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Formula & Short Notes for Strength of Materials
Stress and strain
Stress = Force / Area
Normal stress
Foce
‘Shear stiess
me
Foren
‘Dun sess
‘Normal inward forces
Normal strane = one
A
Show etrece - “ngentislforce 5 _ Fe
‘ores a
ooeP
5 Change in length
Tiitowserain(e ) AL = Change in lemeth
L Initial length
change in norma
Normal Sirain « any
#
Note the volume of the solid Is not changed
by shear strain,
Bulk strain
Normal inward Forces
compress the sod
Since strain 1s mim its dintensioniess,
tangential distacement
‘original normal length
tim = y(rad)
Shea Strain’
Nate 2: the angle isis radians, not degrees.
= (change in volume)
Bulk Strain =
‘original volume Brinell Hardness Number
(BHN)
oe. —__“oaieey
‘Surface Area of Indentation (mm* ),
where D: Diameter of the ball indenter,
aE Diiimehes af therm of ghewger manent impression,
P. Load.
Elastic constants:
Stress _ Elastic(Modilus = 2
Strain
€
where, P = Standard load, D = Diameter of steel ball, and d = Diameter of the indent.
Young's meduitus
0, =0, ando, =o,
Principal Strain
Mohr's Cirde-
“2 z 82
Mohs ec fer plane sess and stra Different stress diagram
STRAIN ENERGY
Energy Methods:
( Formula to calculate the strain energy due to axial loads (tension):
U=f P#/(2AE}dx limit OtoL.
Where, P = Applied tensile load, L= Length of the member, A= Area of the member, and
E = Young'smodulus.
i) Formula to calculate the strain energy due tobending:
M?/(2ENdx limit toL
Where, M = Bending moment due to applied loads, E = Young's modulus, and I = Moment of
inertia,
Formula to calculate the strain energy due totorsion:
U =f T?/(2G)) dx limit 0 toL Where, T= Applied Torsion , G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity, and J = Polar
moment ofinertia
(iv) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pureshear:
U=K J V7/(2GA) dx limit Oto
Where, V=Shearload
G= Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
A= Area of cr
ss section.
K = Constant depends upon shape of cross section.
(v) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear, if shear stress isgiven:
U=t?V/(2G)
Where, t= ShearStress
G= Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
V= Volume of the material.
(vi) Formula to calculate the strain energy, ifthe moment value isgiven:
U = M?L/ (2B)
Where, M = Bending moment
L = Length of the beam
E = Young’smodulus
I = Moment ofinertia
(vii) Formula to calculate the strain energy , if the torsion moment value isgiven:
= T#L/ (2G)
Where, T= AppliedTorsion
L=Length of the beam
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
J =Polar moment of inertia (vill) Formula to calculate the strain energy, if the applied tension load isgiven:
U= PL /( 2AE)
Where,
P = Applied tensile load.
L = Length of the member
A= Area of the member
ES
‘oung's modulus.
(ix) Castigliano’s first theorem:
6=9U/ aP
Where, 6 = Deflection, U= Strain Energy stored, and P = Load
() Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with point load at centre:
8
wi? / 192EI
This defection is % times the deflection of a simply supported beam.
(xi) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with uniformly distributed load:
& =~ wit /384EI
This defection is 5 times the deflection ofa simply supported beam.
(xii) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with eccentric point load:
80 = watb?/3 LIP
Stresses due to
Gradual Loading:-
mil
o= Ey
© Sudden Loading:- © Impact Loading:-
_P 2AEh
on F(t4 f+ PL )
PL
If Og =e
Rada ty(An) +h An
Uf h ta very small then A .f2hA,,
Deflection,
‘Thermal Stresses:~
When bar isnot totally free to expand and can be expand free by
goat 25
o=
L
‘Temperature Stresses in Taper Bars:-
Suess = aLaT =e
~ Hdd EB
Tempertaure Stresses in Composite Bars
origin
8 = 81 + y+
Bese yaw
ia elay= as
AL Cala eee) “Pas boexpand 3a
1
po = Aten WY.
«the final position
1
Hooke's Law (Linear elasticity):
Hooke's Law stated that within elastic limit, the linear relationship between simple
stress and strain for a bar is expressed by equations. Where, E = Young's modulus of elasticity
P= Applied load across a cross-sectional area
Al = Change in length
Original length
Poisson's Ratio:
4 "Tensile bad
t
Lateral Stain
Poisson Ratio = —————
Linear Stain
Volumetric Strain:
Change in Volume(5v)
Volumetric Strain = 55
Futher Volumetric strain =e, * ¢, *e,
(+07 +03) 201 +02 +5)
hencethe
nO =a
Volumetric strait
E Relationship between E, G, K and pi:
© Modulus of rigi
shear stress 1
Shear stress
Modulus of rigidity, =
© Bulk modulus:-
x ~ Volumetric stress
Volumetric strain
gp _ yar
& “dW va
v
‘Negative sign shows decrease in volume.
© Shear
E =2G(1 +n) = 3K(1 - 2n) Stress
E 9OKG in
“GF 3K Retiang
3K — 2G ular
A GK Beam
Compound Stresses
* Equation of Pure Bending
&.
y
Section Modulus
© Shearing Stress
Fr w= VAY
Where, 2
V = Shearing force
A¥=First moment of area
Tm = oe
Tmax = 1-5tavg * Shear Stress Circular Beam
4v_4
Tet == = Tay
3A
Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus
Tabie 11.2.1
‘Type of section Moment ot inertia | Ypax| Stops
2
2
=
2
a «wt a
§ | rape)
>’ at ~ by
2 yo Le? ne )
4 | z= D8
5 eres
3 aye
g htaze
y= Zora
a“
sig
maf od
2 12
hye
2
ca
1
tam GOP odd)
| Tangle
& Direct Stress
where P = axial thrust, A = area of cross-section
Bending Stress one
where M = bending moment, y- distance of fibre from neutral axis, I=
moment of inertia.
Torsional Shear Stress ©: o
where T = torque, r= radius of shaft, J = polar moment of inertia.
Equivalent Torsional Moment Vi FT™
Equivalent Bending Moment M+ViP FT
Support: Supports are tsed to provide Suitable reactions (Resisting f@rce)to beams or any
body. Following types of supports are used
. Simple support
Roller support
3. Hinged (Pin) support
Fixed support
—
i=—=
; Re Types of Beams
1. Simply supported beams
2, Over hanging beam
4A ¢ 8
3. Cantilever beams
A ai
——
4, Continuous beams
Types of Loads
1. Point load
-
2, UniforiitVedistributed load (UDL)
We
feta}
‘Value of UDL = w * L KN point of application =» midpoint of AB
13.) Uniformly varying load (UVL)
es
4
iZ.al
Value of UVL =! » W « LIK pdit6f application = CG of triangle formed
Pind Shea
a 3 3
Shear forceaiid Bending Moment Relation = —M 0 oO Constant
fmt |
Constant | Constant Linear
Shear | ms | om |
Load
Linear Linear | Parabolic
Moment
Ss op |
0 Constant | Linear
Constant | Linear —§ Parabolic
Shear =, ~~ ~~
| Linoar Parabolic | Cubic
Buler’s Buckling Load
EL
Pesitical = —
equ
For both end hinged lequs=
For one end fixed and other free lequs= 20
For both end fixed legui= 1/2
For one end fixed and other hinged lequ= I/VZ
Slenderness Ratio (2)
Lg = Effective length
Tmnin= V(mind A)
Thin = Least radius of gyration Rankine’s Formula for Columns
=
Py
1
F,
‘+ Pr=Crippling load by Rankine’s formula
© Pes=6cs A = Ultimate crushing load for column
Deflection in different Beams
BEAM BENDING
Crippling load obtained by Euler's formula
‘T= overall Fengih
3¢= load per unit length
W~ point load, M= moment
Max Deflection
Max bending
A ¥ kee >B
@ ’
aSb, en V5bL +a)
(under load)
Torsion
= Torque,
Modulus of rigidity,
lar moment of inertia Total angle of twist
+ GJ=Torsional rigidity
« L=rorsional stiffness
+ 5 = Torsional A
a
EA
+ SH Axial stiffness
i
+ Gq7 Axial flexibility
Moment of Inertia About polar Axis
‘+ Moment of Inertia About polar Axis
get, aT
ga a
For hollowcireular shaft
x
J==@-d
qh -4)
Compound Shaft
© Series connection
Where,
81 = Angular deformation of 1* shaft Te
62= Angular deformation of 2™ shaft
Parallel Connection Strain Energy in Torsion
For solid shaft,
For hollow shaft,
_7f P+é
U x pe x Volume of shaft
Thin Cylinder
Circumferential Stress /Hoop Stress
Longitudinal Stress
© Hoop Strain
+ Longitudinal Strain
+ Ratio of Hoop Strain to Longitudinal Strain
ey = 2S (5-4u) Stresses in Thin Spherical Shell
+ Hoop stress/longitudinal stress
+ Volumetric strain of sphere
am! Gy
ge Ha-»
Thickness ratio of Cylindrical Shell with Hemisphere Ends
Where v=!
oisson Ratio
