30 IC Engines
Worked out Examples
1.1 The cubic capacity of a four-stroke over-square spark-ignition engine is
245 cc. The over-square ratio is 1.1. The clearance volume is 27.2 cc.
Calculate the bore, stroke and compression ratio of the engine.
Solution
π 2 π d3
Cubic capacity, Vs = d L= = 245
4 4 1.1
d3 = 343
Ans
Bore, d = 7 cm ⇐=
7 Ans
Stroke, L = = 6.36 cm ⇐=
1.1
Vs + V c
Compression ratio, r =
Vc
245 + 27.2 Ans
= = 10 ⇐=
27.2
1.2 The mechanical efficiency of a single-cylinder four-stroke engine is 80%.
The frictional power is estimated to be 25 kW. Calculate the indicated
power (ip) and brake power (bp) developed by the engine.
Solution
bp
= 0.8
ip
ip − bp = 25
ip − 0.8 × ip = 25
25 Ans
Indicated power, ip = = 125 kW ⇐=
0.2
Ans
Brake power, bp = ip − f p = 125 − 25 = 100 kW ⇐=
1.3 A 42.5 kW engine has a mechanical efficiency of 85%. Find the indicated
power and frictional power. If the frictional power is assumed to be
constant with load, what will be the mechanical efficiency at 60% of the
load?
Solution
bp 42.5 Ans
ip = = = 50 kW ⇐=
ηm 0.85
Introduction 31
Ans
Frictional power, f p = ip − bp = 50 − 42.5 = 7.5 kW ⇐=
Brake power at 60% load = 42.5 × 0.6 = 25.5 kW
bp 25.5
Mechanical efficiency ηm = =
bp + f p 25.5 + 7.5
Ans
= 0.773 = 77.3% ⇐=
1.4 Find out the speed at which a four-cylinder engine using natural gas
can develop a brake power of 50 kW working under following conditions.
Air-gas ratio 9:1, calorific value of the fuel = 34 MJ/m3 , Compression
ratio 10:1, volumetric efficiency = 70%, indicated thermal efficiency =
35% and the mechanical efficiency = 80% and the total volume of the
engine is 2 litres.
Solution
2000
Total volume/cylinder, Vtot = = 500 cc
4
9
Swept volume/cylinder,Vs = × 500 = 450 cc
10
Volume of air taken in/cycle = ηv × Vs = 0.7 × 450 = 315 cc
315
Volume of gas taken in/cycle = = 35 cc
9
Energy supplied/cylinder, E = 35 × 10−6 × 34 × 103
= 1.19 kJ (1)
bp/ηm
Indicated thermal efficiency, ηith =
Energy supplied/cylinder/s
50/0.8
Energy supplied/cylinder/s,E1 = = 44.64 kJ
0.35 × 4
Now, energy supplied per cylinder in kJ = E1
N/120
44.64 × 120 5356.8
= = (2)
N N
5356.8
Equating (1) and (2) = 1.19
N
Ans
N ≈ 4500 rpm ⇐=
1.5 A four-stroke, four-cylinder diesel engine running at 2000 rpm develops
60 kW. Brake thermal efficiency is 30% and calorific value of fuel (CV )
32 IC Engines
is 42 MJ/kg. Engine has a bore of 120 mm and stroke of 100 mm. Take
ρa = 1.15 kg/m3 , air-fuel ratio = 15:1 and ηm = 0.8. Calculate (i) fuel
consumption (kg/s); (ii) air consumption (m3 /s); (iii) indicated thermal
efficiency; (iv) volumetric efficiency; (v) brake mean effective pressure
and (vi) mean piston speed
Solution
bp 60
Fuel consumption, ṁf = =
ηbth × CV 0.3 × 42000
Ans
= 4.76 × 10−3 kg/s ⇐=
ṁf A 4.76 × 10−3
Air consumption = = × 15
ρa F 1.15
Ans
= 62.09 × 10−3 m3 / s ⇐=
62.09 × 10−3
Air flow rate/cylinder = = 15.52 × 10−3 m3 /s
4
bp 60
Indicated power = = = 75 kW
ηm 0.8
75
ηith =
4.76 × 10−3 × 42000
Ans
= 0.37515 = 37.51% ⇐=
Volumetric efficiency =
Actual volume flow rate of air
× 100
Volume flow rate of air corresponding to displacement volume
15.52 × 10−3
ηv = × 100
π
4 × 0.122 × 0.10 × 22000
× 60
Ans
= 82.3% ⇐=
Brake mean effective pressure,
bp
pbm =
LAnK
60
= × 103
0.1 × π
4 × 0.122 × 22000
× 60 × 4
2 Ans
= 7.96 × 105 N/m = 7.96 bar ⇐=
2 × 0.1 × 2000 Ans
Mean piston speed = = 6.67 m/s ⇐=
60
Introduction 33
1.6 A single-cylinder, four-stroke hydrogen fuelled spark-ignition engine de-
livers a brake power of 20 kW at 6000 rpm. The air-gas ratio is 8:1
and the calorific value of fuel is 11000 kJ/m3 . The compression ratio is
8:1. If volumetric efficiency is 70%, indicated thermal efficiency is 33%
and the mechanical efficiency is 90%, calculate the cubic capacity of the
engine.
Solution
bp/ηm 20
Energy input = =
ηith 0.8 × 0.33
= 75.76 kJ/s
N 6000
Number of power strokes/s = = = 50
2 × 60 120
75.76
Energy input/power stroke = = 1.52 kJ
50
Actual volume of H2 × CV = 1.52
1.52 × 106
Actual volume of hydrogen taken in = = 138.18 cc
11000
A
Actual volume of air take in = × 138.18 = 8 × 138.18
F
= 1105.44 cc
Actual volume of air taken in
Swept volume, Vs =
ηv
1105.44
= = 1579.2 cc
0.7
Cubic capacity of the engine = Vs × K = 1579.2 × 1
Ans
= 1579.2 cc ⇐=
1.7 Consider two engines with the following details:
Engine I: Four-stroke, four-cylinder, SI engine, indicated power is 40
kW, mean piston speed 10 m/s.
Engine II: Two-stroke, two-cylinder, SI engine, indicated power is 10
kW.
Assume that mean effective pressure of both the engine to be same.
Ratio of bore of the engine I:II = 2:1. Show that the mean piston speed
of engine II is same as that of engine I.
Solution
Pm LAnK
ip =
60000
34 IC Engines
N
n= 2 for four-stroke engine and n = N for two-stroke engine.
Maximum speed, sp = 2LN
s
PmI × AI × pI4 ×4
For engine I: 40 =
60000
spII
PmII × AII × 2 ×2
For engine II: 10 =
60000
40 AI 10
= ×
10 AII spII
2
AI 10 d1
spII = × = × 2.5
AII 4 d2
2
2
= × 2.5 = 10 m/s
1
Ans
spII = spI = 10 m/s ⇐=
1.8 An one-litre cubic capacity, four-stroke, four-cylinder SI engine has a
brake thermal efficiency of 30% and indicated power is 40 kW at full
load. At half load, it has a mechanical efficiency of 65%. Assuming con-
stant mechanical losses, calculate: (i) brake power (ii) frictional power
(iii) mechanical efficiency at full load (iv) indicated thermal efficiency.
If the volume decreases by eight-fold during the compression stroke,
calculate the clearance volume.
Solution
Let the brake power at full load be bp and the frictional power be f p.
bp + f p = 40 kW (1)
At half load, bp = 0.5 × bp at full load
0.5 bp
ηm = 0.65 =
0.5 bp + f p
0.5 bp = 0.65 × (0.5 × bp + f p)
= 0.325 × bp + 0.65 × f p
0.175
fp = × bp = 0.27bp (2)
0.65
40 Ans
Using (2) in (1) bp = = 31.5 kW ⇐=
1.27
Ans
fp = 31.5 × 0.27 = 8.5 kW ⇐=
Introduction 35
31.5 Ans
ηm at full load = = 0.788 = 78.8% ⇐=
40
ηbth 30 Ans
ηith = = × 100 = 38% ⇐=
ηm 78.8
1000
Swept volume/cylinder = = 250 cc
4
V s + Vc Vs
r= = 1+ = 8
Vc Vc
250 Ans
Vc = = 35.71 cc ⇐=
7
1.9 A four-stroke petrol engine at full load delivers 50 kW. It requires 8.5
kW to rotate it without load at the same speed. Find its mechanical
efficiency at full load, half load and quarter load?
Also find out the volume of the fuel consumed per second at full load
if the brake thermal efficiency is 25%, given that calorific value of the
fuel = 42 MJ/kg and specific gravity of petrol is 0.75. Estimate the
indicated thermal efficiency.
Solution
bp
Mechanical efficiency at full load =
bp + f p
50 Ans
= = 0.8547 = 85.47% ⇐=
50 + 8.5
Mechanical efficiency at half load
25 Ans
= = 0.7462 = 74.62% ⇐=
25 + 8.5
Mechanical efficiency at quarter load
12.5 Ans
= = 0.5952 = 59.52% ⇐=
12.5 + 8.5
bp 50
ṁf = =
ηbth × CV 0.25 × 42000
= 4.76 × 10−3 kg/s
4.76 × 10−3 Ans
Volume flow rate of fuel = = 6.34 × 10−6 m3 /s ⇐=
750
Indicated thermal efficiency at full load
ηbth 0.25
ηith = = = 0.2925
ηm 0.8547
Ans
= 29.25% ⇐=
36 IC Engines
1.10 The indicated thermal efficiency of four-stroke engine is 32% and its
mechanical efficiency is 78%. The fuel consumption rate is 20 kg/h
running at a fixed speed. The brake mean pressure developed is 6 bar
and the mean piston speed is 12 m/s. Assuming it to be a single cylinder
square engine, calculate the crank radius and the speed of the engine.
Take CV = 42000 kJ/kg.
Solution
Brake thermal efficiency, ηbth = ηith × ηm = 0.32 × 0.78
= 0.2496 = 24.96%
20
Rate of energy input from fuel = × 42000 = 233.33 kW
3600
Brake power, bp = ηbth × 233.33
= 0.2496 × 233.33 = 58.24 kW
Since it is a square engine, d = L.
bp × 60000
pbm =
LAnK
58.24 × 60000
= π 3 = 6 × 105
4 L × n × 1
L3 n = 7.415 (1)
Note L is in m and N in per minute. Now,
2LN
sp = 12 =
60
LN = 360 (2)
Dividing (1) by (2), gives,
n
L2 = 0.0206
N
For a four-stroke engine n/N = 12 .
√
L = 0.0206 × 2 = 0.203 m
= 203 mm
203
Crank radius = = 101.5 mm
2
360 360
Speed, N = =
L 0.203
Ans
= 1773.4 rpm ⇐=
