FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

1. 2litre petrol weighs 14N. Calculate the Specific weight, mass density, specific volume and
specific gravity of petrol with respect of water.
2. 1litre of crude oil weight 9.6N. Calculate the Specific weight, density, and specific gravity.
3. Explain the surface tension in detail, also obtain expression of surface tension for bubble and
droplet.
4. Find the surface tension in a soap bubble of 40mm diameter when the inside pressure is 2.5N/
m above atmosphere pressure.
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5. The distance between the moving plate and the fixed plate is 0.025 mm, the velocity of moving
plate is 60cm/s, requires a force of 2 N /m2(shear stress). Determine the fluid viscosity between the
plates?
6. Why does the viscosity of gas increases with increase in temperature? While that of liquid
decreases with increase in temperature.
7. Illustrate the derivation to calculate the discharge through an orifice meter.
8. Write Euler’s equation of motion along a stream line and integrate it to obtain Bernoulli’s
equation. State all assumption made.
9. Describe a venturi meter and find an expression for measuring discharge of fluid through a pipe
with this device.
10. A horizontal venturi meter with inlet diameter 200mm and throat diameter 100mm is
employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the connected differential manometer is
180mm of mercury. Calculate the rate of flow if the coefficient of discharge is 0.98.
11. Differentiate between steady and unsteady flow, uniform and non-uniform flow &
compressible and incompressible flow.
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12. The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given by v=2 x3 i−5 x y ^j + 4tk. Find the velocity and
2

acceleration of fluid particle @ (1,2,3) @ time, t= 1.

13. Define the continuity equation. Obtain the expression for continuity equation for 1D and 3D
flow.
14. Illustrate the properties of velocity potential function and stream function? A stream function
is given by ( x 2− y 2). Determine the velocity potential function of the flow.
15. The velocity function for a 2D flow is ϕ=x ( 2 y−1 ). At a point P (4,5) determine: The velocity,
and the value of stream function.
16. What do you mean by equipotential line and a line of constant stream function? Prove that
both lines are orthogonal to each other.
17. The resistance R experienced by a partially submerged body depends upon the velocity v,
length of the body L, viscosity of the fluid μ ,density of the fluid ρ and gravitational acceleration g.
Using Buckingham’s pi theorem, determine an expression for R.
18. Using Buckingham’ pi theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice is given by
D μ
v=√ g hϕ [ , ], where H is the head causing flow, D is the diameter of the orifice, μis the
H ρVH
coefficient of the viscosity, ρ is the mass density and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
19. In a pipe of 300mm diameter the maximum velocity of flow is found to be 2 m/s . If the flow in
the pipe is laminar, find the average velocity and the radius at which it occurs, and also find the
velocity at 50mm from the wall of the pipe.
20. A fluid viscosity 0.7Ns/m2 and specific gravity 1.3 is flowing through a circular pipe of diameter
100mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is given as 196.2N/m2, Find
(a) Pressure Gradient,
(b) Average Velocity,
(c) Reynold’s Number of the flow.
21. Explain the following terms with neat sketch:
(a) Siphon,
(b) Water hammer,
(c) Total energy line,
(d) Drag and Lift force.
22. Describe the phenomenon of boundary layer formation over a smooth flat plate.
23. Determine the Displacement thickness, Momentum Thickness, shape factor and energy

( ) where
1
u y
thickness of the following velocity profiles in the boundary layer on the flat plate = 7
u0 δ
u is the velocity at the height y above the surface and u0 is the free stream velocity.
24. Find the displacement thickness and momentum thickness for the velocity distribution in the

()()
2
u y y
boundary layer theory given by, =2 − .
U δ δ

25. A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce 148.25KW power. It is
working under a head of 7.62m. The peripheral velocity =0.26√ 2 gh and the radial velocity of flow
at inlet is 0.96√ 2 gh. The wheel runs at 150rpm and the hydraulic losses in the turbine are 22% of
the available energy. Assuming radial discharge, Determine:
(a) The guide blade angle,
(b) The wheel vane angle at inlet,
(c) Diameter of the wheel at inlet,
(d) Width of the wheel at inlet.
26. What do you mean by gross head, net head, and efficiency of turbine? Explain the different
type of the efficiency of the turbine.
27. A jet of water; 60mm in diameter, strikes a curved plates at its center with a velocity of 18m/s.
The curved is moving with a velocity of 6m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through
an angle of 1650 . Assuming the plate to be smooth, Calculate:
(a) Thrust on the plate in the direction of the jet,
(b) Power of the jet,
(c) efficiency of the jet.
28. Obtain an expression for the work done by the impeller of a centrifugal pump on the water per
second.
29. Derive the expression of minimum speed of starting centrifugal pump.
30. Explain and define ideal indicator diagram. Discuss the effect of acceleration in suction and
delivery pipe on indicator diagram of Reciprocating Pump.
31. Define the dimensionless numbers and state their significance for fluid flow problems.
32. What are the characteristics of laminar flow and turbulent flow? Derive the expression for the
velocity distribution for viscous flow through a circular pipe. Also sketch the distribution of velocity
and shear stress across a section of pipe.
33. How will you determine the loss of head due to friction in pipe by using
(a) Darcy formula,
(b) Chezy’s formula.
34. Derive an expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate. When water strike tangentially at one end of the tip.
35. Derive the Bernoulli’s equation and its applications?
36. The space between two square flat parallel plate if filled with oil. Each side of the plate is
60cm. The thickness of the oil film is 132.5mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5m/s are
requires a force of 98.1N to maintain the speed. Determine:
(a) The dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise,
(b) The kinematic viscosity of the oil in strokes,
If the specific gravity (s) of the oil is 0.95.
37. Derive a relationship between Shear stress and Pressure Gradient.
38. Define the following terms:
(a) Static Head,
(b) Manometric Head,
(c) Total Head.
39. Explain briefly the following efficiencies of centrifugal pump:
(a) Manometric Efficiency,
(b) Volumetric Efficiency,
(c) Mechanical Efficiency.
40. A centrifugal pump impeller runs at 80rpm and has outlet vane angle of 600 . The velocity of
flow is 2.5m/s throughout, and the diameter of the impeller at exit is twice that at inlet. If the
manometric head is 20m and manometric efficiency is 75%, determine:
(a) The diameter of the impeller at exit,
(b) Inlet vane angle.