4th Year Civil

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱

 ‫‪DEEP FOUNDATIONS‬‬
‫‪TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:‬‬
‫‪1- PILES‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬
‫‪2- CAISSONS‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﺴﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎت ﺧﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻮﯾﺺ واﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

‫‪3- PIERS‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻢ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺎرى وھﻰ ﺧﻮازﯾﻖ ذات ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ أو ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ذات ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﯾﺠﻔﻒ داﺧﻠﮭﺎ‬

‫اﻵﺑﺎر اﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪراﻧﻰ ‪4-‬‬

‫‪19 September 2023‬‬ ‫‪Deep Foundations‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
 PILE FOUNDATIONS
Piles are stiff members used to transmit surface
loads to the bearing strata.
Piles are classified to two categories according
to the method of load transfer:
1- End bearing piles: ‫ﺧوازﯾﻖ ارﺗﻛﺎز‬
Tip point carries most of the load.
.‫ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻻرﺗﻛﺎز ﺗﻧﻘل ﻣﻌظم ﺣﻣل اﻟﺧﺎزوق‬
2- Friction Piles: ‫ﺧوازﯾﻖ اﺣﺗﻛﺎك‬
Side friction carries most of the load.
‫ﻣﻌظم ﺣﻣل اﻟﺧﺎزوق ﯾﻧﺗﻘل ﻟﻠﺗرﺑﺔ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك اﻟﺳطﺣﻰ‬
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳
 Pile Applications
Very Large Concentrated
Large Distributed Weight
Weight
Low
Weight

Soft to
Firm Clay

Dense Sand
19 September 2023 Strong Rock
Deep Foundations ٤
Piles are used in:
1- Upper soil is weak,
compressible, or could
not support the surface
loads.
2- The loads are tension,
horizontal, or inclined.
3- Problematic soils;
Swelling soils giving
tension on the pile.
Collapsing soils, adding
down-drag forces on the
pile. 5- Temporary or Permanent
4- Scour under bridge Excavation Side Support
piers.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥
 Types of Pile Materials

Timber Concrete Pre-cast

Steel Steel H Composite
Pipe Concrete

Timber Steel Concrete

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦
 Timber Piles
- Relatively inexpensive
- Usually limited to short lengths [though Douglas Fir
does come in longer lengths (higher expense)]
- Low capacity.
- Advantages: Easy handling, Non-corrosive material,
If permanently submerged then fairly resistant to
decay.
- Disadvantages: May require treatment to prevent
decay, insects, and borers from damaging pile.
Easily damaged during hard driving and
inconvenient to splice.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷
 Steel H-Piles
- Advantages: high axial working capacity.
Wide variety of sizes. Easy on-site
modifications. Fairly easy to drive, minimal
soil displacement, good penetration through
hard materials (with shoe).
- Disadvantages: high cost, potential delays in
delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy
driving, low bearing and friction areas.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۸

 Steel Pipe Piles
May drive closed or open-ended.
Advantages: May be driven empty then filled
with cheaper material (concrete). Can
provide very high capacities. On-site
modifications easy.
Disadvantages: similar to H-piles with
additional item–more difficult driving due
to soil displacement.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۹

 Precast Concrete Piles
- May be prestressed to withstand driving
and handling stresses.
- Advantages: High capacity. Usually
durable and corrosion resistant in many
environments (not marine).
- Disadvantages: Handling, splicing, and
cutting more of a problem.
Transportation difficulties.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱۰

 Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
- Piles are bored using drilling rig of internal
diameter allowing for casting the concrete till
the required depth.
- Casting of concrete starts with withdrawing
the drilling rig upwards.
- Capacity of about 100 ton
- Advantages: ease of changing lengths by
cutting or slicing the shell. Material costs
relatively low. Inspection possible.
- Disadvantage: not feasible in hard soils or
rock. Voids in concrete may be created.
Splicing problems after concreting.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱۱
 Cast-in-place Concrete Piles
- Holes are drilled in the soil then filled with
bentonite slurry to support the sides.
- Steel reinforcements are then lowered to the
required level.
- Concrete casting is performed from bottom to
top with pumps.
- Bentonite slurry is then replaced by the
concrete and the slurry is desanded for reuse.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱۲

 Choice of Pile Type
The pile type is chosen according to:
- Load Capacity & Pile Spacing
- Constructability
- Soil stratigraphy
- Need for splicing or cutting
- Driving vibrations
- Driving speed.
- Performance
- Environmental suitability (corrosion)
- Availability
- Cost
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱۳
 Pile Load Transfer Mechanism
- Fairly complicated, though understandable.
.‫ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬-
- Changes with changes in load because friction along
shaft is fully mobilized when pile has displaced only
5-10 mm whereas maximum point resistance is not
fully mobilized until a movement of 10% of the pile
diameter (or width) for driven piles or even higher
in bored piles.
‫ ﻣﻢ( وﯾﺼﻞ‬۱۰-٥) ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻰ ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ‬-
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺨﺎزوق أو‬%۱۰ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻرﺗﻜﺎز ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪود‬
.‫ﻋﺮﺿﮫ‬
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱٤
 Mobilization of Base and Shaft
Resistance
Load
10 - 20% diam

2 - 5mm
Total

Base

Shaft
Shaft ??

Displacement
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱٥
 Pile Failure Surface
Pult
Ground Surface

Failure Surface
Along the Shaft
B

Arching Action
Df
Zone of
Shear & PO = αγDf γDf
Volume
Decrease

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱٦

 End Bearing Piles

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱۷

 End bearing piles:
Pile Load, P
Transmit most of their
loads to the load bearing
layer (dense sand or
rock). Most of the pile
capacity inferred from
the end bearing point.
Side Friction
‫ﯾﻧﻘل اﻟﺟزء اﻷﻛﺑر ﻣن اﻟﺣﻣل ﻋن‬
‫طرﯾﻖ ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻻرﺗﻛﺎز وھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗرﺗﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻣل‬
.‫اﻟﻛﺛﯾف أو اﻟﺻﺧر‬
End Bearing Pbase
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱۸
 Friction Piles:

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۱۹

 Friction Piles:
Transmit most of their Pile Load, P
load through the layers
through which the piles
pass, i.e., mostly through
the surface friction with
the surrounding soils.
‫ ﯾﻧﻘل ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺣﻣل ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك‬Side Friction
‫اﻟﺳطﺣﻰ ﻣﺛل اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ اﻟﻣﻧﻔذة‬
.‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟطﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺻرﻓﺔ‬
End Bearing Pbase

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲۰

 Individual Pile Capacity
Methods of Estimating Pile Load Capacity:
1- Static Analysis from the Shear Strength Parameters
.‫ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗدرة ﺗﺣﻣل اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ ﻣن ﺧواص اﻟﻘص ﻓﻰ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬-۱
2- Dynamic Driving Formula
.‫ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗدرة ﺗﺣﻣل اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ ﻣن ﺻﯾﻐﺔ دق اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‬-۲
3- Pile Load Test
.‫ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗدرة ﺗﺣﻣل اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ ﻣن اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات ﺗﺣﻣﯾل اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ‬-۳
4- Field Tests: SPT, CPT, etc.
.‫ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗدرة ﺗﺣﻣل اﻟﺧوازﯾﻖ ﻣن اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﺣﻘﻠﯾﺔ‬-٤

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲۱

 PILE CAPACITY
1- Bearing capacity of piles from soil parameters:
Static Formula Method (Qu = Qb + Qs)
Qu = Ultimate Bearing
Capacity

Qs = fAs

f = Unit Frictional Resistance

Embedded AS = Shaft Area (Pile surface area)
Length =D
qb = Unit Bearing Capacity
Ab = Area of Pile Base

19 September 2023 Qb = qbAb Deep Foundations ۲۲

 Base Resistance

Qb = Ab [cbNc ] for Clay

Qb = Ab [P'ob Nq] for Sand

Ab = Area of Pile Base

Qb Nc = 9 for Piles in Clay
Nq = Given in Tables

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲۳

 Shaft Resistance

Due to cohesion or friction or both As

In cohesive soils : Qsc = As . ca

In friction soils: Qsf = As .KHC P'ob tan δ

P'ob
As = Pile Surface Area
KHC.P'ob

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲٤

 Total Pile Resistance
Qu = Qb + Qs
Qu = Ab [cb Nc] + As [ca ] For Piles in Clay

Qu = Ab [P'ob Nq] + As [KHC P'ob tan δ ]

for Piles in Sand

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲٥

 Piles in Sand
Qu = Ab [ P'ob Nq ] + As [ KHC P'ob tan δ ]

Qu = Ab P'ob Nq + As KHc P'ob tan δ

δ = 20o for Steel

= ¾ φ for Concrete
= ¾ φ for Timber

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲٦

 Tension Piles in Sand
Qu = As [KHT P'ob tan δ ] + W
W = Pile Weight

Table (1): Values of KHC and KHT from the Egyptian Code

Pile Type KHC KHT

H-Section Pile 0.5 – 1.0 0.3 – 0.5
Displacement Pile 1.0 – 1.5 0.6 – 1.0
Displacement Pile, Variable Section 1.5 – 2.0 1.0 – 1.3
Displacement Pile, with Water Jetting 0.4 – 0.9 0.3 – 0.6
Bored Pile (D < 60 cm) 0.7 – 1.5 0.4 – 1.0

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲۷

 Piles in Clay
Qu = Ab [cbNc] + As [ca]

Qu = Ab cbNc + As ca

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲۸

 Tension Piles in Clay
Qu = As [ca] + W W = Pile Weight
Table (2): Adhesion on Piles in Saturated Clay (Egyptian
Code)
Pile Soil Cohesion, c Adhesion, ca
Material Consistency (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Very Soft 0.0 – 12.50 0.0 – 12.50
Timber Soft 12.50 – 25.0 12.50 – 24.0
or Medium Sitff 25.0 – 50.0 24.0 – 37.50
Concrete Stiff 50.0 – 100.0 37.50 – 47.50
Very Stiff 100.0 – 200.0 47.50 – 65.0
Very Soft 0.0 – 12.50 0.0 – 12.50
Soft 12.50 – 25.0 12.50 – 23.0
Steel Medium Sitff 25.0 – 50.0 23.0 – 35.0
Stiff 50.0 – 100.0 35.0 – 36.0
Very Stiff 100.0 – 200.0 36.0 – 37.50
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۲۹
 Overburden Stress P'ob

Qu = [Ab P'ob Nq] + [AsKHC P'ob tan δ]

Meyerhof Method : P'ob = γ'z

Vesic Method : critical depth, zc

for z < zc : P'ob = γ'z
for z > zc : P'ob = γ'zc
zc/d is a function of φ after installation
Suggested value = 20 d
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳۰
 Max Limit on End Bearing?
Some suggest a limit on end bearing to
match experience.
Problems with that approach:
more complex than that; need to
consider both strength and
compressibility of the soil
friction angle varies with effective
stress
Over-consolidation causes changes in
bearing capacity

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳۱

 Nq from the Egyptian Code
Table (3): Nq Values Vs φ for Sand, Egyptian Code.
o
φ 25 30 35 40
Nq 15 30 75 150
φ for Displacement Pile = (φ (before construction) + 40o)/2
φ for Bored Pile = φ (before construction) – 3o

Nc for Clay
Nc = 9.0 for calculating the end bearing
resistance of piles in clay.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳۲
 EXAMPLE Medium stiff clay:
C = 30 kN/m2
Ca = 25 kN/m2
Determine the allowable γsat = 18 kN/m3
capacity for the concrete 12.00 m
bored pile shown in
Figure.
Pile Diameter D = 0.50 m
Pile Length L = 14.0 m
Dense Sand:
φ = 40o 2.00 m
γsat = 19 kN/m3
Nq = 150, KHC = 1.0
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳۳
 SOLUTION
Side Friction:
Qs = As [ca + KHC P'ob tan δ ]
qs in clay: 10.0 m
qs-c = ca = 25 kN/m2
Qs-clay = ca [πDLc] Lc =
12.0 m
= 25 [π*0.50*12.0]
= 25 *18.85 = 471.25 kN
qs in sand:
qs-s = KHC P'ob tan δ
Critical depth Ls =
Zc= 20 * 0.50 = 10.00 m 2.0 m
P'ob = 8 * 10 = 80 kN/m2
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations P'bo distribution
 SOLUTION
δ = 3/4 φ = 30o
Qs-s = 1.0 * 80 * 0.578 = 46.24 kN/m2
Qs-s = qs [πDLs]
= 46.24 [π*0.50*2.0] = 145.27 kN
Total side friction:
Qs = Qs-c + Qs-s = 471.25 + 145.27 = 616.52 kN
End Bearing Resistance:
qb = P'ob Nq = 80 * 150 = 12000 kN/m2
Qb = qb * Ab = qb * πD2 = 12000 * 0.196
= 2356.2 kN
Ultimate Pile Capacity = 616.52 + 2356.2 = 2973 kN
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳٥
 SOLUTION
Ultimate Pile Capacity
Qult = 2973 kN
Allowable Pile Capacity
Qall = Qult/F.S.
Qall = 2973/3.0 = 991 kN
= 99.10 ton
Check of Concrete Capacity:
Pc = fc (Ac + 1.14 * n * As)
= 5000 (0.196 + 1.14 * 10 * 0.00196)
= 5000 * (0.218) = 1090 kN
= 109 ton > 99.10 (Qall-soil) (O.K.)
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳٦
 Pile Driving

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳۷

 Closed
End
Diesel
Hammer

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳۸

 The Fundamental Pile Driving Formula

Hammer Energy = Work of Soil Resistance

W h =Rs
Wh
R=
W s
h

R
S
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۳۹
 Single Acting Double Acting
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤۰
 Diesel Hammer Vibratory Hammer
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤۱
 PILE CAPACITY
2- From Pile Driving Formula
Engineering News Formula (F.S. = 6):
1000 Wr .H
Q all =
6 (S + C )
Where:
Qall = Allowable pile capacity, (kN);
Wr = Weight of hammer, kN;
H = Height of hammer fall, m;
S = Amount of pile penetration/blow, (mm);
C = Constant = 25 for drop hammer
= 2.50 for steam hammer.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤۲
 PILE CAPACITY
2- From Pile Driving Formula
Example:
Determine the allowable pile capacity for a pile
of diameter D = 0.30 m, driven by a steam
hammer, knowing that:
Average penetration per blow = 17 mm
Hammer rating Wr.H = 40 kN
Solution:
1000 * 40
Q all = = 341.9 kN = 34.2 ton
6 (17 + 2.50)
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤۳
 PILE CAPACITY
3- Static Pile Load – Test Setup
Reaction
Stiffeners
Beam
Plate
Load Cell
Spherical Bearing
Ram
Hydraulic Jack
Bourdon Gage

Dial Gage
LVDT

Mirror
Bracket Attached to Pile
Wire Grade
Scale
Test
Pile
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤٤
 Typical Arrangement for Load
Testing a Pile or Drilled Shaft
Reaction Beam

Dial
Gage Jack

Support
Beam

Test Pile or Anchor Pile or

Drilled Shaft Drilled Shaft
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤٥
 Pile Static Load – Test Setup

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤٦

 Pile Static Load – Test Setup

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤۷

 Pile Capacity from Static Pile
Load Test
Loading is performed up to a test load of 150%
(or 200%) of the pile design load, with steps of
25% of the design load. The ultimate capacity
is determined by many methods, for example,
the Modified Chen Method.
‫ )أو‬% ۱٥۰ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺨﺎزوق ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻤﻞ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﯾﺴﺎوى‬
‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﻰ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮات ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻞ‬%۲۰۰
‫ وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪرة‬.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﻰ‬%۲٥ ‫ﺧﻄﻮة‬
.‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬Chen ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺎزوق ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام طﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤۸
 Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Load-Settlement Curve

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٤۹

 Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Modified Chen Method

b
y = 3.70
1
x = 6.80

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥۰

 Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Modified Chen Method
Ultimate Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Using Modified Chen Method:
The loading curve is drawn as follows:
Horizontal axis = measured settlement (δ);
Vertical axis = measured settlement (δ) /load (P).
1
Q ult =
1.2 b
Where:
Qult = Ultimate pile capacity, (kN);
1.2 = Safety factor
b = Slope of the δ/Load Vs. δ curve.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥۱
 Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
Three conditions should be satisfied from the pile
load test:
I- Qult ≥ 2.00 Qall (D.L. + L.L.)
Dead + Live Loads
Qult ≥ 1.75 Qall (D.L. + L.L. + W.L.)
Dead + Live + Wind Loads
Qult ≥ 1.50 Qall (D.L. + L.L. + W.L.+Eq.L.)
Dead + Live + Wind + Earthquake Loads
II- Measured δ at 1.25 test load ≤ 1.50 δ at Qall
Settlement at 1.25 Q all
≤ 1.50
Settlement at Q all
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥۲
 Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
III- Measured δ ≤ δmax
PL
δ max ≤ 0.02 D + 0.50 *
EA
Where:
δmax = maximum pile settlement, (m);
D = Pile diameter, (m);
P = Pile test load, (ton);
L = Pile length, (m);
E = Modulus of elasticity of concrete, (t/m2)
A = Pile cross-section area.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥۳
 Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
Example: Settlement (mm) Avg.
Load
Determine the Date
(kN)
Sett.
S1 S2 S3 S4 (mm)
ultimate pile
Loading
capacity for a pile 9/9/04 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of diameter D = 250.0 0.59 0.66 0.56 0.58 0.60
500.0 0.88 1.00 0.89 0.93 0.93
0.60 m, and 750.0 1.85 1.98 1.86 1.92 1.90
Length L = 10.50 1000.0
1250.0
3.12
4.16
3.28
4.34
3.20
4.27
3.26
4.37
3.21
4.29
m, with the test 1500.0 10.11 10.46 10.21 10.41 10.30
results shown in Unloading
10/9/04 1250.0 10.11 10.46 10.41 10.21 10.30
the table, 1000.0 10.01 10.29 10.07 10.27 10.16
knowing that the 750.0
500.0
9.70
9.20
9.97
9.45
9.80
9.35
9.99
9.03
9.87
9.26
design load is 250.0 8.53 8.78 8.79 9.97 8.77
0.0 6.65 6.82 6.83 6.84 6.79
1000 kN, test load
= 1500 kN.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥٤
 Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
Solution:

Qult using modified Chen Method:

1 6.80 * 1000
Q ult = = = 1532 kN
1.2 b 1.20 * 3.70
I- Qult 1532 > 1.50 Qall (1500 kN)
II- Measured δ at 1.25 test load ≤ 1.5 δ at Qall
Settlement at 1.25 Q all 4.29
= = 1.34 ≤ 1.50
Settlement at Q all 3.21
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥٥
 Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
III- δmax ≤ δ at maximum test load:
PL
δ max = 0.02 D + 0.50 *
EA
E = 140 t/cm2 = 140 * 104 t/m2
150 * 10.50
δ max = 0.02 * 0.60 + 0.50 * 4
140 *10 * 0.283
δmax = 0.012 + 0.002 = 0.014 m = 14 mm
δ at test load = 10.30 mm < 14.0 mm (δmax) O.K.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥٦

 PILE CAPACITY
4- In-Situ Soil Test Methods
The pile capacity can be determined from
the field tests as follows:
1- Standard Penetration Test (SPT).
2- Cone Penetration Test (CPT).

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥۷

 Pile Capacity from SPT
Qall = 90 N (π R2) + N' (2π RL), (kN)
Qall = Pile working load, F.S. = 2.5 for end bearing
and 2.0 for side friction.
N = Average SPT, 2R below tip and 6R above tip,
N ≤ 50 (Preferably ≤ 30).
N' = Average SPT in sand layers, along the pile shaft.
R = Pile radius, (m).
L = Pile length within the sand layers, (m).
For bored piles, Qall = 50 up to 100% of that values according
to the pile type and construction method.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥۸

 Pile Capacity from SPT D SPT
Example: 1 8
Determine the Clay
2 11
allowable pile
3 14
capacity for a bored
pile constructed in 4 23
the soil log shown in 5 28
the table. Knowing Sand 6 31
that the pile diameter 7 33
is 50 cm, and the pile
8 36
length is 9.0 m.
9 41
10 53
11 55
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٥۹
 Pile Capacity from SPT D SPT
Solution: 1 8
Clay
Qall = 90 N (π R2) + N' (2π RL), (kN) 2 11
3 14
N = (N8+N9+N10)/3
4 23
= (36+41+50)/3 = 42
5 28
N' = (N4+N5+N6+N7+N8+N9)/6 Sand 6 31
= (23+28+31+33+36+41)/6 = 32 7 33
Qall = 90 N (π R2) + N' (2π RL), (kN) 8 36
= 90*42*0.196+32*(2*π*0.25*6) 9 41
= 740.9+301.6 = 1042.5 = 104 ton 10 53
11 55
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦۰
 CPT Correlations
The CPT is very similar to driving piles
therefore this test is a good predictor of
capacity.
Pile capacity is determined from correlations
based on CPT, as presented in the Egyptian
Code.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦۱

 Pile Capacity from CPT
Qall = 1/3 α qc (π R2) + ½ fc (2π RL), (kN)
Qall = Pile working load, F.S. = 3.0 for end bearing and 2.0 for
side friction.
qc = Average CPT tip resistance, 6R below tip and 12R
above tip, qc not exceeding 150 kg/cm2.
α = Factor relating the pile diameter to the cone diameter,
assumed = 0.70.
fc = Average CPT side friction along the pile, not exceeding
1.0 kg/cm2.
R = Pile radius, (m).
For bored piles, Qall = 50 up to 100% of that values according
to the pile type and construction method.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦۲
 Pile Groups
Piles are usually arranged in groups under the columns.
The number of piles in a group is determined as follows:

Pc * 1.10
N=
Qall
Where:
N = No. of piles;
Pc = Column Load;
Qall = Allowable load of
a single pile.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦۳

 Arrangement of Pile Groups
The spacing between piles in a group can be
assumed based on the following:
1- Driven piles need higher spacing than
bored piles.
2- Friction piles need higher spacing than end
bearing piles.
3- Minimum spacing (S) between piles is 2.5.
4- Maximum spacing (S) between piles is 8.0.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦٤

 4 Piles 5 Piles

2 Piles 3 Piles S

7 Piles

S S
6 Piles
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations S S ٦٥
 S
S
S S S S
8 Piles 9 Piles

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦٦

 Negative Skin Friction
Original
Ground Q
Downdrag force occurs when the
Surface
soil surrounding the pile settles
more than the pile itself.
Granular
Fill L1
Occurred in the following
Fg
conditions:
1- Recent fill over very soft soil.
2- Soils undergoing consolidations. Soft
3- Lowering of ground water table Clay
may cause subsidence and L2
consequently –ve skin friction.
Fc

Rock
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦۷
 Negative Skin Friction
Negative Skin Friction is calculated as follows:
:‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻰ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
-ve skin friction = Weight of soil bounded within the soft layers;
+ Pile group surface area of the soft layers * pile-soil
adhesion (Ca)
+ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻰ = وزن اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎطﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺎ ً ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬
‫* ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ‬
The negative skin friction per pile should not exceed the pile
skin friction value.
.‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻌﺪى اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﺎزوق اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻗﺪرة اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦۸

 Efficiency of Pile Groups
(n - 1) m + (m - 1) n
Ge = 1 - θ
90 m n
Where:
Ge = Group efficiency;
θ = tan-1 (D/S) in degrees;
D = Pile diameter (m);
S = Pile spacing (m);
n = Number of piles in a row;
m = Number of pile rows

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ٦۹

 Example
Determine the number, arrangement, and group
efficiency of a pile group to support a column load
of 520 ton, knowing that the pile capacity is 110
ton, the pile diameter is 60 cm.
Solution:
No. of Piles = (520 * 1.10)/110
= 5.20 take 6 piles
Assume that the pile spacing S
= 4 D = 2.40 m S S
θ = tan-1(D/S ) = tan-1(0.25) 6 Piles
=14.04o
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷۰
 Example
n=3 ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
m=2 ‫ﻋﺪد ﺻﻔﻮف اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ‬
(3 - 1) 2 + (2 - 1) 3
G e = 1 - 14.04
90 * 3 * 2
= 1 - 0.182 = 0.818
Pile group capacity:
Qg = N * Qall * Ge
Qg = 6 * 110 * 0.818 = 539.88 ton S S
≈ 540 < 570, considered O.K. 6 Piles

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷۱

 Pile Groups Under Eccentric
Loads

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷۲

 V R
H

Pile groups under

eccentric loads

ex

ey

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷۳

 V V.e x .x V.e y . y
Pv = + 2
+ 2
n ∑x ∑y
Where:
V = Total vertical force on the group
ex = Eccentricity in the x-direction
ey = Eccentricity in the y-direction

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷٤

 Settlement of Pile Groups in Sand
(After Skempton)
Single Pile
Load Test Foundation

Ground
Prestressed by
Pile Driving

Zone of
Settlement

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷٥

 Settlement for End Bearing Pile Groups
nQa

L nQa Soft Clay

BA
H1 Sand 1H:2V

Hc Soft Clay

A, B = Pile Group Dimensions

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷٦

 Settlement of Friction Pile Groups

B, A = Pile Group Dimensions nQa

2
L
L 3

nQa 1H:2V

H B* A

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷۷

 Pile Group Settlement Analysis
Cc Po + ΔP
ΔH = Hc Log
1 + eo Po
Where:
∆H = Settlement
H = Layer thickness
Cc = Compression Index
eo = Initial voids ratio
PO = Overburden Pressure at the middle of the
consolidating layer.
∆P = Change in Pressure at the middle of the
consolidating layer

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷۸

 Structural Design of the
Pile Cap

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۷۹

 Design of the Pile Cap

Failure Modes in the Pile Cap

1- Punching, column or pile.
2- Flexural, due to high tensile stresses.

19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۸۰

 Failure by
Punching
Failure due to
Minimum thickness of the pile cap = high tensile
80 cm to assure even distribution of stresses

settlements over the piles, or 2.25 pile

diameter D.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۸۱
d/2 d d/2 1:1 1:1 d

Critical Sec. Critical Sec.

for Moment for Shear

The concrete section and area steel are determined

from the max. moment, then check of shear and
punching is performed.
19 September 2023 Deep Foundations ۸۲