal to the total area of trapezium OABD under the graph Area ofttapediam OABD= + [sum of parallel sides][Perpendicular distance between parallel sides] s=3(BD+0A)(0D)Or 2S =(BD + OA )(OD) . BC Multiply both sides by ““—, we get (BC ) (BC) — BD+0OA)(OD) — (BD+0A)(0D)| oF As OA=CD=Vi BC xs and BD=v, Putting the values in the in the above equation, we have 2 aS = (vet vi) (vr= vi) 2a8 = vP - vi Which is required third equation of motion.Unit 2: Kinematics] iple Choice Questions Study of motion of the bodies is known as: (a) Heat (b) Light (c) Atomic physics (d) Mechanics Study of motion without discussing the cause of motion is called: (a) Kinematics (b) Dynamics (c) Heat (d) Motion If a body does not change its position with respect to some observer then it will be in astate of: (a) Rest (b) Motion (c) Uniform motion (d) Relative motion Ifa body changes its position with respect to some observer then it will be in state of: (a) Rest (b) Motion (c) Uniform motion (d) Relative motion Rest and motion are -. (a) Absolute (b) Constant (©) Variable (d) Relative Which one of the following is a vector quantity? (a) Displacement (b) Speed (c) Volume (d) Work The spinning motion of a body about its axis is known as. (LHR 2015) (a) Translatory motion (b) Vibratory motion (c) Rotatory motion (d) none of these When a body moves to and fro about a point and repeats its motion again and again about the same point then this motion is known as: (GRW 2014, 2015) (a) Translatory (b) Vibratory (c) Rotatory (d) none of these The motion of the string of a violin is: (a) Translatory (b) Vibratory (c) Rotatory (d) none of these Total length of a path between two points is known as: (a) Velocity (b) Acceleration (c) Speed (d) Distance The shortest distance between two points is known as: (a) Velocity (b) Displacement (c) Speed (d) Distance The area uner a speed time graph respresents (a) Speed (b) Volume (c) Acceleration (d) Distance SI unit of speed is: (a) ms? (b) mh” (c) kms (d) All of these16, 20. 21. 22, 23. 24. a 26. 27, 28, Speed is a quantity: (a) Vector (b) Scalar (c) Both (@) none of these Ifa body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, however smalll the intervals may be, then the speed of the body is know! (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Non uniform (d) All of these The rate of displacement with respect (o time is known as: (a) Distance (b) Speed (c) Velocity (a) Acceleration If the speed and direction of the moving body does not change with time then its said to be: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Constant (d) All of these If the speed or direction of the moving body changes with time then its veloci said to be: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Constant (d) Alll of these Rate of change of velocity is known as: (a) Distance (b) Speed (c) Velocity (d) Acceleration If the velocity of the body is increasing then its acceleration will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (©) Uniform (d) Variable If the velocity of the body is decreasing then its acceleration will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Uniform (d) Variable If the velocity of a body is uniform then its acceleration will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (a) Doubled SI unit of acceleration is: (b) kmh? (d) ms? in equal intervals of je then its accelera If velocity of a body changes equal will be: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Constant (d) Relative The velocity and acceleration of a body moving with ur will be: (a) In the same direction (b) In the opposite direction (c) Mutually perpendicular (d) Equal The direction of motion of body and acceleration is in same direction then acceleration will be: (a) Uniform (b) Positive (c) Negative (a) Zero The direction of motion of body and acceleration is in opposite direction then acceleration will be: (a) Uniform (b) Positive (c) Negative (a) Zero The quantity which can be described by a number, with suitable unit only is called: (a) Vector (b) Scalar (c) Speed (d) Acceleration29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. The quantity which are described by magnitude as well as direction is called: (a) Vector (b) Scalar (c) Speed (a) Acceleration In equations of motion, motion will always be taken along ----—-- line: (a) Circular (b) Straight (c) Elliptical (d) None of above In equations of motion, Acceleration will always bi (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Positive (d) Negative In equations of motion, velocity will be taken as: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (©) Positive (d) Negative In equations of motion, quantities in the direction of initial velocity are taken as: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Positive (d) Negative In equations of motion, quantities opposite to the direction of initial velocity are taken as: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Positive (d) Negative The slope of straight line in speed time graph gives the magnitude of (a) Force (b) Displacement (c) Torque (d) Acceleration Series of experiments on free fall of heavy bodies was performed by: (a) Newton (b) Einstein () Galileo (d) Al-Kundi When a body is falling freely under the gravity then in equations of motion ‘a’ is replaced by: (a)m (b) d Ss (@g Ifa body is falling under the gravity then its initial velocity will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative () uniform (a) Zero If a body is falling under the gravity then its gravitational acceleration will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Increasing (d) Zero If a body is thrown vertically upward then its final velocity will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) uniform (d) Zero If a body is thrown upward, then its gravitational acceleration will be: (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Increasing (a) Zero A ball is dropped from the top of the tower. The distance covered by it in the first second is: (a) 100m (b) 10m (©) 50m (d) 5m Ifa car is moving with uniform speed in a circle then its velocity will be: (a) Uniform (b) Variable (c) Zero (d) None of the above There are equations of motion which are used to solve the problems about the motion of bodies: (a) 1 (b) 2 (c)3 (d) 4ANSWER KEYUnit 2: Kinematics 2.1 A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36 kmh" for 10s. Find the distance traveled by it. Given Data _ 361000 3600 36 kmh! =10mst Velocity of train = Time taken =t= 10s Required Distance travelled by train = S =? Solution As we know that S=Vxt By putting the values, we have S=10x 10 $= 100m Result Distance travelled by train = S = 100m 2.2 A train starts from rest. It moves through | km in 100s with uniform acceleration. What will be its speed at the end of 100s. Given Data Initial velocity of train = vi = 0 ms Distance covered by train = $ = 1 km = 1000 m Time taken by train=t= 100s Required Speed of train after 100 s Solution First we have to find the acceleration, as we know that S=vit + %at? By putting the values, we have 1000 =0 x 100+ %xax (100? 1000 = 2x ax 10000 1000 = a x 5000 _ 1000 ae 5000 So, a=0.2ms? Now from first equation of motion, we have ve=vi tat by putting the values, we haveve=0+0.2 x 100 ve= 20 ms" Result Speed of train after 100 s = vr= 20 mst of 10 ms". It accelerates at 0.2 ms? for half minute. Find the g this and the find velocity of the car, 2.3. A car has a veloci distance traveled du Given Data Velocity of the car = vi = 10 ms" Acceleration of the car = a = 0.2 ms? Time taken by car =t = 0.5 min, = 0.5 x 60 = 30s Required Distance traveled by car = S =? Solution As we know that S=vit + Yat? By putting the values, we have S=10x30+%x02x (30) $= 300+ 0.1 x 900 S=300+90 $=390m Result Distance traveled by car 390m 2.4 A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a velocity of 30 ms. It takes 3 s to reach the highest point. Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. How long it will take to return to ground? Given Data Initial velocity of the tennis ball = vi = 30 ms" Time to reach the maximum height =t= 3s Gravitational acceleratior -10 ms® Final velocity of the ball = vr= Oms™ Required Maximum height reached by the ball = h = ? tion From second equation of motion in vertical motion, we have h=vit+ % gt” by putting the values, we have Sol h=30x3+%x (10) 3) h=90-5x9 h= 90-45 h=45m As the ball moves with uniform acceleration in vertical motion, so time taken by the ball in both directions will be same.‘otal time taken to return the ground = Time taken upwards + Time taken downwards Total time taken to return the ground = 3s + 3s Total time taken to return the ground = 6 s Result Maximum height reached by the ball Total time taken to return the groun Sm 2.5 Acar moves with uniform velocity 40 ms" for 5 s. it comes to rest in the next 10 s with uniform declaration. Find i) declaration ii) total distance traveled by the car ed Deceleration = @= Distance traveled by the car = S Solution (i) Slope of line BC = ~ Result Total distance moved by car = S = 400 m 2.6 A train start from rest with an acceleration of 0.5 ms”, Find its speed in kmh’, when it has moved through 100 m. Given Data Acceleration of the train 0.5 ms? Initial velocity of the train = vi = 0 ms™ Distance moved by train = § = 100 m Required Final speed in kmh"! = vr=? Solution From third equation of motion, we have 2aS = vE — vi? by putting the values, we have 2x 0.5 x 100 = vf — (0?100 = ve by taking square root on both sides, we have an. 2 100 =v, So ve= 10 mst In kmb-1 p= 10% 3600 1000 ve= 36 kmh? Result Final speed in kmh = vp = 36 kmh! 2.7 A train starting from rest accelerates uniformly and attains a velocity 48 kmh” in 2 minutes. It travels at speed for 5 minutes. 15 Finally, it moves with uniform retardation and is stopped after 3 minutes. Find the total distance traveled by the train. 5 Solution ‘ Total distance covered=? By using the given values we plot a graph shown in figure Velocity = 48 kmh! _ 481000 3600 40 1 =—ms 3 time = 2 minutes 120 240 360 480 600 Again time = 5 minutes = 5(60) 300 S Again time = 3 minutes = 3(60) 80S We know that area under speed-time graph represents the distance covered by the object. -. Total distance covered = Area of trapezium OABC = 5 (sum of parallel sides) (perpendicular distance between parallel sides) Hao, =1(600+300) 3) 2 3 ) = 4000/2 2 3) Total distance covered = 6000 m Result2.8 A cricket ball is hit vertically upwards and returns to ground 6 s later. Calculate imum height, reached by the ball. velocity of the ball. Given Data Final velocity of the ball = vr=0 ms" Gravitational acceleration = g = —10 ms Time in which ball return to ground = t= 6 s Required Maximum height reached by ball = h =? Initial velocity of the ball = vi =? Solution We know that for ball thorwn vertically upward in air ‘Time taken by ball to reach maximum height = Time taken by ball to reach ground from maximum height .’. time taken by ball to reach maximum height = t = 3 s From first equation of motion, we have w= vit gt By putting the values, we have O=vit(-10) x3 0 30 So Now from second equation of motion, we have S=vitt% gt? By puting the values, we have 0x 3 + %x (-10) x ( =90-Sx9 S=45m Result Maximum height reached by ball Initial velocity of the ball = vs 2.9 When brakes are applied, the speed of a train decreases from 96 kmh” to 48 kmh in 800 m. How much further will the train move before coming to rest? (Assuming the retardation to be constant) Given Data Initial velocity of train = v; = 96 kmh"! Se ee rE 3600 3 Final velocity of train = vr= 48 kmh’! pee OOO RR tOPee 3600 3 Distance covered by train = 800 m Required Retardation of the train = Solution From third equation of motion, we have 2aS = vi? - vi By putting the values, we have Y /soy a (800) -( #2) -(82) Nora 1600 6400 1600a=—— —°" omen) 9Again Initial velocity of train = v; = 48 kmh" = Sins 1 Final velocity of train = vr = 0 m: 1 retardation of train —3zms ° Required Distance covered by train = Solution From third equation of motion, we have 2aS = ve — vi? By putting the values, we have 40 y 3 J S = 266.66m Result The train will move by 266.66 m before coming to rest 2.10 In the above problem, find the time taken by the train to stop after the app! the brakes. Given Data Initial velocity of train = vi=96 kmh? = -—=--26X1000 _ 80-1 3600 3 Final velocity of train = vr= 0 ms? 1 retardation of train —=ms”* ‘ed Time taken by the train = Solution From first equation of motion, we have veo = Vitat By putting the values, we have (1) 0-82, ( i 3 3) Req)3 1=2y3 3 1=80s Result Required time is 80s3.1 vi. Unit 3: Dynamics Textbook Exercise Questions| Encircle the correct answer from the given choices. Newton’s first law of motion is valid only in the absence of: (LHR 2014, GRW 2015) (a) Force (b) net force V (©) friction (d) momentum Inertia depends upon: (a) Force (b) net force (©) mass ¥ (d) velocity A boy jumps out of a moving bus. There is a danger for him to fall: (a) Towards the moving bus (b) Away from the bus (c) In the direction of motion (d) Opposite to the direction of motion A string is stretched by two equal and opposite forces of 10 N each. The tension in the string (a) Zero (b) SN ()10NV (d) 20N The mass of a body (a) Decreases when accelerated (b) Increases when accelerated (c) Decreases when moving with high velocity (d) None of the above ¥ ‘Two bodies of masses my and mz attached to the ends of an inextensible string passing nless pulling such that both move vertically. The acceleration of the _(m—m, Jey (by a= m, +m, m,+m (a (aa=—"8 : m,+m, Which of the following is the unit of momentum? (a) Nm (b) kgms? (c) Nsv (d) Ns? When horse pulls a cart, the action is on the: (a) Cart (b) earth (c) horse (d) earth and cart V Which of the following material lowers friction when pushed between metal plates? (LHR 2014, 2015) (a) Water (b) fine marble powder (©) air (d) oil V3.2. Define the following terms: i) Inertia iv) Force of fri ) Momentum ion v) Centripetal force i. Inertia Ans: Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion. It depends on the mass of the body. Greater the mass of the body greater will be the inertia. Therefore, we can say that mass is the direct measure of inertia. Momentum Ans: Momentum ofa body is the quantity of motion it possesses due to its mass and velocity. The momentum ‘P’ of a body is given by the product of its mass m and velocity v. Thus P=mxv Quantity Momentum is a vector quantity. Unit SI unit of momentum is kg ms"! or Ns iii. Force Ans: A force moves or tends to move, stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. The force can also change the direction of motion of a body. Example We can open the door either by pushing or pulling the door. ‘A man pushes the cart. The push may move the cart or change the direction of its motion or may stop the moving cart. ‘A batsman changes the direction of moving ball by pushing it with his bat. iv. Force of friction ‘Ans: The force which opposes the motion of moving objects is called friction. Friction is force that comes into action as soon as body is pushed or pulled over the a surface. Factor on which friction depends In case of solids, the force of friction between two bodies depends upon many factors such as nature of the two surfaces in contact and the pressing force between them, Centripetal force Ans: Definition The force which compels a body to move away from circular path is known as centrifugal force. This is reaction of centripetal force. Example Consider a stone tied with a string moving in a circle, The necessary centripetal force acts on the stone through the string that keeps it in the move in a circle. According to Newton’s3.3 ii) 34 Ans: 3.5 Ans 3.6 Ans: third law of motion, there exists a reaction to centripetal force. Centripetal reaction that pulls the string outward is sometimes the centrifugal force What is the difference between? Mass and weight Differentiate between Mass and W _ © Mass of a body is the quantity of © The weight of the body is equal to matter possessed by the body the force with which earth attracts it ¢ Itisa scalar quantity « It is a vector quantity and is toward ¢ It is measured by physical balance. the center of the earth. * It remains same everywhere © It is measured by spring balance. It does not change with change of ¢ It does not remains same at all places place because the value of *g” does remain © Unit of mass is kilogram (Kg) same at all places. © Itisa base quantity © Unit of weight is Newton (N) ¢ It can be calculated by using the ¢ Itisa derived quantity formula F = ma. * It can be calculated by using the formula w = mg Action and reaction When two bodies come in contact with each other, the force exerted by first body on second body is known as action When two bodies come in contact with each other, the force exerted by second body on first body is known as reaction ing friction and rolling friction (GRW 2015 Taare I Personen Frictional force experienced by the body | Frictional force experienced by the body when a body slides over the other body. | when a body rolls over the other body. It is greater than rolling friction It is less than sliding friction 2 What is the law of inertia? Since Newton's first law of motion deals with the inertial property of matter, therefore, Newton’s first law of motion is also known as law of inertia. Why is it dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus? It is dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus because when brakes are applied suddenly, the lower part of body of passenger sitting on its roof comes to rest immediately but due to inertia upper part of his body continues its motion ina straight line and he may fall forward and gets injured if there is no support Why does a passenger moves outward when a bus takes a turn? When the bus traveling in a straight line suddenly takes a turn, the passenger in the bus due to inertia tends to continue his motion in the straight line and falls in the forward direction. How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of a body? See Q.no.6 Long Question3.8 3.9 Ans: 3.10 Ans: 3.11 Ans: 3.13 Ans: 3.14 Ans: 3.15 Ans: 3.16 Ans: 3.17 What will be the tension in a rope that is pulled from its ends by two opposite forces 100 N each? The tension in a rope that is pulled from its ends by two opposite forces 100 N each will be 100 N Action and reaction are always equal and opposite then how does a body move? Action and reaction are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, Action and reaction do not act on the same body. Action is applied on one body due to which an equal and opposite reaction is acting on another body. Both of these do not neutralize each other due to which the body will move. A horse pushes the cart. If the action and reaction are equal and opposite then how does the cart move? The horse apply action on the road by his feet, the reaction is given by the road on the horse, due to which horse moves. The cart which is tied with the horse will also move. What is the law of conservation of momentum? The momentum of an isolated system of two or more than two interacting bodies remains constant An isolated system is a group of interacting bodies on which no external force is acting, If no unbalanced or net force acts on a system then its momentum remains constant. Why is the law of conservation of momentum important? Law of conservation of momentum has vast applications and is applicable universally on bigger bodies as well as on atoms and molecules. A system of gun and bullet, rocket and jet engines etc. Work on the principle of law of conservation of momentum When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why? Total momentum of the gun and the bullet is zero before the firing. When gun is fired, bullet moves in forward direction and gun recoils to conserve momentum Describe two situations in which force of friction is needed? (i) We cannot write if there would be no friction between paper and the pencil (ii) Friction enables us to walk on the ground. We cannot run on a slippery ground. A slippery ground offers very little friction How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lower friction? As the friction of liquids is less than friction of solids. So oiling the moving parts of the machines lower the friction Describe ways to reduce friction. (LHR 2014) The friction can be reduced by © Making the sliding friction smooth ‘© Making the fast moving a streamline shape (fish shape) such as car, aeroplanes, ete. this causes the smooth flow of air and thus minimizes air resistance at high speeds. Lubricating the sliding surfaces Using ball bearings or roller bearings. Because the rolling friction is lesser than the sliding friction Why rolling frie less than sliding frictio (LHR 2013, 2014) * We know that greater the points of contact between two surfaces, greater will be the friction and vice versa. Since the points of contact between surfaces in case of rolling areless than points of contact in case of sliding therefore rolling friction is less than sliding friction. «There is no relative motion between rolling surfaces.Unit 3: Dynamics| | i ng Questions NEWTON’S LAW Ay toyuteny) Newton’s First Law of Motion Qi State and Explain Newton’s First law of motion (GRW 2011, 2012, 2014) Ans: A body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line provided no net force acts on it Explanation for rest Newton’s first law of motion deals with bodies which are either at rest or moving with uniform speed in straight line. According to first law of motion, a body at rest remains at rest provided no net force act on it. This part of the law is true as we observe that objects do not move by themselves unless someone moves them. Example A book lying on a table remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it Explanation for motion Similarly, a moving object does not stop moving by itself. A ball rolled on a rough ground stops earlier than that rolled on smooth ground, It is because rough surface offer greater friction. If there would be no force to oppose the motion of the body would never stop Example When its engine of a car moving with uniform velocity is turned off it stops gradually because a net force of friction is acting in the opposite direction causes to stop it Law of inertia Since Newton’s first law of motion deals with the inertial property of matter, therefore, Newton’s first law of motion is also known as law of inertia. Example Passengers standing in a bus fall forward when its driver applies brakes suddenly. It is because the upper parts of the bodies tend to continue their motion, lower parts of their bodies are in contact with the bus stop with it. Hence, they fall forward Newton’s Second Law of Motion Q.2 State and Explain Newton’s Second law of motion (GRW 2011, LHR 2012, 2013) Ans: “When a net force acts upon a body, it produces as acceleration in the body in the direction of force and the magnitude of acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body”Mathematical Form If the force ‘F’ is acting on the body of mass ‘m’ then we can write this in the mathematical form as, aaF eee (1) 1 aa— (2) m From relation (1) and (2), we have au— m Changing the sign of proportionality into the sign of equality F a=constant x — m ackx = im In above equation, according to international system of units if m = IKg, F azlx— m F=ma F = IN then the value of the constant k will be 0 the equation can be written is is the mathematical form of Newton’s Second law of motion. Unit of Force In the System International, the unit of force is Newton, which is represented by the symbol SN’. Newton “One Newton is that force which produces an acceleration of | ms? in a body of mass 1 Kg”. This unit of Newton can also be written as, 1N=1kgx 1 ms? IN Q.3 Differentiate between Mass and Weight. Ans: (GRW 2011, 2012, LHR 2014, 2015) © Mass of a body is the quantity of matter possessed by the body. ¢ Itis a scalar quantity. It is measured by physical balance It remains same everywhere and does not change with change of place. Unit of mass is kilogram (Kg) It is a base quantity. It can be calculated by using the formula F = ma # Mass ofa body can never be zero The weight of the body is equal to the force with which earth attracts it. It is a vector quantity and is toward the center of the earth. It is measured by spring balance It does not remain same at all places and varies with the value of ‘g” Unit of weight is Newton (N). It is a derived quantity It can be calculated by using the formula w = mg. Weight of body can be zeroNewton’s Third Law of Motion Q4 State and Explain Newton’s Third law of motion (LHR 2011, GRW 2013) Ans: To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction Action and Reaction Newton’s third law of motion deals with the reaction of a body when a force acts on it. Let a body A exerts a force on another body B, the body B reacts against this force and exerts a force on body A, the force exerted by body A on B is the action force whereas the force exerted by B on A is called the reaction force. ‘ion between Action and Reaction Newton has expressed action and reaction in his R third law of motion, Action is always accomplished by a reaction force and the two forces must always be equal and opposite. It is to remember that “action” and “reaction” do not act ‘on the same body but they act on two different bodies. Ww Example 1 Consider a book lying on a table as shown in figure. The weight of the book is acting on the table in the downward direction. This is the action. The reaction of the table acts on the book in the upward direction. Example 2 Take an air — filled balloon. When the balloon is set free, the air inside it rushes out and the balloon moves forward. In this example, the action is by the balloon that pushes the air out of it when set free. The reaction of the air which escapes out from the balloon acts on the balloon, It is due to this reaction of the escaping air that moves the balloon forward. Example 3 A rocket moves on the same principle. When its fuel burns, hot gases escape out from its tail with a very high speed. The reaction of these gases on the rocket causes it to move opposite to the gases rushing out of its tail. Figure 3.10: A Rocket taking off Rela ure 3.8: Action of the book and reaction on it Tension and Acceleration in a String Q.5 Explain the tension in the string. If two bodies of masses m; and m; are hanging from the ovo ends of a string which is passing over a pulley, find the values of tension and acceleration i (LHR 2013, GRW 2015) ‘Ans: The force which is exerted by the string on the body when its is subjected to a pull is called the tension in the string. It 7 is a reaction force of the weight and it is usually denoted by T. The weight acts downwards while tension T in the string 7 is acting upwards at the block. If the object is at rest, the . magnitude of tension is equal to weight Motion of Bodies connected by a string There are two cases of motion of bodies connected by a string (i) When the bodies move vertically (ii) When one body moves vertically and the other moves horizontallyCase-L When the Bodies Move Vertically (Atwood machine) Suppose two bodies A and B having masses mi: and m2 respectively are connected to two ends of an inextensible string which passes over a frictionless pulley. If mi is greater than m2, then the body A will move downward and the body B will move upward. The body A being heavier must be moving downwards with some acceleration. Let this acceleration be a. At the same time, the body B attached to the other end of the string moves up with the same acceleration a. as the pulley is frictionless, hence tension will be the same throughout the string. Let the tension in the string be T. Forces acting on the body A Figure 3.12: As the body A is moving downward, the resultant force acting on it is downward due to which acceleration a is produced in it, Net force acting on body A= Fi = mg-T According to Newton’s second law of motion; mig-T=mia (i) As the body B is moving upward, the resultant force acting on it is upward due to which acceleration a is produced in it Net force acting on body B = F: = T - mg According to Newton’s second law of motion, T-m g = ma 2) Calculation of Acceleration By adding equation (1) and equation (2), we have mig—T +T-mg=mia+ ma mig ~ mg = mia + ma (mi ~ m2)g = (m + ma)a (m-ma)g _ mitme OR a= lmemelg mi+me Calculation of Tension T—mg_ ma mg-T ma Tm. My ms— m m, (1 —m,g)=m,(m,g-T) mT —mmyg =mm,g—m,T mI + mT =mm,g+mngg (+m) pms =2mm,g m+m, The above arrangement is also known as Atwood machine. It can also used to find the acceleration due to gravity by equation (3) m,+m, m+m , m, -m,Case-i When One Body Moves Vertically and the Other Moves Horizontally Two bodies A and B having masses m) and mz respectively are connected to an inextensible string which passes over the pulley as shown in figure. The body A moyes vertically downward with an acceleration a, The body B moves on the horizontal smooth surface towards the mg pulley with the same acceleration a. As the Figure 3.13: Motion of masses pulley is frictionless, hence tension T will be attached to a string that passes the same throughout the string. over a frictionless pulley. Forces acting on the body A As the body A is moving downward, therefore, weight mig is greater than the tension T in the string. Net force acting on body A= mg —T According to Newton’s second law of motion: mg-T=ma a) Forces acting on the body B Now consider the motion of the body B. Three forces are acting on it (i) ts weight wo = mag of the body B acting downward (ii) The upward reaction R on the horizontal surface acting on the body B in the upward direction. Tension T on the string pulling the body in the horizontal direction over the smooth surface. As the body B is not moving vertically, therefore, vertical forces cancel each other and their resultant is zero. The only remaining force T due to which the body B is moving in the horizontal direction with acceleration ‘a’ Hence according to Newton’s second law of motion, T=ma (2) Calculation of Acceleration Adding eqution (1) and (2) mg-T+T=ma+ma mg =(m,+m.Ja mg m, +m. a= Calculation of Tension In order to find the value of T, put the value of a in equation (2), we have mig T= mx mi+m p meg, mi+m2 (4) Force and the Momentum Q.6 How you can prove that rate of change in momentum of a body is equal to the applied force? Or Derive the relation between momentum and force. (LHR 2015) Ans: — When a force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration in the body and be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body.Suppose a force ‘F” acts on a body of mass ‘m’ moving with initial velocity ‘vi which produces an acceleration a in it. This changes the velocity of body to ‘ve’ after time t. If P: and Pr be the initial momentum and final momentum of the body related to initial and final velocities, Then, Momentum of the body having velocity vi = Pi = mv Momentum of the body having velocity vr= Pr= mvs Change in momentum = final momentum - initial momentum. = Pe— Pi = mvp— mvi = m (ve— vi) P,-P,_ mv, - my. Rate of change in momentum = Rate of change in momentum = m (wi-v) t Since is the rate of change of velocity equal to acceleration produced by the force F. Rate of change of momentum = ma According to Newton’s second law of motion, F=ma <.Rate of change of momentum = F Rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the applied force on it and the direction of change of in momentum is in the direction of the force Hence when a force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration in the body and will be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body This is statement of Newton’s second law of motion in terms of momentum. Law of Conservation of Momentum Q.7 State and explain Law of conservation of Momentum. (GRW 2013, LHR 2014) Ans: The momentum of an isolated system of two or more than two interacting bodies remains constant. An isolated system is a group of interacting bodies on which no external force is acting. If no unbalanced or net force acts on a system then its momentum remains constant. Example Consider the example of an air-filled balloon. In this case, balloon and the air inside it form a system. Before releasing the balloon, the system was at rest and hence the initial momentum of the system was zero. As soon as the balloon is set free, air escapes out of it with some velocity. The air coming out of it possesses momentum, To conserve momentum, balloon moves in the direction opposite to the air coming out of it. Mathematical Explanation Consider an isolated system of two spheres of masses m; and m2 as shown figure. They are moving in a straight line with initial velocities u: and uz respectively, such that ui is greater than uz. Sphere of mass mi approaches the sphere of mass m2 as they move. Initial momentum of mass mi = miu Initial momentum of mass m2 = mzuz Total momentum of the system before collision = mju; + m2u2 After sometime mass m hits mz with some force. According to Newton’s third law of motion, m2 exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on mi. Let their velocities become vi and v2 respectively after collision Final momentum of mass mj = mv; Final momentum of mass mz = m2v2 Total momentum of the system after collision = mivi + mav2total momentum of system before collision = total momentum of system after collision miu + mgu2 = mivi + m2v2 The above equation that the momentum of the isolated system before and after collision remains same which is the law of conservation of momentum. Application of Law of Conservation of Momentum This law is applicable universally i.e. true not only for bigger bodies but also for atoms and molecules. Example Consider a system of gun and a bullet. Before firing, the velocity of the bullet as well as that of gun was zero. Therefore, the total momentum of both the objects was also zero. We can write it as, Total momentum of gun and bullet before firing = 0 When the gun is fired, bullet shoots out of the gun and acquire momentum. To conserve momentum the gun recoils backward. Now according to the law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum of the gun and bullet will also be zero after the gun is fired Let m be the mass of the bullet and v be its velocity on firing the gun; M be the mass of the gun and V be the velocity with which it recoils. Thus the total momentum of the gun is fired will be: The momentum of the gun and bullet after the gun is fired = M V + mv According to the law of conservation of momentum Total momentum before firing = Total momentum after firing MV+mv=0 OR MV=-mv Hence v=-2y The above equation gives the velocity V of the gun. Here negative sign indicates that velocity gun is opposite to the velocity of bullet. That is why the shoulder pressed hard during firing. Since mass of the gun is much larger than the bullet, therefore, the recoil is much smaller than the velocity of the bullet. Application in Rocket or Jet engine Rocket or Jet engine also works on this same principle. In both of them, gases are produced at a high temperature due to the burning of fuel. These gases rush out with large momentum Therefore the rockets or jet engines gain an equal and opposite momentum. This enables them to move with very high velocities. FRICTION Q.8 Define friction. Explain cause of friction and derive its mathematical formula. Ans: The force which opposes the motion of moving objects is called friction. Cause of friction No surface is perfectly smooth. A surface that appears smooth has pits and bumps that can be seen under microscope. A magnified view of a surface in contact shows the gaps and contacts between them. The contact points between the two surfaces form a sort of cold welds. These cold welds resist the surfaces from sliding over each other. Adding weight over the upper block increases the force pressing the surfaces together which increases the resistance. Thus greater is the pressing force greater will be the friction between sliding surfaces. Mathematical Derivation Friction is equal to the applied force that tends to move a body at rest. This friction at rest is called the static friction. It increases with the applied force. Friction can also be increased to a certain maximum value. It does not increase beyond this. This maximum value of frictionThus Or Hence is known as force of limiting friction (Fs). It depends on the normal reaction (pressing force) between the two surfaces in contact. The ratio between the force of limiting friction Fs and the normal reaction R is constant. This constant is called the coefficient of friction and is represented by jt £8 3 Fs=uR If mis the mass of the block, then for horizontal surface; R=mg Fs=ymg Friction is desirable Friction is needed to walk on the ground, It is risky to run on wet floor with shoes that have smooth soles. Athletes use special shoes that have extraordinary ground grip. Such shoes prevent them from slipping while running fast. To stop bicycle we apply brakes. The rubber pads pressed against the rims provide friction. It is the friction that stops the bicycle. Rolling Friction Qo Ans: Explain the rolling friction. Wheel as greatest invention The most important invention in the history of mankind was a wheel. The first thing about a wheel is that it rolls as it moves rather than to slide. This greater reduces the friction. Less friction in Rolling Friction When axle of a wheel is pushed, the force of friction between the wheel and the ground at the point of contact provides the reaction force. The reaction force acts at the contact points of the wheel in a direction opposite to the direction to the applied force. The wheel rolls without rupturing the cold welds. That is why this rolling friction is extremely small than sliding friction. The fact that rolling friction is less than sliding friction is applied in ball bearing to reduce losses due to friction. Necessary Road Grip The wheel would not roll on pushing it if there would be no friction between the wheel and the ground. Thus, friction is desirable for wheels to roll over a surface. It is dangerous to drive on a wet road because the friction between the road and the tyres is very small. This inereases the chance of slipping the tyres from the road. The threading of tyres is designed to increase friction. Thus, threading improves road grip and make it safer to drive even on wet road Sliding Friction in Brakes ‘A cyclist applies brakes to stop his/her bicycle. As soon as brakes are applied, the wheels stop rolling and begin to slide over the road. Since sliding friction is much greater than rolling friction, the cycle stops very quickly. Braking and Skidding Q.10 Explain the roll of friction in Braking and explain the Skidding. Ans: The wheels ofa moving vehicle have velocity components: (i) Motion of wheel along the road (ii) Rotation of wheels about their axis To move a vehicle on the road as well as to stop a moving vehicle requires friction between its tyres and the road. Example If the road is slippery or the tyres are worn out then the tyres instead of rolling, slip over the road. The vehicle will not move if the wheels start slipping at the same point on the slipperyroad. Thus for the wheels to roll, the force of friction (gripping force) between the tyres and the road must be enough that prevents them from slipping Similarly to stop a car quickly, a large force of friction between the tyres and the road is needed, But there is a limit to this force of friction that tyres can provide Skidding If the brakes are applied too strongly, the wheels of the car will lock up (stop turning) and the car will skid due to its large momentum. It will lose its directional control that may result in an accident. In order to reduce the chance of skidding, it is advisable not to apply brakes too hard that lock up their rolling motion especially at high speeds. Moreover, it is unsafe to drive a vehicle with worn out tyres. cs UNIFORM Centripetal Force TRCULAR MOTION| Q.11 Define centripetal force and centripetal acceleration and derive the mathematical relation for centripetal force and acceleration. ‘Ans: A force that keeps a body to move in a circle is known as centripetal force. Explanation Consider a body tied at the end of a string moving with uniform speed in a circular path. A body has the tendency to move in a straight line due to inertia. The string to which body is tied keeps it to move in a circle by pulling the body towards the center of the circle The string pulls the body perpendicular to its motion. The pulling force continuously changes the direction of motion and remains towards the center of the circle. This center seeking force is called the canons Figure 2.28; Centipetal_ force centripetal force. It keeps the body to move in a circle seg on he tn Centripetal force always acts perpendicular to the motion of eee the body. Examples (i) A stone is tied to one end of a string rotating in a circle. The tension in the string provides the required centripetal force. It keeps the stone to remain in the circle. If the string is not strong enough to provide the necessary tension, it breaks and the stone moves away along the tangent to the circle (ii) The moon revolves around the Earth. The gravitational force of the E: required centripetal force. Mathematical Formula If an object of mass m is moving with velocity v in a circle of radius r, the magnitude of centripetal force F. acting on it can be found by using the following equation mv? n provides Fe r Centripetal acceleration The acceleration produced by the centripetal force which is always directed towards the center of the circle is known as centripetal acceleration. It is represented by ac. According to Newton's second law of motion, the direction of this acceleration is along the direction of the centripetal force Fe, i.e., perpendicular to the velocity and directed towards the centre of the circle. Fe= mac mv So,So, Dependence The above equation shows that centripetal force of the body moving in a circular path depends upon: © Mass m of the body © Square of its velocityUnit 3: Dynamics Multiple Choice Questions Laws of motion was presented by: (a) Einstein (b) Newton (c) Galileo (d) Archimedes Isaac Newton described the laws of motion in his famous book: (a) Qanoon-ul-Masoodi (b) Principia Mathematica (c) Kitab-ul-Astralab (d) Al-Manazir ‘The laws of motion established the relationship between motion and (a) Force (b) Torque (c) Acceleration (d) Momentum First law of motion is also known as law of : (a) Torque (b) Acceleration (c) Inertia (a) None of these of a body is the direct measure of inertia: (a) Mass (b) Energ: (c) Momentum (a) All of above The characteristic of a body due to which it tends to retain its state of rest or of uniform motion is known as: (a) Weight (b) Force (c) Inertia (a) Momentum the agency which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body: (a) Weight (b) Force (c) Inertia (d) Momentum Law of inertia is actually the --------— law of motion: (a) First (b) Second (c) Third (a) Fourth When a force is applied on the body, is produced in the body: (a) Weight (b) Acceleration (c) Energy (d) None of the above The acceleration produced in a moving body is always in the direction of applied (a) Velocity (b) Force (c) Speed (d) Momentum If mass of the bod, be is doubled while keeping the force constant, then acceleration will (a) One half (b) doubled (c) One fourth (d) Four times If force applied on the body is doubled while keeping the mass constant, then acceleration will be: (a) One half (b) doubled Int Cure feaarth LAY Ene tenance16, 20. 21. 22, 23. 24, 26. 27. 28. SI unit of force is: (a) Kilogram (b) Dynes (c) newton (a) Pound When a force of 8 newton is applied on a body of mass 2 kg, then the acceleration produced will be: (a) 16 m: (b) 4 ms? (d) 160 ms? (GRW 2014) (a) kgms' (b) kgms (c) kgm’s" (d) kg’ms? Action and reaction are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction is known as law of motion: (a) First (b) Second (¢) Third (a) Fourth Walking on road is an example of --~ -- law of motion: (a) First (b) Second (c) Third (a) Fourth When a block is lying on a smooth surface, its weight is balanced by: (a) Mass (b) Momentum (c) Inertia (a) Normal Reaction ‘The weight of a body of mass 10 kg on earth will be - (a) 10N (b) 1N (c) 100 N (a) 1000 N ‘The --------— of a body always acting towards the center of the eart! (a) Mass (b) Force (c) Velocity (d) Weight Quantity of matter in a body: (a) Mass (b) Force (c) Velocity (a) Weight The Force with which earth attracts a body towards its centre is known as: (a) Mass (b) Force (c) Weight (d) Inertia The characteristic of a body which determines the magnitude of acceleration produced when a certain force acts upon it: (a) Mass (b) Force (c) Inertia (d) Weight Mass of the body is measured by: (a) Free Fall Apparatus (b) Physical balance (c) Spring balance (d) All of above Weight of the body is measured by: (a) Free Fall Apparatus (b) Physical balance (c) Spring balance (d) All of above Unit of weight is: (a) kg (b) mst (©) Nm (a) N - -~- of a body remains same every where: (a) Weight (b) Acceleration (c) Velocity (a) Mass — of a body does not remain same every where: (a) Weight (b) Inertia (c) Mass (d) All of above ‘The value of weight of a body of constant mass depends on:30. 3i. 32. 33. 34. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 46. (a) Inertia (c) Force Mass is a -~ (a) Scalar (c) Derived Weight is a -— (a) Scalar (©) Unitless (b) Momentum (d)'¢? (b) Vector (d) Negative (b) Vector (d) Negative When a block is hanging with the help of a rope then weight of the body is balanced by: (a) Acceleration (c) Displacement The tension produced when one body moves vertically and the other moves hor - as compared to the tension produced when both bodies move vertically: (a) Half (c) Double Quanti (a) Mass (©) Velocity Product of mass and velocity is known as: (b) Speed (a) Force (c) Momentum SI unit of Momentum is: (a) Kgms? Rate of ch: (a) Force (c) Acceleration of motion in a body is known as: ange of momentum is equal to: (b) Inertia (d) Tension — cases of motion of the body hanging with the help of rope: (b) 2 (d)4 pontally (b) One fourth (d) Four times (b) Momentum (d) Acceleration (d) Acceleration (GRW 2013, LHR 2015) (b) Ns (d) Both b & c (b)J (@w (b) Velocity (d) Impulse Direction of the rate of change of momentum is in the direction of: (a) Acceleration (c) Velocity (b) Momentum (d) Force The force which resists the motion of one surface on another surface is known as: (a) Gravity (c) Weight When object is at rest, the force of friction is known as -— (a) Static (c) Kinetic The maximum value of static friction is known as ----- (a) Static (c) Kinetic When an object is in m (a) Static (c) Kinetic Static friction is - (a) Less (c) Greater Rolling friction is than Sli n then the force of friction (b) Friction (a) Repulsion (b) Limiting (d) Dynamics (b) Limiting (a) Dynami known as -—-friction: (b) Limiting (d) Dynamics han kinetic friction: (b) Quartered (a) Equal ing friction: