ME110-EME

Internal Combustion Engines

Tutorials
 Performance parameters of IC engines
• Specific fuel consumption (SFC):
– Is defined as the amount of fuel consumed by an engine to
produce unit power
– It is expressed in kg/MJ or kg/kW-hr.

• Indicated power (IP):

– It is the power produced inside the cylinder and calculated by
finding the actual mean effective pressure.
Mean effective pressure is found as
Pm= (s*a)/ l
Where
s – spring value of the spring used in the indicator
l – base width of the indicator diagram
a – area of the actual indicator diagram
 Performance parameters of IC engines cont…

Indicated power of a 4 stroke engine

• Indicated power of a 4 stroke engine
Let
– Pm= mean effective pressure
– L = length of stroke
– A = area of cross section of the cylinder
– A = πD2/4
– D = Dore of the engine cylinder
– N = rpm of the crank shaft
– n = number of cycles per min
Work produced by Mean force acting Piston displacement
piston per stroke / = on piston
X in one stroke
Per cycle
= Pm A * L

= Pm A L
 Performance parameters of engines

Work produced by
piston per stroke / Per cycle = Pm A L

Work produced by Work produced by X Number of cycles

piston per min = piston per stroke / Per cycle

= Pm A L * n
In 4 stroke I. C. Engine, one cycle will be completed in two revolutions of the crank Shaft.

Therefore the number of cycles per min will be equal to half the number of revolutions per min
I.e.., n = N/2

Work produced by
= Pm A L N/2 Nm/min
piston per min
 Performance parameters of IC engines cont…

Indicated power of 4 stroke engine

Work produced by
Indicated power (IP)=
piston per sec = (Pm A L N)/2 Nm/sec

Indicated power = (Pm A L N)/2 joules/ sec or Watt

Indicated power of 2 stroke engine

In 2 stroke engine one cycle will be covered in every revolution of the crank shaft

Therefore number of cycles per minute will be equal to number of revolutions per min

Indicated power (IP) = (Pm A L n) joules/ sec or Watt

Performance parameters of IC engines cont…

Brake power
• Certain fraction of indicated power produced inside the
cylinder will be lost due to friction of the moving parts.
• Power at crank shaft is measured by applying brake and
therefore called brake power

Net power available = Indicated Power – power lost due to friction

at crank shaft

Spring load (s)

(s)
d

(W)
Rope side load (W)
Performance parameters of IC engines cont…

Brake power
• Let d
• Wnet = net load acting on the brake drum (in kg)
• Wnet = W-s
• W=Rope side load
• s= spring balance
• Rd = radius of the brake drum (in m)
Spring load (s)
• N = rpm (revolution per minute) of crank shaft
• T = torque applied due to net load W on brake drum

T = Wnet * Rd (in kg-m)

T = g * Wnet * Rd ( in N-m)
Where , g = acceleration due gravity =9.81 m/sec2
Rope side load (W)
Brake power (BP) = ( 2 π N T) / 60( in Watt)
Performance parameters of IC engines cont…

Mechanical efficiency
• It is the efficiency of the moving parts of the mechanism transmitting the
indicated power to the crank shaft.
• It is defined as the ratio of the brake power and the indicated power.

ηm = Brake power * 100

Indicated power

ηm = (Indicated power – Friction power) * 100

Indicated power
Performance parameters of IC engines cont…

Thermal efficiency

• It is the efficiency of conversion of the heat energy produced by the

combustion of the fuel into the power output of the engine.

• ηth = power output * 100

heat energy supplied by the fuel
Performance parameters of IC engines cont…

The power output to be used in the above equation may be brake power or
indicated power

ηBP th = Brake power * 100

Brake thermal efficiency
heat energy supplied by the fuel

ηBP th = BP * 100
CV * mf

ηIP th = Indicated power * 100

Indicated thermal efficiency
heat energy supplied by the fuel
ηIP th = IP * 100
CV* mf
Where
CV= calorific value of the fuel
mf = mass of the fuel supplied.
Problem 1
A single cylinder two stroke cycle IC engine has a piston
diameter 110 mm and stroke length 150 mm. The mean
effective pressure is 6 bar. If the crank shaft speed is 1500 rpm
calculate the indicated power of the engine.
Data given:
D = 110 mm =0.11 m
L =150 mm = 0.15 m
Pm= 6 bar = 6 x105 Pa (N/m2)
N=1500 rpm
n = N (since 2 stroke)

Solution: IP = Pm LAn / 60
IP = 6 x105 x 0.15 x 3.14 x 0.112 x 1500 / (60 x 4 x1000)
IP = 21.38 kW
Problem 2
The following observations were recorded during a test on a 4-stroke engine.
Bore = 25 cm, stroke=40 cm,
125 Cycles/min,
Net load on the brake drum=700 N, diameter of brake drum=2 m,
Indicated mean effective pressure=6 bar,
Fuel consumption=0.0013 kg/s,
Calorific value of fuel=43900 kJ/kg.
Determine (i) BP, (ii) IP, (iii) FP, and (iv) mechanical efficiency (v) indicated and brake
thermal efficiency.

Given data:
D = 250 mm = 0.25 m L = 400 mm = 0.4 m
n = 125 cycles/min =N/2 for a 4 stroke N = 250 rpm
(W – s) = 700 N
Dd = 2 m
Pm = 6 bar = 600 kPa
mf = 0.0013 kg/sec
CV= 43900 kJ/kg.
Brake power = ( 2 π N T) / 60 ( in Watt)
Given data:
2πx250x700 D = 250 mm = 0.25 m
BP= —————— =18.32 kW L = 400 mm = 0.4 m
60x1000 n = 125 cycles/sec=N/2 for a 4 stroke
N = 250 rpm
Indicated power = (Pm L A n) joules/ sec or Watt (W – s) = 700 N
600 x 0.4 x 0.049x 125 Dd = 2 m
IP = ——————————— = 24.54 kW Pm = 6 bar = 600 kPa
60 mf = 0.0013 kg/sec
F P=IP–BP CV= 43900 kJ/kg.

FP=24.54-18.32=6..22 kW
BP 18.32
ηmech = —— = ——— =0.7465 or 74.65%
IP 24.54

IP 24.54
ηind thermal = ———— = —————— = 0.4299 or 42.99%
mf x CV 0.0013x43900

BP 18.32
η brake thermal = — — — — = — — — — — — = 0.321 or 32.1%
mf x C V 0.0013x43900
Problem 3
A four-cylinder two-stroke petrol engine develops 30 kW at 2500 rpm. The mean effective

pressure on each piston is 8 bar, and mechanical efficiency is 80%. Calculate the diameter and

stroke of each cylinder, stroke to bore ratio is 1.5. Also calculate the fuel consumption if brake

thermal efficiency is 28%. The calorific value of fuel is 43900 kJ/kg.

Given data : i = 4 cylinders

BP = 30 kW
N = 2500 for a 2 stroke engine n = 2500 cycles / min
Pm = 8 bar
CV= 43900 kJ/kg.
ηmech = 80 % = 0.8
L / D = 1.5
ηbrake thermal = 28 % = 0.28
 BP BP 30
i) ηmech = —— IP = —— = ——= 37.5 kW
IP ηmech 0.8

I P = 37.5 kW
l = 1.5 d
i = N u m b e r of cylinders
A = (πd2 ) / 4
ii) iPm L A n
IP = — — — — kW
60

4 x 6 0 0 x 1.5 D x (π D 2 / 4 ) x 2 5 0 0
= ————————————————
60
D = 0.062 m = 62 m m
L = 1.5 x D = 1.5 x 6 2 = 9 3 m m
η
BP
brake thermal = ————
m f x CV

BP 30
mf = ———————— = —————— = 2.44 x 10 -3 kg / sec
η brake thermal xCV 0.28 x 43900

mf = 2.44 x 10-3 x 3600 kg / hr

Problem 4
The power of an IC engine is measured by a rope brake
dynamometer. The diameter of the brake drum pulley is 700mm and
rope diameter is 50 mm. The load on the light side of the rope is 50kg
mass and spring balance reads 50N. The engine running at 3m/sec,
stroke length 50mm and consumes fuel calorific value 44000 kJ/kg at
a rate of 0.3 liter/min. Specific gravity = 0.78.
Calculate i)BSFC ii) BTE
Given data:
Spring load (s) Dd = 700 mm = 0.7 m
d= 50 mm = 0.04 m
W = 50 kg
s = 50 N
W-s = Net on load brake drum
V = 3 m/sec
L = 50 mm =0.05 m
CV= 44000 kJ/kg.
Vf = 0.3 L/min
SG = 0.78
Rope side load (W)
 Spring load (s)
Torque calculation= (Load or force) X Radius
Load= (rope load- spring load) = W-s
Radius= (diameter of the pulley+ diameter of the rope)/2 = (Dd+d)/2

T=(W*9.81-s)*(D+d)/2= 165.18 N-m

T=(50*9.81-50)*(0.7+0.05)/2= 165.18 N-m

Speed calculation: Rope side load(W)

Velocity= 2*stroke length*Rotation per second Given data:
V = 2*L*N Dd = 700 mm = 0.7 m
N=V/(2*L)=30 rps d= 50 mm = 0.04 m
W = 50 kg
BP= 2*Π*T*N= 31.20 kW s = 50 N
W-s = Net on load brake drum
Conversion of liter into kg: 1 liter= 10-3 m3
V = 3 m/sec
L = 50 mm =0.05 m
Specific gravity= Density of given fuel/ Density of water CV= 44000 kJ/kg.
Vf = 0.3 L/min
Fuel mass flow rate mf= volume flow rate X density SG = 0.78
=0.3* 10-3 *780/60 kg/sec= 0.0039 kg/sec
BSFC= BP/mf= (0.0039/31.2)*3600 kg/kW-Hr

BSFC=0.45 kg/kW-Hr

BTE= BP/(mf*CV)

BTE= 31.2/(0.0039*44000)=18.18%
Problem 5

• The following observations were obtained

during a trial on a 4 stroke diesel engine.

Find
• Cylinder dia = 30 cm 1. Brake power
• Stroke of the piston = 50 cm 2. Indicated power
• Crank shaft speed = 300 rpm 3. Friction power
4. Mechanical efficiency
• Brake load = 70 kg 5. Brake thermal efficiency
• Brake drum dia = 1.5 m 6. Indicated thermal efficiency
• Mean effective pressure = 5.5 bar
• Diesel oil consumption = 0.1 m3/ min
• Specific gravity of the diesel = 0.78
• C.V. of diesel = 43900 kJ/kg
• Solution:

• 1. Brake power
– Torque = W * R =
– BP = 2πNT / 60 =
• 2. Indicated power = IP = PmALn / 60
• 3. Friction power = IP – BP
• 4. ηm= BP/IP
• 5. ηB-th =BP/ CVx mf
• 6. ηI –th = IP / CV x mf