BIT Lab Manual

Polytechnic 1st Year (ME/CE)

Practical1: Computer Fundamentals- Input Devices

Objective: To study of basic Input Devices of Computer
Input Device- Input devices are used to enter data to the computer systems. Some most common
input devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, trackball, Joystick, web camera etc.
Keyboard- Computer keyboard is most common and very important input device, which is used for
input
dataintotocomputer.Thekeyboardislikeoftypewriterwhichconsistofkeyslikenumericalkey
alphabets and some functions keys. The standard US QWERTY keyboard has 101, 104 or 107 keys. Of
those keys they can(by default)produce96uniquecharacters.
Mouse–A Computer Mouse is also a most common input device it
is also called a pointing device. That is most often used with a
personal computer. Moving a mouse along a flat surface can move
the on-screen cursor to different items on the screen. Items can be
moved or selected by pressing the mouse buttons (called clicking).

TrackBall- These devices work like a standard mouse except the

user’s rolls a ball inside a base rather than moving the
device across the table top. Many users prefer attack ball to
a mouse, because it involves less wrist movement, reducing
repetitive-motion issues.

Touch Pad - This is a device typically found on laptop computers. It

works like a mouse or trackball, except it's a flat panel you
move your finger across. The motion of your finger registers as
cursor movement on the screen. Many touchpad now enable
gestures to scroll through documents or zoom in on a photo.
Buttons are typically below the touchpad.

Joy Stick - These devices are primarily used for computer gaming.
They consist of a stick on a base with various buttons that all
have different functions. It operates similar to a yoke on an
aircraft, making them suitable for flight simulators.

Scanner-These devices allow a user to input a photographer

document into the computer. By placing a piece of media in
a scanner, you can create an image file that can be opened
and manipulated on the computer.
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Practical2: Introduction to Keyboard
Objective: To acquaint about introduction and functions of keyboard

Keyboard has already been defined in previous practical.

Types of keys on a computer keyboard:
Alpha numeric keys– All of the letters and numbers on the keyboard.A-Zand0-9.
Punctuation keys – All of the keys associated with punctuation such as the comma, period, semicolon,
brackets, and parenthesis and so on. Also, all of the mathematical operators such as the plus
sign, minus sign, and equal sign.
Special keys–Alloftheotherkeysonthecomputerkeyboardsuchasthefunctionkeys,control keys,
arrow keys, caps lock key, delete key, etc. Special key PC Keyboard
Alt key– Short for Alternate, this keys like a second control key.
Arrow Keys – Most keyboards have four arrow keys that enable you to move the cursor (or
insertion point) up, down, right, or left. Used in conjunction with the Shift or Alt keys, the arrow keys
can move the cursor more than one position at a time, but this depends on which program is
running.
Back space key- Delete the character just to the left of the cursor (or insertion point) and moves
the cursor to that position.
Caps Lock Key– At key that, when activated, causes all alphabetic characters to be uppercase.
Ctrl key–Short for Control, this key is used in conjunction with other keys to produce
control characters. The meaning of each control character depends on which program is running.
Delete Key–Sometimes labeled Del, deletes the character at the current cursor position, or
the selected object, but does not move the cursor. For graphics-based applications, the Delete
key deleted the character to the right of the insertion point.

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Enter Key– Used to enter commands or to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line.
Sometimes labeled Return instead of Enter.
Esc Key– Short for Escape, this key is used to send special codes to devices and to exit (or
escape) from programs and tasks.
Function Keys –Special keys labeledF1toF12.Thesekeys have different meaning depending on
which program is running.
Key/Symbol Explanation
Windows PCkeyboardshaveaWindowskeythatlookslikeafour-panewindow
Command AppleMaccomputershaveacommandkey.
Menu PCkeyboardsalsohaveaMenukeythatlookslikeancursorpointingtoamenu.
Esc Esc(Escape)key
F1-F12 InformationabouttheF1throughF12keyboardkeys.
F13-F24 InformationabouttheF13throughF24keyboardkeys.
Tab Tabkey
Capslock Capslockkey
Shift Shiftkey
Ctrl Ctrl(Control)key
Fn Fn(Function)key
Alt Alt(Alternate)key(PCOnly;MacusershaveOptionkey)
Spacebar Spacebarkey
Arrows Up,Down,Left,RightArrowkeys
BackSpace Backspace(orBackspace)key
Delete DeleteorDelkey
Enter Enterkey
PrtScrn Printscreenkey
Scrolllock Scrolllockkey
Pause Pausekey
Break Breakkey
Insert Insertkey
Home Homekey
Pageup Pageuporpgupkey
Pagedown Pagedownorpgdnkey
End Endkey
NumLock NumLockkey
~ Tilde
` Acute,Backquote,grave,graveaccent,leftquote,openquote,orapush
! Exclamationmark,Exclamationpoint,orBang
@ Ampersat,Arobase,Asperand,At,orAtsymbol
# Octothorpe,Number,Pound,sharp,orHash
£ PoundsSterlingorPoundsymbol
€ Euro
$ Dollarsignorgenericcurrency
¢ Centsign
¥ Chinese/JapeneseYuan
§ MicroorSection
% Percent
° Degree
^ CaretorCircumflex
& Ampersand,Epershand,orAnd
* Asteriskandsometimesreferredtoasstar.
( Openparenthesis
) Closeparenthesis
- Hyphen,MinusorDash
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_ Underscore
+ Plus
= Equal
{ OpenBrace,squigglybrackets,orcurlybracket
} CloseBrace,squigglybrackets,orcurlybracket
[ Openbracket
] Closedbracket
| Pipe,Or,orVerticalbar
\ BackslashorReverseSolidus
/ Forwardslash,Solidus,Virgule,orWhack
: Colon
; Semicolon
" Quote,Quotationmark,orInvertedcommas
' ApostropheorSingleQuote
< LessThanorAnglebrackets
> GreaterThanorAnglebrackets
, Comma
. Period,dotorFullStop
? QuestionMark

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Practical 3: Computer Fundamentals: Central Processing Unit

Objective: To know about Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit:
Central processing unit also called CPU is the most important part of computer. It’s called
brain of computer.
Its reads and execute the program instruction. CPU consist Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU),
memory unit and control unit.
Central processing unit consist of three parts namely Arithmetic logical unit, control unit
and memory management.
ALU- Arithmetic and logical unit perform logical and mathematical function.
Control Unit- controls the input and output devices.
Memory Unit- Store Program and data.
Output Unit- decodes information and present it to the user.

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Practical 4: Computer Fundamentals: Central Processing Unit components
Objective: To learn about Central Processing Unit and its Functioning
CPUhavedifferentunitsandincludesprocessors.AlltheunitofCPUgivenbelow-
Process is a program to execute, which requires processor. Basically, the reare two company
based processors Intel and AMD. Out of these two a number of varieties are available in these
processors, which are given below-
I) Intel include Pentium pro, Celeron, Pentium IV, Duel
Core, CoretoDuo,I3,I5,I7
II)Series processors with32 and 64
bits.
III)

AMDincludeAMDAthlon ,AMDFX™processors,
AMDAthlon™processors,AMDA-SeriesAPUsAMD
Athlon™APUsAMDSempron™APUs.
Memory Unit:
Memory unit is the most important part of CPU.
It also called the main memory of computer system.
Itstoresdata,programinstruction,internalresultandfinaloutputtemporarybeforeit
issenttoanappropriateoutputdevice.Memoryunitconsistsofthousandsmemorylocationanddata
arestoreinitintheformof0and1.
Acomputermemoryistwotype:
1) PrimaryMemory
2) Secondarymemory
Primary Memory: This is the most important part ofthe computer.
Primary memory also called internal

memoryinwhichallthecomputertaskanddataandinstructionsarestored.
Primarymemoryisoftwotype:(A)RandomAccessMemory(RAM);(B)ReadOnlymemory(ROM)
RAM: Random Access memory or RAM is the primary memory or
main memory of the computer system. It isalso calledread write
memory as the information can be read and write on to it. CPU
can direct access the data from the RAM. RAM is a volatile
memory, everything written on the RAM is lost when power
supply is off or system is shutdown.
ROM: ROM stands for Read Only Memory asthe information can read
only not written anything on it. It is a non-volatile memory. There is
no effectof power on
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theROM.Itsstoressomebasicinputoutputinstructionputbythecompanyto
operatethecomputer.
Secondary Memory:Primary memory is not sufficient for
storage large number of data and instructions. Thus, extra
memoryisneeded,whichiscalledsecondarystoragememory. The
data may be stored in permanent manner. User can work on
system and saved it on the secondary memory for future use.
Computer hard disk is the best example of secondary storage
device.Opticaldisk,MagneticType,Floppydisk,CD,DVDetc.
aretheexampleofsecondarystoragedevices.

Arithmetic Logic Unit: An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and
logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit
(CPU)of a computer. Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs,
modern CPUs containacontrolunit(CU).
MostoftheoperationsofaCPUareperformedbyoneormoreALUs,whichloaddatafrominput
registers.AregisterisasmallamountofstorageavailableaspartofaCPU.Thecontrolunittellsthe
ALUwhatoperationsaretobeperformedonthatdataandtheALUstorestheresultinanoutput
register. The control unit moves the data between these registers, the ALU, and memory.
Controlunit:AcontrolunitorCUiscircuitrythat directs operations within a computer'sprocessor. It
letsthecomputer'slogicunit,memory,aswellasbothinputandoutputdevicesknowhowtorespond
toinstructionsreceivedfromaprogram.Examplesofdevicesthatutilizecontrolunits
includeCPUsandGPUs.
Acontrolunitworksbyreceivinginputinformationthatitconvertsintocontrolsignals,whicharethen
sentto the central processor. The computer's processor then tells the
attachedhardwarewhat
operationstocarryout.ThefunctionsthatacontrolunitperformsaredependentonthetypeofCPU,
duetothevarianceofarchitecturebetweendifferentmanufacturers.Thefollowingdiagramillustrates
how instructionsfroma programare processed.

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Practical 5: Computer Fundamentals: Output Devices
Objective: To know about Computer Output Devices
An output device is any peripheral that receives data from a computer, usually for display,
projection, orphysical reproduction. Most commonly output devices are Monitor, Printer, and Speaker
etc.
Monitor: Monitor is the most common output device in the
computer. Themonitor is the piece ofcomputer hardwarethat
displays the video

andgraphicsinformationgeneratedbythecomputerthroughthevideo
card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but usually display
information at a much higher resolution. Also, unlike televisions,
monitors are not usually mounted on a wall but instead sit atop a desk. A
monitor is sometimes referred to as a screen, display, video display,
videodisplayterminal,videodisplayunit,orvideoscreen.
Amonitor,nomatterthetype,usually connects to either an HDMI,DVI,
orVGAport. Other connectors includeUSB, Display
Port, and
Thunderbolt. Before investing in a new monitor, make sure that both devices support the same type of
connection.
Printer: Printer is also a most common output device. It transfers data from a system onto paper.
There are many different types of printers. In terms of
the technology utilized,
printersfallintothefollowingcategories:
 Daisy-wheel: Similar to a ball-head typewriter, this type of
printer hasa plastic or metal wheel on which the shape of
eachcharacter stands

outinrelief.Ahammerpressesthewheelagainstaribbon,whichin turn
makes an ink stain in the shape of the character on the paper.
Daisy-wheelprintersproduceletter-qualityprintbutcannotprint
graphics.
 Dot-matrix:Createscharacters by strikingpinsagainst an ink ribbon. Each pin makes adot, and
combinationsofdotsformcharactersandillustrations.
 Ink-jet:Spraysinkatasheetofpaper.Ink-jetprintersproducehigh-qualitytextandgraphics.
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 Laser:Usesthesametechnologyascopymachines.Laserprintersproduceveryhigh-qualitytext
and graphics.
 LCD&LED:Similartoalaserprinter,butusesliquidcrystalsorlight-emittingdiodesratherthana
laser to produce an image on the drum.
 Line printer: Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one time. Line
printersare very fast, but produce low-quality print.
 Thermalprinter:Aninexpensiveprinterthatworksbypushingheatedpinsagainstheat-sensitive
paper. Thermal printers are widely used incalculators and fax machines.

Speaker:speakerisanothertypeofoutputdevice,
whichproducesoundandgivessoundasanoutput.

Practical 6: Computer Booting Objective: How

to boot the computer.
Booting: When we start ourcomputerthenthere is an operation, which is performed automatically
by the computer. This is called as booting.In booting, system will checkall the hardware’s
andsoftware’s thoseare installed or attached with thesystemand this will also load all the files,
which areneededfor runningasystem. In the booting process, the systemwill read all
theinformationfrom the files those are stored into the ROM chip and the ROM chip will read all the
instructions those are stored into these files.

Bootingaretwotypes-
1) WarmBooting:Whenthesystemstartsfromthebeginningorfrominitialstage,meanswhenwe
startsoursystem,thisiscalled aswarmbooting.
2) ColdBooting:Thecoldbootingisthatinwhichsystemautomaticallystartswhenwerunthe
system, e.g., due to light fluctuation, the system will automatically restarts. System damage
chances becomes more in this booting. The system will not be started fromits initial state.
Some files will be damagedbecausetheyarenotproperlystoredintothesystem.

Shut down computer properly:

In order to turn off computer,useStartmenu,clicktheStartbutton, and then, in the lower-right
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 corner of the Start menu, clickShutdown.WhenyouclickShutdown,
yourcomputerclosesallopenprograms,alongwith
Windowsitself,andthencompletelyturnsoffyourcomputeranddisplay.Shutdownbuttonmaybe
differentplacesindifferentoperatingsystems.

Practical No 6: Microsoft Office Package (MS Word)

Objective: Working with Microsoft office Word

Microsoft office package Suite of products developed by Microsoft Corporation that includes Microsoft
Word,Excel,Access,Publisher,PowerPoint,andOutlook.Eachprogramservesadifferentpurpose and
is compatible with other programs included in the package. The suite of programs is
compatible
withboththeWindowsandMacintoshoperatingsystem.MicrosoftOfficeisthemostcommonformof
software used in the western world.
Word Processing is perhaps the most common and comparatively easier application to work on
any computer. A word processor lets you to change words or phrases, to move whole sections of
text from one place to another, store blocks of text, and align margins all in few seconds. Use of
word processors has changed the look of official correspondence, reports, and proposals etc.to a
great extent. MSWord is an advanced word processing product by Microsoft Company. The
powerful features of Word will allow you to create even graphic based multicolumn
publications such as Fliers, Newsletters and Internet web pages. This section provides an
over view of MS –Word and deals with the following features:
 Word-wrap:automaticarrangement of text inlines of specified length without the necessity of touching
the return key.
 Discretionary Hyphenation: option of inserting a hyphen to break a word that ends a line: the hyphen
doesnotprintiflatereditingmovesthewordtothemiddleofaline.
 Justification:automaticalignmentoftexttoboththeleftandrightmargins.
 Adjustment:realignmentoftexttonewmarginandtabsettings.
 Alignment:positioningtextornumberstospecifiedmarginandtabsettings.
 DecimalAlignment:positioningcolumnsofnumberswiththedecimalpointsverticallyaligned.
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 Indents:thesettingoftemporarymarginswithinadocumentdifferingfromtheprimarymarginsused.
 Centeringtextonaline.
 Insertion:theentryofnewtextwithinpreviouslytypedmaterialwithouterasingtheexistingmaterial.
 Overstriking:thesubstitutionofnewtextforoldbytypingovertheoldtext.
 Deletion:erasureoftextfromthescreen,orofwholedocumentsfromthedisk.
 SearchandReplace:moving directlyto specified words or parts of wordswithin a document and
replacing them with different words or word portions.
 CopyingorCutting:theduplicationormovingofblocksoftextwithinadocument.
 Boilerplate:theseparatestorageandretrievalofblocksoftextfromwhichstandarddocumentscanbebuilt.
 Pagination:automaticdivisionofadocumentintopagesofspecifiednumbersoflines.
 PageNumbering:automaticsequentialnumberingofpages.
 Headersand Footers:option of creating standard blocks of text that will automatically appearat the top
or bottom of each page in a document.
 Footnoting:automaticsequentialnumberingoffootnotesandpositioningofthefootnotesatthebottomof
their appropriate pages during pagination.
 TableofContentsandIndexGenerators.Programsthatcreatethesebasedonthetextofadocument.
 FormLetter Merging:automatic combiningof a form letter witha mailinglist togenerate multiple copies
of theletterwiththedifferentaddressesandothervariableinformationfilledin.
 AutomaticSpellingCheckerandCorrector.Programthatcompareswordsinthetextagainstanon-line
dictionary,flaggingitemsnotfoundinthedictionaryandofferingalternativespellingsandameansof
correcting theerrors.

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HowtoopentheMSwordFile

FirstviewofMSwordfile

HowtosavetheMSwordFile

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StandardMenuandToolsbar

How to change design and fonts size

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HowtoSecureWordDocument

Exercise on Computer
Create the Table in the word.
How to insert the pics into world document
How to change the font size and font style in the world document.

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Practical No 7: MS excel Objective:
Working with MS excel
MS Excel: MS excel is another powerful tool of MS office package, it’s also called spread sheet
or electronic sheet. All the calculation, statistical analysis, all type of graphs easily made by the help
of MS excel.Excel is,in itsmostbasic form,a very fancy calculator.There are usually
severaldifferent ways toperformthesamefunctioninExcel.Somefeaturesofexcelaregivenbelow.
It is a spreadsheet application in which we can add sheets as per our requirements. In a single
sheet, itconsists of rows and columns and cells, where every cell has different address.
Sum, product, subtraction, division and many mathematical, logical functions are available within
it. Otherfeaturesincludetables,charts,clipartandmore.
It is basically used for payroll, accounts, mathematical, and for other business purposes. See below
fordetails.
Features:
Hyperlink.Wecanlinkonefiletoanotherfileorpage.
Clipart.Wecanaddimagesandalsoaudioandvideoclips.
Charts.Withcharts,wecanclearlyshowaproduct(s)evaluationtoaclient.Forexample,youcan display
a chart showing which product is selling more or less by month, week, andso forth.
Tables.Tablesarecreated withdifferentfields(e.g. name, age, address, roll number, andsoforth).
You can add a table to fill these values.
Functions.Therearebothmathematicalfunctions(add,subtract,divide,multiply),andlogicalones
(average, sum, mod, product).
Imagesandbackgrounds.Youcanincorporateimagesandbackgroundsintoeachsheet.
Macros.Macrosareusedforrecordingeventsforfutureuse.
Database:Withthedatafeature,youcanaddanydatabasefromothersourcestoit.
Sorting and filtering. We can sort and/or filter our data so that anything redundant or repetitive can
beremovedmoreeasily.
Datavalidations.Thistoolcanhelpyouconsolidateyourdata.
Grouping.Thegrouping feature helps you both to group your data and ungroup it so that you
have subtotalsandsoforth.
Page layout.Themes, colors, sheets,margins,size, backgrounds, breaks, print, titles,sheets height,
width,scaling,grids,headings,
views, bring to front of font or
back alignment, and many more
are available for you to lay out
your page.
Example of MS excel sheet Starting look
of MS Excel sheet

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MenuandtoolsbarofMSExcel

Howtoinsertimage,inexcelsheet

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 How to make a graph using Excel

Computer
How to create the chartsinthe excelsheet.

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PracticalNo 8: MS Excel Formula Bar
Objective: working with MSExcel and formula bar
MS excel is most powerful tools for calculation and feeding equation. Using excel we can make a
small softwareforofficeautomation, resultpreparation, salary sheetand many more.Here we
learnabout how to feed the equation in excel sheet.

Equal sign

For insert the formula in the excel sheet first type theEqual sign using key board this shows that
the usernowentertheformula. Formula

ExerciseonComputer
1.Inserttheformulaintheexcelsheet.
x 2 3 4 7 8
y 8 5 6 71 12
Findthevalueofz;Z=(x+y),Z=(x-y),Z=(x*y)

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Practical No 9: MS Excel Statistical Analysis Objective:
Statistical Analysis done through MS-Excel
Statistical analysis is very important part of any project. Statistical analysis is very striking
features of MSexcel, here we learn how to analysis the data using excel.
First fill the data in data sheet and then select all the data and click on data on the menu Bar after
that click on analysis tool. Here we find many statistical tools for analysis the data.
Data Analysis

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 Analysis

ExerciseonComputer
Q.Findthecorrelationofgivendata
x 2 3 4 7 8
y 8 5 6 71 12

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Practical No 10: MS Power Point Objective:
Working with MS PowerPoint Microsoft power
point presentation
Power point presentation is the most striking feature of MS office package. Using this tool it is easily
to presentthe data,graph, imagesand manymore.
BasicPowerPointFeatures
Design
ThedesignfeaturesofPowerPointallowtocustomizetheappearanceandformatoftheslides.
PowerPointtypicallycomeswithasetofpreloadedthemesforyoutochoosefrom.Thesecanrange
from simple color changes to complete format layouts with accompanying font text. Themes
can be
appliedthroughthewholepresentationorasingleslide.Usingthepagesetupallowsyoutooptimize
thepresentationforthedisplaysize;forinstance,youshouldusealargerscreen ratiowhendisplaying on a
projector compared toa computer screen.
Animation
PowerPoint animation is divided between slide transitions and element animation. Using slide
transition
addsaneffectwhenswitchingslidesduringaslideshow.Wecaneditthetransitioneffectandtiming, as
well as opt for an on-click or automatic transition between slides. Element animation adds
movement and sounds to the objects within the slide. For example, ifwe are constructing a photo
gallery as a slide show,wecanchoosewhich pictures enterthe slidefirst,howthey enterandadd a
soundas they enter.
Presentation
ThepresentationfunctionofPowerPointislargelydesignedtoaccommodatepublicspeaking.
PowerPointcomeswithabuilt-in
notesfunction;whenprintingout
presentation slides, we can add
presenter notes beside each slide as
accompanying content.
Integration
PowerPointiscompatiblewithall
other software in the Microsoft
Officesuite;wecanexportslides
intoWorddocumentsoruseExcel
charts within presentation. In
addition to image and audio
support.
StartthePowerPointpresentation

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Menuandtoolsbar

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First Slide create using MS Power point

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Howtoinsertanimationonslide

ExerciseonComputer
Create the Power Point presentation on introduction to computer.
What is the difference between ppt and pptx.
How to insert effect on ppt.

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Practical No 11: Web Browsing Web
Browsing:
Web browsing means to work on the net. Today’s world can’t be imagined without internet.
Today Internet is very powerful tool for information sharing. All the information about any
organization any technologyiseasily
availableontheinternet.Forthewebbrowsingweneedwebbrowser, internet
explorer, Google chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, opera etc. are most common
webbrowsertoday.

Web browsing simply means

“explore the world”.By using
Googleandyahoosearchenginewe can
explore anything which is exist in
theworldsosearchengineisvery
powerfultoolsforthe webbrowsing.

Exercise on Computer
How to search course content on the web.
Open the website of Rani Lakshmi Bai central Agricultural University and note content of about
the university.

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 Practical No 12: Creation of an E-mail Account Objective: To
create e-mail Account
Email or electronic mail is most
common tools for sending and
receiving the data and information over
the network. Today’s many mail service
provider companies give their services
free of cost. Gmail, yahoo hot mail,
rocket mail etc. are the most famous
name of mail service provider. For
using the mail services first user just
sign up in the portal and after filling
their details and once making user
name and password any one can easily
use the mail services.

Create own your Email Account on Gmail or any other service provider

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Practical No 13: Audio Visual Aids
AudioVisualAids
Audio visual aids are also called instructional material. Audio means hearing and video means
that which found by seeing. Seeing the picture, using black and white board, seeing the
movie and presentation via projectoror LCD/LEDmonitor
All are comes under audiovisual aids.
The mainly use of Aoid to dayin education
sector. There are many equipment’s which are
used by the teachers and students also.
Interactive boards, projector, PowerPoint
presentation, overhead projectors film strips
flash cards are most common examples of AV
aids.
Exercise

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