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Strength of
Material
(Formula & Short Notes)
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Stress and strain
Stress = Force / Area
L Change in length
Tension strain(e ) = =
L Initial length
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Brinell Hardness Number
(BHN)
Elastic constants:
where, P = Standard load, D = Diameter of steel ball, and d = Diameter of the indent.
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Axial Elongation of Bar Prismatic Bar Due to External Load
𝑷𝑳
∆=
𝑨𝑬
Elongation of Prismatic Bar Due to Self Weight
𝑷𝑳 𝜸𝑳𝟐
∆= =
𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝑬
Where 𝛾 is specific weight
Elongation of Tapered Bar
• Circular Tapered
𝟒𝑷𝑳
∆=
𝝅𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑬
• Rectangular Tapered
𝐵
𝑃𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (𝐵2 )
1
∆=
𝐸. 𝑡(𝐵2 − 𝐵1 )
Stress Induced by Axial Stress and Simple Shear
• Normal stress
• Tangential stress
Principal Stresses and Principal Planes
• Major principal stress
• Major principal stress
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Principal Strain
Mohr’s Circle-
STRAIN ENERGY
Energy Methods:
(i) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to axial loads (tension):
U = ∫ P ² / ( 2AE)dx limit 0 toL
Where, P = Applied tensile load, L = Length of the member , A = Area of the member, and
E = Young’smodulus.
(ii) Formula to calculate the strain energy due tobending:
U = ∫ M ² / ( 2EI) dx limit 0 toL
Where, M = Bending moment due to applied loads, E = Young’s modulus, and I = Moment of
inertia.
(iii) Formula to calculate the strain energy due totorsion:
U = ∫ T ² / ( 2GJ) dx limit 0 toL
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Where, T = Applied Torsion , G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity, and J = Polar
moment ofinertia
(iv) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pureshear:
U =K ∫ V ² / ( 2GA) dx limit 0 to L
Where, V= Shearload
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
A = Area of cross section.
K = Constant depends upon shape of cross section.
(v) Formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear, if shear stress isgiven:
U = τ ² V / ( 2G )
Where, τ = ShearStress
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
V = Volume of the material.
(vi) Formula to calculate the strain energy , if the moment value isgiven:
U = M ² L / (2EI)
Where, M = Bending moment
L = Length of the beam
E = Young’smodulus
I = Moment ofinertia
(vii) Formula to calculate the strain energy , if the torsion moment value isgiven:
U= T ²L / ( 2GJ)
Where, T = AppliedTorsion
L = Length of the beam
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
J = Polar moment of inertia
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(viii) Formula to calculate the strain energy, if the applied tension load isgiven:
U = P²L / ( 2AE )
Where,
P = Applied tensile load.
L = Length of the member
A = Area of the member
E = Young’s modulus.
(ix) Castigliano’s first theorem:
δ = Ә U/ Ә P
Where, δ = Deflection, U= Strain Energy stored, and P = Load
(x) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with point load at centre:
= - wl3 / 192EI
This defection is ¼ times the deflection of a simply supported beam.
(xi) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with uniformly distributed load:
= - wl4 / 384EI
This defection is 5 times the deflection of a simply supported beam.
(xii) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with eccentric point load:
= - wa3b3 / 3 EIl3
Stresses due to
• Gradual Loading:-
• Sudden Loading:-
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• Impact Loading:-
Deflection,
Thermal Stresses:-
∆𝐋 = 𝛂𝐋∆𝐓
𝛔 = 𝛂𝐄∆𝐓
When bar is not totally free to expand and can be expand free by “a”
𝐚𝐄
𝛔 = 𝐄𝛂∆𝐓 −
𝐋
Temperature Stresses in Taper Bars:-
𝟒𝐏𝐋
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝛂𝐋∆𝐓 =
𝛑𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐 𝐄
Tempertaure Stresses in Composite Bars
Hooke's Law (Linear elasticity):
Hooke's Law stated that within elastic limit, the linear relationship between simple
stress and strain for a bar is expressed by equations.
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,
=E
𝑃 ∆𝐿
=𝐸
𝐴 𝐿
Where, E = Young's modulus of elasticity
P = Applied load across a cross-sectional area
l = Change in length
l = Original length
Poisson’s Ratio:
Volumetric Strain:
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Relationship between E, G, K and µ:
• Modulus of rigidity:-
• Bulk modulus:-
• Shear
𝐸 = 2𝐺(1 + 𝜇) = 3𝐾(1 − 2𝜇) Stress
9𝐾𝐺 in
𝐸= Rectang
𝐺 + 3𝐾
3𝐾 − 2𝐺 ular
𝜇= Beam
𝐺 + 3𝐾
Compound Stresses
• Equation of Pure Bending
• Section Modulus
• Shearing Stress
Where,
V = Shearing force
𝐴𝑦̅=First moment of area
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• Shear Stress Circular Beam
Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus
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• Direct Stress
𝑷
𝝈=
𝑨
where P = axial thrust, A = area of cross-section
𝑴𝒚
• Bending Stress 𝝈𝒃 =
𝑰
where M = bending moment, y- distance of fibre from neutral axis, I =
moment of inertia.
𝑻𝒓
• Torsional Shear Stress 𝝉=
𝑱
where T = torque, r = radius of shaft, J = polar moment of inertia.
Equivalent Torsional Moment √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
Equivalent Bending Moment 𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
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𝑑𝑉
Shear force and Bending Moment Relation = −𝑀
𝑑𝑥
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Euler’s Buckling Load
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 =
𝒍𝟐𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊
For both end hinged 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = l
For one end fixed and other free 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = 2l
For both end fixed 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = l/2
For one end fixed and other hinged 𝒍𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊 = l/√𝟐
Slenderness Ratio ( λ)
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Rankine’s Formula for Columns
• PR = Crippling load by Rankine’s formula
• Pcs = σcs A = Ultimate crushing load for column
• Crippling load obtained by Euler’s formula
Deflection in different Beams
Torsion
Where, T = Torque,
• J = Polar moment of inertia
• G = Modulus of rigidity,
• θ = Angle of twist
• L = Length of shaft,
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Total angle of twist
• GJ = Torsional rigidity
𝐺𝐽
• = Torsional stiffness
𝑙
𝑙
• = Torsional flexibility
𝐺𝐽
𝐸𝐴
• = Axial stiffness
𝑙
𝑙
• = Axial flexibility
𝐸𝐴
Moment of Inertia About polar Axis
• Moment of Inertia About polar Axis
• For hollow circular shaft
Compound Shaft
• Series connection
Where,
θ1 = Angular deformation of 1st shaft
θ2 = Angular deformation of 2nd shaft
• Parallel Connection
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Strain Energy in Torsion
For solid shaft,
For hollow shaft,
Thin Cylinder
• Circumferential Stress /Hoop Stress
η = Efficiency of joint
• Longitudinal Stress
• Hoop Strain
• Longitudinal Strain
• Ratio of Hoop Strain to Longitudinal Strain
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Stresses in Thin Spherical Shell
• Hoop stress/longitudinal stress
• Hoop stress/longitudinal strain
• Volumetric strain of sphere
Thickness ratio of Cylindrical Shell with Hemisphere Ends
Where v=Poisson Ratio
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