CHAPTER FIVE

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Bahir Dar University, Institute of Technology

Program : Civil Engineering
2022/2023
 Introduction
Shallow vs. Deep Foundations

Shallow Foundations
D/B<4 (but usually <2.5)
•Spread (Isolated) Footing
•Combined Footing B
•Continuous (strip) Footing
Deep Foundations
•Mat (Raft) Foundations
D/B>4
•Piles
•Drilled Shafts (Caisson)
•Auger Cast Piles2
 Pile Foundations

• Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the
load of the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below
ground Surface.
• Piles are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper
soil or rock of high bearing capacity by bypassing shallow soil of low
bearing capacity.
• They are made of steel, concrete, or timber.
• They are deep and which cost more than shallow foundations

3
 Use of Pile Foundation
• The following list identifies some of the conditions that require pile
foundatons (Vesic, 1977):
 When one or more upper soil layers are highly compressible
and too weak to support the load from the superstructure(Fig b)
 When subjected to horizontal forces.(Fig c)
 When expansive and collapsible soils may be present at the site
of a proposed structures(Fig d)
 When foundations of some structures, such as offshore
platforms, are subjected to uplifting forces(Fig e)

4
 …Cont.

 When foundations, such as bridge abutments, have the potential of

loss of bearing capacity due to soil erosion(Fig f)
 To control settlements when spread footings or a mat is on a
marginal soil or is underlain by a highly compressible stratum

5
 Pile Foundations

6
 Typical pile configurations

7
 Classification of piles
Piles may be classified in a number of ways based on different criteria:
A. Function or mechanism of load transfer
B. Composition and material
C. Installation
D. Effect on surrounding soil

A. Classification of pile with respect to load transmission and functional behavior

1. End bearing piles (point bearing piles)

2. Friction piles (adhesion piles )
3. Combination of end bearing and friction/cohesion piles
4. Compaction piles

8
 End bearing piles
 These piles transfer their load on to a firm
stratum located at a considerable depth below
the base of the structure.
 They derive most of their carrying capacity from
the penetration resistance of the soil at the toe of
the pile.
 The ultimate capacity of the pile depends
entirely on the load-bearing capacity of the
underlying material

9
 Friction or adhesion piles

 When no layer of rock or rocklike material is present at a

reasonable depth at site, point bearing piles become
very long and uneconomical
 In this type of subsoil, piles are driven through the softer
material to specified depths
 This type of piles are friction piles because most of their
resistance is derived from Skin friction
 In clayey soils, the resistance to applied load is also
caused by adhesion. Thus they are also termed as
Adhesion piles 10
 …Cont.

 Sometimes, the process of driving such piles reduces the

porosity and compressibility of the soil within and
around the groups. In that case they are sometimes
called compaction piles.

 Since, these piles also transfer their load to the ground

through skin friction,(as they do not reach the hard
stratum) they are commonly known as floating pile
foundations.

11
 Classification of piles

12
 …Cont.
 When a fill is placed on compressible soil deposit, consolidation
of compressible material will occur. When the pile is driven
into(through) compressible material (either before or after fill
placement)before consolidation is complete, the soil move
downward relative to the pile.

 This relative movement will develop skin friction between the

pile and the moving soil termed “Negative Skin Friction”

13
 …Cont.
 Negative Skin friction can be developed from :

 Consolidation :

 if cohesive fill placed over the cohesionless soil deposit,

the fill develop shear resistance (adhesion) between the
soil and pile from later pressure, so that the pile is
pushed downward as the fill consolidates

 Cohesionless fill placed over a compressible ,cohesive

deposit. In this case there will be some down drag in the
fill zone but principal downdrag will occur in zone of
consolidation 14
 …Cont.

Downdrag
force

 Lowering of groundwater table with resulting ground

15
subsidence :
 Negative Skin Friction
building
load

downdrag fill Soils are moving downwards (consolidation) relatively

compared to the pile/shaft and thus not only do not provide
downdrag soft
clay support, but actually increase the load (dragdown) on the pile.

support

firm
main
support layer

Fig. 2 Pile Subjected to

Downdrag
 …Cont.
Combined End bearing and friction piles
 Load bearing resistance derived from both skin
friction and end bearing.
Compaction piles
 Used to compact loose granular soils, thus
increasing bearing capacity.

17
B. Classification of pile with respect to
type of material

i. Timber
ii. Concrete
iii. Steel
iv. Composite piles

18
 Classification of Piles (Material)
Concrete Piles
(precast and cast in place)

Timber
Piles

Steel Piles
Typical Cross-Section:
Timber Piles

20
Timber
Piles

21
Protecting timber piles from decay

b) By extending
pile cap below
water level
a) By pre-cast
concrete upper
section above
water level.

22
Steel H-PILE

Steel H Pile Splice 23

Steel Pipe Pile

24
Precast Concrete Cylinder Piles

25
 Composite Pile
Composite piles consist of two different materials that are connected
together
Steel and concrete
• lower portion steel and upper portion cast-in-situ concrete
• This type of pile is used when the length of the pile required for
adequate bearing exceeds the capacity of simple cast-in-place
concrete piles
 Timber and concrete
• Consists of lower portion of timber below permanent water
table and upper portion cast-in-situ concrete
26
 Composite Pile
Advantages of composite pile
 it is cheap and durable (May reduce foundation cost)

 May solve unusual design or installation problems.

Disadvantages of composite pile

o it is difficult to form proper joint between two dissimilar
materials. For this reason composite pile are not widely
used.

27
COMPOSITE PILE

28
 …Cont. 2.4

C. Classification of pile based on the method of installation

• Driven piles,

• Bored or Cast-in-situ piles and

• Driven and cast-in-situ piles.

29
 Driven Piles
 These piles are driven into the ground by means of:

1. Hammer

2. Vibratory drivers.
3. Jetting
(use water to loosen the layer of hard soil, sand and gravel)
4. Partial auguring (Predrill holes for piles)

30
 Driven Piles
The pile under this category are:

• Timber piles

• Steel piles

• Precast or pre-stressed concrete piles

31
Pile Driving Components

Hammer (Ram)

Hammer Cushion (Capblock)

Helmet (Drive Cap)
Pile Cushion

Pile

Drive Shoe
The effects of Pile Driving
 Pile Driving
For clay:
 Influence on shear strength of soil and pile capacity
Generally, it may be expected that the driving of piles in to clay will
initially cause some (even considerable) loss in undrained shear strength
of clay because of remolding/disturbing the soil. However, the loss of
strength due to pile driving is subsequently increased due to the
combination of two factors:
1. Thixotropic regain of undrained shear strength as structural bonds
destroyed by remolding is partially or fully restored with time
2. Consolidation of clay produced by dissipation of excess pore-water
pressure that arise from the increase in stress in the soil surrounding
34 the pile
 Pile Driving
For Sand:
 For piles driven in dilative (dense to very dense) saturated fine sands,
relaxation is possible. Negative pore water pressure, if developed
during pile driving, will dissipate over time, resulting in a reduction in
pile capacity with time after the driving operation is completed.
 At the same time, excess pore water pressure may be generated in
contractive fine sands during pile driving. The excess pore water
pressure will dissipate over time, which will result in greater pile
capacity

35
 …Cont. 2.4

D. Classification of pile based on Effect on surrounding soil

• Displacement piles (Driven piles and close-end piles)
 are piles which cause the soil to move laterally during their
placement
 Are piles that displaces a large volume of soil
• Non-displacement piles (Bored piles and open-end piles)

36
Cast-In-place concrete
• Cased (shell type)piles
• Uncased (shell-less type) piles

37
Construction of Fully-Cased Pile
(1) Positioning (2) Placing casing

(3) Drilling and removing soil (4) Inserting reinforcing cage

38
Construction of Fully-Cased Pile
(5) Inserting tremie pipe (6) Pouring concrete

(7) Withdrawing casing (8) Completion

39
 2.5 Pile capacity

 The bearing capacity of a pile may be determined in one of the

following:
1. Pile loading test
2. Static analysis
3. Dynamic analysis

40
 2.5.1 Pile loading test

A. Determination of the limiting pile load

 The limiting load is read from load-total settlement or from load-plastic
settlement curves.
I. From load total settlement curves
 The limiting pile load may be determined from one of the following
methods as shown the figure below

41
Load vs. Total Settlement

St=total settlement
Net Piles Settlement
Snet=St-Se
Snet=net settlement
Se=elastic deformation
of the pile itself (QL/AE)
Determination of limiting load from load settlement curve

43
 Determination of limiting load from load settlement curve

i. The point at which the end tangents of the load-settlement curve meet

(Mansur/Kaufmann 1956).

ii. The point at which the curve begins to show a steeper slope (DIN 1054) .

iii. The point at which the curve manifests the steepest slope i.e., ds/dQ= max (Vesic 1963).

a) For a total settlement of 0.1d (Terzaghi/Peck 1961)

b) For a total settlement of 50mm (Terzaghi/Peck 1948)

c) For a total settlement of 25mm (New York City Building Law)

d) For a total settlement of 20mm (Muhs 1959, 1963).

44
Determination of limiting load from load plastic settlement curve

i. For a plastic settlement of 0.025d ( DIN 4026, German standard module

code)

ii. For a plastic settlement of 0.020d (USA)

iii. For a plastic settlement of 8mm ( Magnel 1948)

iv. For a plastic settlement of 35mm (American Association of State Highway

Officials)

45
Load plastic settlement curve

46
Pile loading….cont.

47
 Pile loading….cont.
According to IS:2911 the safe load is taken us :
1. One half of the load corresponding to a gross settlement of B/10
2. Two third of the load corresponding to a gross settlement of
12mm or
3. According to other criteria, ½ -2/3 o f load corresponding to a
net settlement of 6mm ,which ever is less

48
Static analysis
Qp (Point Bearing Capacity)
1. in sand ( Meyerhof)
2. in clay (Meyerhof)
3. Coyle and Castello’s Method for Sand (c’=0)
4. Correlations for Qp with SPT and CPT
 General Equation for Qp
Qu= Qs + Qp

qp=qNq*
Qp=Apqp=ApqNq*
Meyerhof’s Method in sand (c’=0)

C’=0
Qp  Apqp  Apq' N*q and Qp  Apql

qlimit 0.5paN*q tan'

 Limiting Values of Unit End Bearing and Unit skin friction
Soil type qb(kN/m2) fs(kN/m2)

Sand, clean 10,000 100

Sand, Silty 5,000 85

Silt, sandy 3,000 70

Meyerhof’s Method in clay (’=0)
’=0
Qp  Apqp  ApcN*c

Nc  9
*
 Coyle and Castello’s Method
for Sand (c’=0)

Qp  Apqp  Apq' N*q

q'effective
vertical
stress
at thepiletip
Correlations for Qp with SPT and CPT
 Correlations for Qp with SPT and CPT

Meyerhof (1976) Briaud (1985)

SPT
Based on field Data: SPT
qp 19.7pa (N60)0.36
qp  0.4paN60 L  4paN60
D
N60 : Averageof N60 about10Daboveand
4Dbelowthepilepoint
pa  atmospheri 100kPa
c pressure

CPT
qp  qc
qc : conepenetratio
n resistance
 General Equation for Qs in Sand

1. in sand ( Meyerhof)
2. Coyle and Castello’s Method for Sand (c’=0)
3. Correlations for Qp with SPT
 General Equation for Qs in Sand
•  –rough concrete
QspLf • 0.8-0.9 –smooth concrete pile
For z=0~L’ • 0.6-0.7 –smooth steel piles
f  K'o tan'

For z=L’~L
f  fzL'
 Variation of K and ’
Earth pressure coefficient K:
Bored or jetted piles: K=Ko
Low-displacement driven piles: K=Ko~1.4Ko
High-displacement driven piles: K=1.4Ko~1.8Ko

Interface friction angle ’:

Smooth steel (i.e. pile or H pile): ’=0.6~0.7’
Smooth concrete (i.e. precast pile): ’=0.8~0.9’
Rough concrete (i.e. step-taper pile): ’=1.0’
 Coyle and Castello (1981)
Qs favpL
'
fav  Ko tan'
'
σo  averageeffectiv
overburden
pressure
 A1  A2  A3 ...
L
' 0.8'
 Correlation with SPT Results
Qs  favpL

High-Displacement Pile: fav  0.02pa N60

Low-Displacement Pile: fav  0.01pa N60

N60  Averagevalueof N60
Qs in Clay
 1. a Method (ALP 1 Method)

Qs  p L f
f  acu
 L (m) λ
0 0.5
5 0.336
2 10 0.245
15 0.2
20 0.173
25 0.15
30 0.136
35 0.132
40 0.127
50 0.118
60 0.113
70 0.11
80 0.11
90 0.11
 b Method
Burland(1973) and Meyerhof(1976)
Qs  p L f
f b'o
σ'o : vertical
effective
stress
b: K0tan'R
'R : drainedresidual
friction
angleof remolded
clay
Ko=1-sin’ for NC clay
=1-sin’(OCR)1/2 for OC clay
 Examples
1. A concrete pile of 45 cm diameter was driven into sand of
loose to medium density to a depth of 15m. The following
properties are known.
a. Average unit weight of soil along the length of the pile,
y = 17.5 kN/m3 , average φ = 30°,
b. (b) average K = 1.0 and δ= 0.75φ.
• Calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile, and the
allowable load with Fs = 2.5. Assume the water table is at
great depth.
 Examples
2. A concrete pile 46 cm. in diameter and 15 m long is driven into a homogeneous
mass of clay soil of medium consistency. The water table is at the ground surface.
The unit cohesion of the soil under undrained condition is 50 kpa and the adhesion
factor a = 0.75. Compute Qu and Qa with F, = 2.5.
 Examples
3. A concrete pile of 45 cm diameter is driven to a depth of
16 m through a layered system of sandy soil (c = 0). The
following data are available.
• Top layer 1: Thickness = 8 m, Υb = 10.36 kN/m3, and φ = 30°.
• Layer 2: Thickness = 6 m, Υb = 9.57 kN/m3, and φ = 35°.
• Layer 3: Extends to a great depth, Υb = 10.05 kN/m3, and 0 =
38°.
Assume that the value of δ in all the layers of sand is
equal to 0.75φ. The value of KS for each layer as equal to
half of the passive earth pressure coefficient. The water
table is at ground level. Calculate the values of Qu and Qa
with Fs = 2.5 by the conventional method for Qs and Qp.
 Examples
4. A concrete pile of 45 cm diameter is driven
through a system of layered cohesive soils.
The length of the pile is 16m. The following
data are available. The water table is close to
the ground surface.
o Top layer 1: Soft clay, thickness = 8 m, unit
cohesion cu = 30 kN/m2 and adhesion factor α=
0.90.
o Layer 2: Medium stiff, thickness = 6 m, unit
cohesion cu = 50 kN/m2 and α= 0.75.
o Layer 3: Stiff stratum extends to a great depth, unit
cohesion cu = 105 kN/m2 and 𝛼= 0.50.
Compute Qu and Qa with Fs = 2.5.
 Examples
5. Determine the ultimate load capacity of the 800 mm diameter concrete
bored pile given in the figure below.
 Pile-Driving Formula
(Engineering News Formula)
EN Formula
Wellington (1892)

Qu  WH
S C
 Formulas Parameters
W = Weight of the ram/hammer
H = Height of fall of the ram
S = Penetration depth of pile per hammer blow
C = empirical constant
= 2.5cm (1 in) for drop hammers
= 0.25 cm (0.1 in) for steam(single and double acting) hammers
H, S and C should be in the same unit

Qa  WH F=factor of safety=6
F(S C)
 Qa  W H
Drop Hammers:
6(S 2.5)

Qa  W H
Single acting steam Hammers:
6(S 0.25)

Double acting steam Hammers:

Qa  (W  ap)H
6(S 0.25)
a=effective area of piston(cm2)
P= mean effective steam pressure(kg/cm2)
Recommended Factor of Safety

FS=6
Pile Groups
Typical arrangement of pile groups

80
 Efficiency of Pile Groups
• The ultimate load of the group is generally different from the sum of the ultimate
loads of individual piles Qu.
• The factor η is efficiency

• depends on parameters such as type of soil in which the piles are embedded,
method of installation of piles i.e. either driven or cast-in-situ piles (bored pile), and
spacing of piles. Type of soil
Sand cohesive

Driven Bored Driven Bored

Narrow large Narrow large Narrow large Narrow Large
spacing spacing spacing spacing spacing spacing spacing spacing
>1 =1 <1 <1 NA NA <1 =1
 Efficiency of Pile Groups

Converse –Labarre Formula

 Efficiency of Pile Groups
Feld’s Rule
According to Feld’s Rule, the values of each pile is reduced by one-sixteenth
owning to the effect of the nearest pile in each diagonal or straight row of which
the particular pile is a member .

80%
 Efficiency of Pile Groups
Feld’s Rule
 Example on Efficiency of pile group

Example:
Compute the efficiency of the group of friction piles shown below by the
Converse-Labarre equation. Take D=400mm and spacing=1000mm(both ways)
and all cohesionless material in the pile embedment zone.

Solution:
We can see that
m=3 , n=5 and q tan-1(D/s) =tan-1(400/1000)=21.8 . By substituting in to the
equation:
 Example on Efficiency of pile group

We find:

g
Group capacity, Qg=Qu=0.64Qu
 Optimum Spacing of Pile Group
• Optimum spacing of pile group is the spacing at which
the group action capacity is equal to the sum of
individual capacity of piles.
Example
A n-pile group has to be proportioned in a square pattern in soft clay soil with
equal spacing in all directions. Assuming any value of c, determine the
optimum value of spacing of piles in the group. Take n=25 and a=0.7.Neglect
the end bearing effect and assume that each pile is circular in section
 Optimum Spacing of Pile Group
Solution
Let s=spacing and D=diameter of each pile
Number of piles, n=25
 Width of block, Bg=4S+D; Length of pile=L
 Load carried by group action= c[4(4S+D)L) = 4cL(4S+D) (1)
 Load carried by pile acting individually
= n(m)(αC)(DL) =25x0.7 DLc=55DLc (2)
Equating (1) and(2) for the optimum spacing, we can eliminate c,it is in both sides

4L(4S+D) = 55DL
Or 16S+4D=55D 51
S  D3.19D
16
Pile-Group Capacity
 Two modes of soil failure are normally investigated to
determine the load capacity of a pile group.
 One mode, called block failure may occur when the
spacing of the piles is small enough to cause the pile
group to fail as a unit.
 The other failure mode is single pile failure mode or
punching failure mode
 Pile-Group in Cohesionless soils
• For driven piles embedded in cohesionless soils, the capacity of large
equivalent (block) will be almost always greater than the sum of the
capacities of individual piles, in view of densification that occurs during
driving.
• Consequently, for the design, the group capacity is taken as the sum of the
individual pile capacities or the product of the number of piles in the group
and the capacity of individual pile.
 Pile-Group in Cohesive soils
• When piles are driven into clay soils, there will be considerable remolding especially
when the soil is soft and sensitive. The soil between the piles may also heave since
compaction.
• However, if driven piles are to be used, spacing of piles must be relatively large and
the driving so adjusted as to minimize the development of pore pressure
• The mode of failure of pile groups in cohesive soils depends primarily upon the
spacing of piles.
• For smaller spacing's, ‘block failure’ may occur, in other words, the group capacity
as a block will be less than the sum of individual pile capacities.
• For larger spacings, failure of individual piles may occur; or, it is to say that the
group capacity is given by the sum of the individual pile capacities, which will be
smaller than the strength of the group acting as a unit or block.
 Capacity of Pile Groups

Qug=PgLfs+ Agqp

Where
Across sectional area of pile group, at the base
= Lg x Bg
Pg= Perimeter of pile group=2(Lg+Bg)

If the ultimate load of the pile group is greater than the one
estimated by the piles acting individually. Then the
foundation will fail by the piles acting individually and the
individual pile behavior will control
 Pile Group capacity in clay
• The equation for block failure may be written as

• The bearing capacity of a pile group on the basis of individual pile failure may be
written as

• The bearing capacity of a pile group is normally taken as the smaller of the two.
 Examples
• A group of 9 piles with 3 piles in a row was driven into a soft clay extending from
ground level to a great depth. The diameter and the length of the piles were 30 cm
and 10m respectively. The unconfined compressive strength of the clay is 70 kPa. If
the piles were placed 90 cm center to center, compute the allowable load on the
pile group on the basis of a shear failure criterion for a factor of safety of 2.5.
• Solution
The allowable load on the group is to be calculated for two conditions:
(a) block failure and
(b) individual pile failure. The least of the two gives the allowable load on the group
 Conti…
a. Block failure

a. Individual pile failure

The allowable load is 1267 kN.

 Sharing of Loads in Pile Group
 All the piles in a group share equal load if the load is
central(concentric axial load)

Qg
Q
N
For eccentric axial load
 However, if the load is eccentric or if the central load is
accompanied by a moment, the sharing of load is
computed assuming the pile cap is as rigid

Q V M *X M * y
  y

x y
x
2 2
n
 Load sharing
All pile share equal load if the load is central

If the load is eccentric about one axis, as shown

If the load is eccentric about both axes

Negative skin Friction
Negative skin Friction
Negative skin Friction
Negative skin Friction
 example
• A square 9 piles pile group passes through a recently constructed fill. The depth of
fill Ln = 3 m. The diameter of the pile is 30 cm and the piles are spaced 90 cm center
to center. If the soil is cohesive with qu = 60 kN/m2, and y= 15 kN/m3, compute the
negative frictional load on the pile group.
• Solution
• The negative frictional load on the group is the maximum of
Estimate of Pile Settlement
Elastic Method
Theory of Elastic Continuum
Se Se(1) Se(2) Se(3)

where
Se= Total elastic settlement of pile
Se(1)= elastic compression of pile
Se(2)= settlement of soil at pile tip
Se(3)= settlement of soil along side of pile
Elastic Compression of pile
(Qwp Qws)L
Se(1) 
APEP
where
Qwp= load carried at the pile point
Qws= load carried by frictional resistance
Ap= cross section area of pile
L= length of pile
Ep= modulus of elasticity of the pile
 Elastic settlement of pile
 Depends on the distribution of the unit friction resistance f
along the pile shaft

Uniform Parabolic Triangular

 Settlement of soil at Pile Tip
qwpD
Se(2)  (1-s )Iwp
2
Es
where
D= width or diameter of pile
qwp= Qwp/Ap, Qwp= load carried at the pile point
Es= modulus of elasticity of soil at or below the
pile point
us= Poisson’s ratio of soil
Iwp= influence factor=0.85
Settlement of soil along Side of Pile

Se(3)  Qws D (1-s )Iws

2
pL Es
where
p= perimeter of pile
L= embedded length of pile
Iws= Influence factor

Iws  20.35 L
D
1. Elastic method can not be used for long-term consolidation
in deep clay deposited.
 Consolidation Settlement of Pile group in Clay
• The consolidation settlement of a group pile in clay can be estimated
by using the 2:1 stress distribution method. The calculation involves
the following steps:
Step 1. Let the depth of embedment of the piles be L.The group is
subjected to a total load of Qg.
Step 2. Assume that the load is transmitted to the soil beginning at a
depth of 2L/3 from the top of the pile, as shown in the figure. The
load spreads out along two vertical to one horizontal line from
this depth. Lines aa and bb are the two 2:1 lines
 Consolidation Settlement of Pile group in Clay
Step 3. Calculate the increase in effective stress caused at the middle of each soil layer by
the load Qg.

where
i = increase in effective stress at the middle of layer i
Lg,Bg = length and width, respectively of the planned group piles
zi = distance from z= 0 to the middle of the clay layer i
For example, in Figure below, for layer 2, zi =L1/2 ; for layer 3, zi =L1+L2/2 ;
and for layer 4, zi =L1+ L2 + L3/2 ;
Note, however, that there will be no increase in stress in clay layer 1, because it is above
the horizontal plane from which the stress distribution to the soil starts
Consolidation Settlement of Pile group in Clay
 Consolidation Settlement of Pile group in Clay
Step 4. Calculate the consolidation settlement of each layer caused
by the increased stress. The formula is

Step 5. The total consolidation settlement of the group piles is then

 example
• It is required to construct a pile foundation comprised of 20 piles
arranged in 5 columns at distances of 90 cm center to center. The
diameter and lengths of the piles are 30 cm and 9 m respectively. The
bottom of the pile cap is located at a depth of 2.0 m from the ground
surface. The details of the soil properties etc. are as given in the next
slide with reference to ground level as the datum. The water table was
found at a depth of 4 m from ground level.

• Compute the consolidation settlement of the pile foundation if the total

load imposed on the foundation is 2500 kN.
 2500
Saturated silt,Υ = 16kN/m3
-2.0 m
Saturated clay,Υ = 19.2 kN/m3
-4.0 m
9m 6m
Saturated clay,Υ = 19.2 kN/m3,
S=0.9m qu=120kpa,eo = 0.8, Cc = 0.23

-12.0 m 0.3m

clay,Υ = 18.24 kN/m3, qu=90kpa,eo = 1.08, Cc = 0.34

-14.0 m
clay,Υ = 20 kN/m3, qu=180kpa,eo = 0.70 , Cc = 0.2

-17.0 m
rock
 Solution
• Assume that the total load 2500 kN acts at a depth (2/3 )L = (2/3) x 9 = 6 m from the
bottom of the pile cap on a fictitious footing. This fictitious footing is now at a depth
of 8 m below ground level. The size of the footing is 3.9 x 3.0 m.
• Now three layers are assumed to contribute to the settlement of the foundation.
They are: Layer 1 — from 8m to 12m (= 4m thick) below ground level;
Layer 2 — from 12m to 14m = 2m thick;
Layer 3 — from 14 m to 17 m = 3 m thick. The increase in pressure due to
the load on the fictitious footing at the centers of each layer is computed on the
assumption that the load is spread at an angle of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal starting from
the edges of the fictitious footing. The settlement is computed by making use of the
equation
Under-reamed pile-case I
Under-reamed pile-case II
Under-reamed pile-case III
 Example
1. The following under-reamed pile is located in the soil profile shown. The diameter
of the stem is 50cm and the bulb diameter is 100cm. Determine the allowable pile
capacity using the additional data provided on the figure below . Use FOS 2.5 for
end bearing and FOS 2.0 for skin friction capacity determination.

100cm
 Drilled Piers [Murthy pp-762]
• Drilled Pier is a large diameter concrete cylinder built in the
ground. It refers to cast-in-place pile generally having a diameter
of about 750 mm or more.
• Drilled piers are classified according to the ways in which they are
designed to transfer the structural load to the substratum
1. Straight Shaft
2. Belled Pier
Drilled Piers
Drilled Piers
 Drilled Piers
Construction Procedures
1. Excavation
2. Providing Supports
3. Concreting of piles
The load-carrying capacity of a drilled pier can be estimated using
the methods similar to that for bored piles
Drilled Piers in Sand

Drilled Piers in clay

 Caissons
• Caissons are hollow shaped prismatic boxes, which are built above
ground level and then sunk in to their final position as single unit.
• They are used to transmit large loads through water and poor material
to firm strata.
• It is a water tight chamber used for laying foundations under water, as
in rivers, lakes and harbors' etc.
• Caissons may be divided in to three categories according to their
methods of construction:
1. Open Caissons
2. Pneumatic Caissons
3. Box Caissons or Floating Caissons
 Laterally Loaded Piles
• Piles are sometimes subjected to lateral loads due to wind, water pressure, earth
pressure, earthquake, etc.
• When the horizontal component of load is small in comparison with the vertical
load, it is generally assumed to be carried by vertical piles
• Batter piles are deployed to resist inclined or horizontal forces

12 12
• Common piles batter range from to
1 5
Well Foundation
 Well Foundation
• The well need to embedded or sunk below the maximum scour level to a
required depth in order that the resistance from the sides of well is able to
withstand the lateral forces acting on the well. The depth of the bottom portion
of well from the scour level is called the grip length.
• Grip Length (dg) is the depth of the bottom of the well below the maximum
scour level
• Scour Depth(d) (measured below High flood level)
• For preliminary design, the normal depth of scour below HFL may be obtained
from Lacey’s Formula
Q= maximum flood discharge
f= Lacey’s Silt factor
 Well Foundation
Scour Depth(d)
• For preliminary design, the normal depth of scour below HFL may be obtained
from Lacey’s Formula

D=normal depth scour depth below High flood level(m)

Q= maximum flood discharge(m3/sec)
f= Lacey’s Silt factor given by

dm=mean particle size(mm)

 Well Foundation
Regime width(W) is the stable width of water way of the river at its maximum
flood conditions and is given by

W  4.75 Q
If the actual water way,L, is less than the regime width, the actual scour depth, d’
is given by:

 
0.61
W
d' d  
 L
 Critical Depth
• Due to the mechanics of transfer of load from a driven pile to the surrounding
soil, the base and frictional resistance remain constant beyond a certain depth of
embedment which is a function of . this depth beyond which the base and
frictional resistance remain constant is called Critical Depth(Lc)
 Critical Depth
• The Lc/d ratio as a function of  may be expressed as follows(Poulos and
Davis,1980) For 28 <  36.5
Lc
 50.24(-28 )
d
For 36.5 <  42
Lc
 72.35(-36.5 )
d
• The  values to be used from obtaining Lc/d are as follows follows(Poulos and
Davis,1980)
• For driven piles  = 0.75 1 +10;
• For bored piles  = 1-3 with  1= angle of internal friction prior to installation of pile]
 Minimum Spacing of Piles
Table Typical Minimum Pile Spacing
No Pile Type C/ C spacing, S

1 End bearing piles passing through relatively 2.5d

compressible strata
2 End bearing piles passing through compressible strata 3.5d
are resting on stiff clay
3 Compaction piles 2d
4 Friction piles(circular) 3d
5 Driven piles 2.5d
6 Bored piles >3d (but > 1.1m)

7 Under-reamed piles 2du

d = average pile diameter
du= diameter of under-reamed pile base
End of Chapter Two