MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Student Objectives
* State how muscles move
* Diff. betw antagonistic & synergistic musc
* Define muscle tone
* Diff. betw. isotonic & isometric exercise
* Define muscle sense
* Name energy sources for musc contraction
* State equation for cell respiration
* Explain importance hemoglobin, myoglobin,
oxygen debt, & lactic acid.
 Student Objectives, cont.

* Describe neuromuscular junction

* Describe structure of sarcomere
* Explain in terms of ions & charges:
polarization, depolarization, repolarization
* Describe sliding filament mechanism of
muscle contraction.
* Describe body’s responce to exercise
* Learn major muscles of body & their fx
 Muscular System

• > 600 muscles in human body

• Most muscles attached to bones
by tendons, but a few muscles
attached to undersurface of skin.
• Primary fx muscular system is to move
skeleton
• muscle contractions:
➢ req’d for movement
➢ also produce heat, which helps maint
constant body temp
 Muscular System
Is directly dependent on following
systems to function:
1.Nervous syst: causes Contractions
2.Skeletal syst: needs sturdy structure to contract
on to cause Movement
3.Respiratory syst: needs O2 to generate massive
amts ATP to allow contraction
 3 Types Muscle
• Skeletal (main topic of this lecture)
• Smooth
• Cardiac
 Skeletal Muscle Structure
• All muscle cells are specialized to contract
• When Skeletal musc cells contract, they
shorten & pull a bone to produce
movement
 Muscle Structure

•Each Skeletal muscle is made of

1000’s of indiv musc cells, also called:
Myocytes or muscle FIBERs
 Muscles & Tendons
• Muscles anchored to bones by tendons
• Most tendons rope-like, but some
are flat; a flat tendon is called an
Aponeurosis
 Tendons
•Tendons made of Fibrous CT, which is:
➢ very strong
➢ merges c fascia (fibrous CT) that covers
muscle, or
➢ merges c periosteum (fibrous CT)
membrane that covers bones
 Muscles & Tendons, cont.
• A muscle usually has least 2 tendons,
each attached to a different bone
• the more immobile or stationary
attachment of muscle is its origin
• the more movable attachment is called
insertion
 Muscles & Tendons, cont.
Muscle crosses jt of 2 bones attached to, &
when musc contracts it pulls on its insertion to
move bone in spec direction.
• muscles can only pull, ie get shorter when
contract
• muscles cannot push, because as they
relax exert no force
 MUSCLE ARRANGEMENTS
• Muscles arranged around skeleton so cause
2 general types movement:
• muscles are referred to as:
➢ cooperative synergists (work together)
➢ opposing antagonists
• refers to Antagonistic
muscles that Muscles
have opposing
or opposite fx’s, ex:
Biceps Brachii & Triceps Brachii
• need antagonistic muscle pairs because
Muscles can only pull a bone in
1 direction
(when it contracts)
 Antagonistic Muscles
Biceps Brachii:
• front of upper arm
• origin: 2 tendons
(hense biceps) on
scapula
• insertion: radius
• action: flexes forearm, ie
bends elbow.
It can
not straighten elbow;
another muscle Triceps Brachii) is needed
 Antagonistic Muscles, cont
Triceps Brachii:
• back of upper arm
• origins (prefix 3 means has 3 of them)
on scapula (1) & humerus (2)
• insertion: ulna
• action: pulls, it
extends forearm,
ie it straightens
elbow.
 Synergistic Muscles
• =‘s muscles c same fx, or work together to
perform particular fx. ex:

3 Forarm Flexors:
• Biceps Brachii
• Brachioradialis:
origin humerus
insertion radius
• Brachialis
 Synergistic Muscles, cont
Why need 3 muscles to perform same fx?
Ans: cause need great mobility of hand
• if hand palm ant - biceps do most work
of flexing elbow, ie prime mover
• if hand palm facing post - brachioradialis
is in position to be prime mover
 Synergistic Muscles
Getting Chin above Bar: is much easier c
palms facing toward you. / away from you.
This is because?:
Biceps is larger, & usually much
stronger muscle than is brachioradialis

CHINUP PULLUP
 ROLE of BRAIN
• Even our simplest movements req’s interaction
of many muscles; this depends on brain for
coordination
• nerve impulses for movement come from
frontal lobes of cerebrum
(largest part of brain)
 ROLE of BRAIN, cont
• MOTOR Areas of frontal lobes generate
electrochemical impulses that travel along motor
nerves to muscle fibers, causing muscle fibers to
contract
•For movement to be
effective, some
muscles must contract
while others relax.
 ROLE OF BRAIN, cont
• When walking, antagonistic musc’ on ft & bk
thigh or lower leg will alternate contracting &
relaxatiing so steps smooth & efficient.
•This is called Coordination, & we do not have to
think about making it happen.
• Coordination takes place below the level of
conscious thought & is regulated by Cerebellum,
loc’d below occipital lobes of cerebrum.
 MUSCLE TONE
• Except during certain stages of sleep, most of our
muscles are in a state of slight contraction; this is
what is known as muscle tone
• ex: When sitting upright, tone of neck muscles
keeps your head up
• tone helps us maint upright posture
 MUSCLE TONE, cont
•For musc to remain slightly contracted, only few
of muscle fibers in that muscle must contract.
Alternate fibers contract so that muscle as a
whole does not become fatigued.
• This contraction of alternate fibers, muscle tone,
is regulated by cerebellum
 MUSCLE TONE, cont

• Muscle fibers need energy of ATP to contract

• When they produce ATP during cell respiration,
musc fibers also produce heat
• heat generated by norm muscle tone is
~ 25% of total body heat at rest
• During exercise, heat production incr’s sig’ly
• Waste product: CO2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

+ Heat
 EXERCISE
• 2 types of exercise:
Isotonic & Isometric
 ISOTONIC EXERCISE
• muscles contract & cause movement
• ex’s: jogging, swimming, & weight lifting
• isotonic exercise improves muscle tone, muscle
strength, & if done repetitively
against great resistance (as in weight lifting),
muscle size
 ISOTONIC EXERCISE, cont.
• also improves cardiovascular & respiratory
efficiency
• if done for > 30 minutes, such exercise
is called Aerobic, because it
strengthens heart & respiratory muscles as
well as muscles attached to skeleton
 ISOTONIC EXERCISE, cont.

2 kinds: Concentric & Eccentric

Concentric Contraction:
• is the shortening of muscle as it exerts force
Eccentric Contraction:
• is the lengthening of muscle as it still exerts force
 ISOMETRIC EXERCISE
• involves contraction s movement.
• if you put your palms together & push one
hand against other, you feel your arm
muscles contracting. If both hands push
equally, no movement; this is isometric
contraction.
 ISOMETRIC EXERCISE, cont.
• such exercises incr muscle tone & strength but
are not considered aerobic
• in isotonic contractions the body is moving, so
brain receives sensory info about movement &
responds c reflexes that incr
HR&RR
• in isometric contractions, no movement so
brain not get this sensory info, & HR & RR
do not incr as much as do during an equally
strenuous isotonic exercise.
 Muscle Sense = Proprioception
• When you walk up flight of stairs, you don’t
have to look at your feet to be sure each
will get to next step
• is due to our Muscle sense (proprioception),
which is the brain's ability to know where our
muscles are & what they are doing, s
having to look at them & be aware of them
 Muscle Sense & Receptors
• within muscles are receptors called
stretch receptors, aka proprioceptors, aka muscle
spindles
➢ fx stretch receptors is to detect changes in
length of muscle as it is stretched
 Muscle Sense & Receptors, cont.
• as musc fibers are streched, strech receptors
on musc fibers are stimulated,
• stretch receptors in musc, fire sending signals
to sensory part of brain a map/mental picture
of how body is positioned,
ie where all the musc’s are,
is created in brain
 Muscle Sense & Receptors, cont.
• sensory impulses generated by musc
receptors are interpreted by brain as a
mental "picture" of where the muscle is.
• we can be aware of muscle sense if we
choose to think about it, but usually we can
safely take it for
granted (ie don’t think about it)
 MUSCLE SENSE cont.
Impulses for muscle sense are integrated in:
• Parietal Lobes of Cerebrum (conscious
muscle sense), vs in
• Cerebellum (unconscious muscle sense)
• Impulses are used to in Coordination
 ENERGY SOURCES for MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• The direct (1st) source of Energy for muscle
contraction is ATP
• ATP, however, is not stored in large amts in
muscle fibers & is depleted in a few seconds
 ENERGY SOURCES Musc. CONTRACTION, cont
The 2ndary E sources are:
Creatine Phosphate (2nd Source)
& Glycogen (3rd Source)
 Creatine PHOSPHATE
• is like ATP, an E-transferring molecule
• is broken down by enz’s to:
➢ creatine, phosphate, & Energy
➢ energy released used to syn more ATP
➢ most of creatine formed re-used to resyn
Creatine Phosphate, but some is converted to
Creatinine, (nitrogenous waste product
excreted by kidneys)
 GLYCOGEN
• most abundant Energy source in muscle fibers
is Glycogen
• When needed to provide energy
for sustained contractions (more than few
seconds), glycogen is 1st broken down
into glucose
➢ Glucose then further broken down via cell
respiration to make ATP (used by musc
fibers to cont to contract)
 ENERGY SOURCES for MUSCLE CONTRACTION

What is needed to release energy from glucose?

Oxygen
If oxygen is present, cell respiration is:
Aerobic
 OXYGEN SOURCES for MUSCLE CONTRACTION
2 sources of Oxygen for musc:
• blood delivers supply of oxygen from lungs
on Hemoglobin in RBCs
• c in muscle fibers themselves is another
protein called Myoglobin, which stores
some oxygen

Myoglobin Hemoglobin
 OXYGEN SOURCES for MUSC CONTR, cont
Both Hemoglobin & Myoglobin contain the mineral
Iron, which enables them to bind oxygen.
• Iron also makes both molecules red:
• iron in Hemoglobin makes blood red
• iron in Myoglobin gives muscle tissue red
or dark color
 OXYGEN DEBT
During strenuous exercise, oxygen stored in
myoglobin quickly used up, & circulation
may
not deliver oxygen fast enough to allow
completion of aerobic cell respiration
• Even though Resp Rate incr’s,
muscle fibers run out of oxygen, causing Oxygen
Debt
 OXYGEN DEBT
• once oxygen used up in muscles (such as
when exercise), glucose can’t be completely
broken down into CO2 & H2O
• if oxygen not present cell respiration process
becomes anaerobic, & glucose is converted to
Lactic Acid
➢ Lactic acid lowers pH of intracellular fluid &
causes muscle fatigue
& pain
 During MUSCLE FATIGUE
• muscle fibers can’t contract efficiently
• contraction may become painful
• Lactic acid from muscles enters blood &
circulates to liver, where it is removed by
being is converted to
Pyruvic Acid (3 C carbohydrate) that can
later be used for energy
 MUSCLE FATIGUE, cont.

• conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid req’s ATP &

oxygen needed to produce the ATP in liver (which
takes time)
• This is why, after strenuous exercise, the RR & HR
remain high for a time & only gradually return
to norm. Another name for this state is
Recovery Oxygen Uptake
(during this oxygen re-uptake,
have faster & deeper RR)
MUSCLE - CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 MUSCLE - CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• skeletal musc resp for voluntary movement
• skel musc made up of fibers c
CT wrapppings:
Epimysium – surrounds entire muscle
Perimysium – surrounds fasicles
Endomysium – surrounds fibers (cells)
 EPIMYSIUM
• dense fibrous CT wrapping surrounding
entire muscle
• at ends of musc, it is continuous c tendons
 PERIMYSIUM
• thin projections of CT extending from
epimysium into muscle to surround
Fasicles:
➢bundles of muscle fibers (cells)
 ENDOMYSIUM
• loose CT c in each Fasicle that surrounds
individual cells (fibers)
 MUSCLE FIBER = MUSCLE CELL
• consists of single, elongated cell
• surrounded by plasma mem called
Sarcolemma
• each fiber (cell) contains multiple nuclei,
which are fd just beneath sarcolemma
 MYOFIBRILS
• threadlike structures extend length of musc
cell & fill cell interior
• composed of 2 protein Myofilaments:
➢ Actin aka Thin myofilament
➢ Myosin aka Thick myofilament
 MYOFILAMENTS
• Actin & Myosin organized in orderly
contractile unit called Sarcomere
• sliding of filaments shortens sarcomere
• millions of sarcomeres shorten c in musc to
cause contraction
SKELETAL MUSCLE HISTOLOGY Video
(Muscle 1 – Skeletal Muscle Video)
 MUSCLE FIBERS (CELLS) STRUCTURE
• muscle cells are cylindrical in shape
• there are 1000s of musc cells in 1 muscle
• Each muscle fiber (ie cell) has its own motor nerve
ending at the Neuromuscular Junction
 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• is where motor neuron terminates on muscle
fiber
• Axon Terminal is enlarged tip of motor neuron
➢ it contains sacs of neurotransmitter the
Acetylcholine (Ach)
which are released when impulse
arrives
 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, cont
• cell membrane of muscle fiber (cell) is
Sarcolemma,
which contains receptor sites for ACH & an
inactivator called Cholinesterase
• The Synapse (or Synaptic Cleft) is small space
betw Axon Terminal & Sarcolemma
 SARCOMERES

• c in muscle fiber (cell) are 1000’s indiv

contracting units called Sarcomeres, which
are arranged end to end in cylinders called
Myofibrils
 SARCOMERE STRUCTURE
• Z lines = end boundaries of sarcomere
• Thick filaments made mainly of protein Myosin
are in center of sarcomere
• Thin filaments contain protein Actin are at
ends, attached to Z lines
• Myosin filaments are in middle but also
anchored to Z lines by protein Titin
 CROSSING ZONES – create Banding Pattern
• “A” Band is Dark Zone & contains
both Thick & Thin Myofilaments
• “I” Band is Light Zone & contains
only Thin Myofilaments
• “H” Zone contains
only
Thick
Myofilaments
 SARCOMERE STRUCTURE, cont

• Myosin & Actin are contractile proteins of a

muscle fiber (cell)
• Also present are 2 inhibitory proteins,
Troponin & Tropomyosin, which are
part of thin filaments & prevent sliding of
actin & myosin when muscle fiber is relaxed
 SARCOMERE STRUCTURE, cont
• Surrounding sarcomeres is Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum, ie Endoplasmic Reticulum of
muscle cells
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is reservoir for Calcium
ions (Ca+2), which are essential for contraction
process.
 MUSCLE FIBER CONTRACTION
• contraction begins when nerve impulse arrives
at axon terminal & stimulates release of ACH
• ACH generates electrical changes (movement
ions) at sarcolemma
• These electrical changes initiate
Sliding Filament Mechanism of muscle
contraction
 CROSSING ZONES & OVERLAP ZONES
•Zone of Overlap: where Thick &
Thin Myofilaments overlap inside “A” Band.
- gets Longer during Contraction,
while Sarcomere shortens
 SARCOLEMA - POLARIZATION
• when muscle fiber relaxed, sarcolemma (cell mem)
is polarized (has a resting potential), which refers to
difference in electrical charges between the outside
& inside of Cell Mem.
• During polarization, outside sarcolemma has
positive charge relative to inside, which has
negative charge
• Sodium ions (Na+) are more abundant outside
cell, & potassium ions (K+) are more
abundant inside the cell, &
[ Na+] outside > [ K+] inside
 SARCOLEMA-POLARIZATION, cont
• Na+ ions outside tend to diffuse into cell, &
sodium pump transfers them back out
• K+ ions inside tend to diffuse outside, &
potassium pump returns them inside
• Both pumps are Active Transport mechanisms,
which req’s ATP
 SARCOLEMA-POLARIZATION, cont
• Muscle fibers use ATP to maintain high [ ] Na+
ions outside cell & high [ ] K+ inside
• The pumps, therefore, maintain polarization
& relaxation until nerve impulse stimulates a
change
 SARCOLEMA - DEPOLARIZATION
• when nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal,
it causes release of ACH, which diffuses
across synapse & bonds to ACH
Receptors on sarcolemma
• by doing so, ACH makes sarcolemma very
permeable to Na+ ions, which rush into cell
• this makes inside of cell mem positive relative to
outside, which is now considered negative
• this reversal of charges is called Depolarization
 DEPOLARIZATION

• generates electrical impulse (called Action

Potential), which spreads along entire
sarcolemma of muscle fiber (cell)
 DEPOLARIZATION, cont
Sarcolemma has inward folds called T tubules
(transverse tubules), which carry action potential to
interior of muscle cell
• Depolarization initiates changes c-in cell that
causes contraction
 REPOLARIZATION
• contraction is followed by Repolarization
• Repolarization involves outflow of K+ ions
that restores positive charge to outside of
sarcolemma, but
problem now: Lots K+ outside & Na+ inside
 Na/K Pump restores
resting Potential,
returning Na to outside &
K to inside in 3/2 ratio
Table 7-1: Sarcolemma – Electrical Changes
State or Event Description
Polorization * Sarcolemma has (+) charge outside & (-) charge inside
* Na+ ions are more abundant outside the cell; as they
diffuse inward, the sodium pump returns them outside.
* K+ ions are more abundant inside cell; as they diffuse
out, the potassium pump returns them inside.

Action Potential
Depolorization * ACH makes sarcolemma very permeable to Na+ ions, which rush into cell
* Reversal of charges on the sarcolemma: now (-) outside & (+) inside
* The reversal of charges spreads along entire sarcolemma (cell mem)
* Cholinesterase at sarcolemma inactivates ACH.

Repolorization * Sarcolemma becomes very permeable to K+ ions, which rush out of cell
* Restoration of charges on the sarcolemma: (+) outside & (-) inside
* The sodium and potassium pumps return Na+ ions back to outside
& K+ ions inside
* The muscle fiber is now able to respond to ACH released by
another nerve impulse arriving at axon terminal.
 CONTRACTION Overview
• nerve impulse causes depolarization of musc
fiber, & this elect change causes myosin
filaments to pull actin filaments toward
center of sarcomere, shortening sarcomere
• All of sarcomeres shorten & muscle fiber
contracts
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS

1. Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal;

ACH is released & diffuses across
synapse to sarcolemma.
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS
2. ACH bonds to ACH receptors & makes
sarcolemma more permeable to Na+ ions,
which rush into the cell (Depolarization)
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS
3. Sarcolemma Depolarizes, becoming (-)
outside & (+) inside.
T tubules brings
reversal of charges
(Act. Pot.) to
interior of
muscle cell.
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS

4. Depolarization going down T-Tubule stim’s

release of Ca+2 ions from sarcoplasmic
reticulum. Ca+2 ions bond to
troponin-tropomyosin complex, which shifts
it away from actin filaments, exposing
binding sites for myosin
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS
5. Myosin heads have ADP & Pi (inorganic)
sitting on ATPase Site (from previous cycle
of movement).
When binding site is exposed on Actin,
Myosin Head attaches to Actin forming
Cross Bridge & pulls
on Actin
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS

6. The ADP + Pi complex (also high Energy) are

released from Myosin Head, transfering
stored E to Myosin Head, which swivals &
pulls Actin fibers toward center of sarcomere,
making sarcomere shorten, ie
Actin Myofilament slides past Myosin
Myofilament
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS
7. Myosin must pick up new ATP to Release
Cross Bridge; this puts Myosin Hd back in a
Low-Energy Configuration

IF No ATP, cross bridges not broken – ex: Rigor Mortis

 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS
8. Mysosin is in low energy state with ATP
attached. ATP is next Hydrolysed into
ADP & Pi
putting Myosin hd back into high E State
This Hydrolysis of ATP req’s an Enz & actually
Myosin Head also serves as this enzyme to break
down ATP.

myosin
ATP --------------------> ADP + Pi
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS

9. As long as Ca+2 is present in cytoplasm,

cycle will keep repeating
(High E Myosin Head will bind to Actin) &
sarcomere shortens further
or remains shortened
 Muscle Contraction
All of sarcomeres in muscle fiber (cell) must
shorten for entire muscle fiber to contracts
• thus Sarcomeres are the Units of Contraction
in Muscle
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS, cont
10. Sarcolemma repolarizes as K+ ions leave cell,
restoring a (+) charge outside and (-) charge inside.
The pumps then return Na+ ions outside & K+ ions
inside.

11. Cholinesterase in sarcolemma inactivates ACH

 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM STEPS

12. Subsequent nerve impulses will prolong

contraction (more ACH is released).
13. When there are no further impulses, muscle
fiber will relax & return to its original length,
because Ca+2 is quickly taken back up by
sarcoplasmic reticulum & cycle ends as binding
site on Actin is blocked.
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM, cont.

• Steps 1 - 13 of this sequence describe

a single muscle fiber contraction
(called a twitch) in response to a single
nerve impulse.
• Because all of this takes place in less than a second,
useful movements would not be possible if muscle
fibers relaxed immediately after contracting.
 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM, cont.
• Norm’ly, however, nerve impulses arrive in
continuous stream & musc has no chance to
relax, produces a sustained contraction called
a Tetanus, (normal state, not to be confused
c disease Tetanus).
• When in tetanus, muscle fibers remain contracted
& are capable of effective movements.
EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING – (Muscle
2) Video
CROSS BRIDGE CYCLE – (Muscle 3) Video
SLIDING FILAMENT – (Muscle 4) Video
 AGING & MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• With age, muscle cells die & are replaced by
Fibrous CT or by fat.
• musc’s become slower to contract & their
max. strength decreases
• Regular exercise delays atrophy of mus’s
• Such exercise also benefits cardiovascular,
resp & skel systems
 AGING & MUSCULAR SYSTEM, cont.
• loss of musc fibers also causes loss of
proprioception, as brain gets less info about
where & how body is positioned
• loss of muscle sense contributes to
unsteadiness in elderly, which may lead to
falls
• exercise also benefits sensation. The more that
muscles are exercised, the more brain keeps track of
them.
MUSCLE – GROSS ANATOMY
& Movement Descriptions
 Action Definitions of Muscle Movement

Flexion = Decrease angle of a joint

Extension = Increase angle of a joint
 Action Definitions of Muscle Movement, cont.

ADduction Move closer to midline

ABduction Move away from midline
Action Definitions of Muscle Movement, cont.

Pronation Turn palm down

Supination Turn palm up
 Action Definitions of Muscle Movement, cont.

Dorsiflexion Elevate foot

Plantar flexion Lower foot (point toes)
 Action Definitions of Muscle Movement, cont.

Inversion - Move sole of foot up medially at ankle

Eversion - Move sole of foot up Laterally at ankle
 Action Definitions of Muscle Movement, cont.

Rotation - To move a bone around its

longitudinal axis
ACTIONS OF MUSCLES
Naming Skeletal Muscles is Based on:
• Direction of Muscle Fibers
• Relative size
• Location of muscle itself
• Number Origins: ex:
• Location muscle's Origin &
Insertion
• Shape of muscle
• Action of muscle
Naming Musc. based on: Fiber Direction
Ex’s:
• Rectus (means straight): - musc fibers run
parallel to axis, ex: Rectus Abdominis
• Transverse: fibers run at Right Angles to axis
• Oblique: fibers run at an off angle to axis
Naming Muscle based on: Relative Size
Terms include:
• Maximus (largest), ex: Gluteus Maximus
• Minimus (smallest), ex: Gluteus Minimus
• Longus (long)
• Brevis (short)
 Naming Muscle based on: Location
Location: some musc’s named after bone assoc’d
c, ex: Temporalis Muscle overlies Temporal
Bone
 Naming Muscle based on: # Origins
Biceps Triceps Quadriceps
2 origins 3 origins 4 origins
Naming Musc based on: Loc Origin & Insertion
Sternocleidomastoid muscle:
• origin: Sternum (sterno) & Clavicle (cleido)
• insertion: Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone
 Naming Muscle based on: Shape
Deltoid Muscle
• roughly triangular (deltoid = triangle)
Trapezius Muscle
• resembles a trapezoid
 Naming Muscle based on: Action
ex’s:
• ADductor Musc’s of Anterior Thigh cause
Adduction
• Extensor Musc’s of Wrist cause Wrist
Extension
 MUSCLES OF HEAD & NECK
3 general gps of muscles fd in head & neck:
1. Musc’s that move head or neck
2. Musc’s of facial expression
3. Muscles for chewing
 MUSCLES OF HEAD & NECK

Sternocleidomastoids
– flexion neck (bends neck forward)
- anchored to skull / clavicle & sternum
 MUSCLES OF HEAD & NECK

Splenius Capitis muscles

- extends neck
- anchored to skull / vertebrae
 MUSCLES OF FACE

Masseter imp chewing muscle that raises

mandible (closes jaw)
Zygomaticus: pulls angle mouth up, causing smile
• Musc’s for
smiling or
frowning or
raising our
eyebrows
anchored to
bones of hd or
just to
undersurface
of skin of face
 MUSCLES OF TRUNK
• some form wall of trunk & bend trunk,
ex: Rectus Abdominis – flexes trunk
(ie flexes (bends) vertebral column forward)
Erector spinae (aka Sacrospinalis) gp
– extends trunk (bends backward)
 MUSCLES OF TRUNK, cont
Trapezius
– bilat musc’s form shape of a trapezoid
- large muscle that can raise (shrug) shoulder or
pull it back, & can help extend head
 MUSCLES OF TRUNK, cont.
Pectoralis Major
-large muscle chest that pulls arm across
chest (flexion & Adduction of arm)
 MUSCLES OF TRUNK, cont.

Latissimus Dorsi:
- large musc post chest
- pulls arm downward & behind back
(extension & ADduction)
 MUSCLES OF TRUNK, cont
Muscles concerned c Breathing:
• Diaphragm:
• separates thoracic & abdominal cavities
• is prime muscle of inspiration
 MUSCLES OF TRUNK, cont
Muscles concerned c Breathing:
Intercostal muscles, betw ribs
• External Intercostals:
• assist (synergistic) in inspiration
• Internal Intercostals:
• work only in active
exhalation
 MUSCLES OF SHOULDER & ARM
Deltoid Muscle
- triangular shape, covers point of shoulder
- can pull humerus/arm to side (ABduction),
forward (flexion), or backward
(extension)

Biceps Brachii
(see earlier)
Triceps Brachii
(see earlier)
 MUSCLES OF SHOULDER & ARM, cont.
• The muscles that form bulk of forearm are
the flexors & extensors of hand & fingers
ex’s: Flexor Carpi Radialis = Wrist Flexor
vs. Extensor Carpi Radialis = Wrist Extensor
 MUSCLES OF HIP & LEG
• Hip muscles that move thigh are anchored to
pelvic bone & cross hip joint to femur. Ex’s:
• Gluteus Maximus (extends thigh/hip)
• Gluteus Medius (Abducts thigh/hip)
• Iliopsoas (flexes hip
& flexes Trunk)
HIP Movements
Abducts Extends Flexes Hip
Hip Hip
 MUSCLES OF HIP & LEG, cont.
Thigh muscles include:
• Quadriceps group, anteriorly &
cross Hip & Knee
• Flex Thigh/Hip
• Extend Knee
 MUSCLES OF HIP & LEG, cont.
Thigh muscles include:
• Hamstring group, posteriorly &
cross Hip & Knee
• Extend Thigh / Hip
• Flex Knee
 MUSCLES OF HIP & LEG, cont.
For most people, quadriceps is stronger than the
hamstrings, which is why athletes more often have a
"pulled hamstring" rather
than a "pulled quadriceps”
 MUSCLES OF HIP & LEG, cont.
Movement of knee joint depends on thigh
muscles & lower leg muscles
 MUSCLES OF LEG & FOOT

Movement of foot depends on lower leg muscles

such as Gastrocnemius (plantarflexion or extension)
& Tibialis Anterior (dorsiflexion or flexion)
 Muscles of Pelvic Floor
• muscles forms pelvic floor
• muscles support pelvic organs & assist
c urination & defecation
MUSCLES OF PELVIC FLOOR
 Intramuscular injections
• used when rapid absorption needed, as
muscle has a good blood supply
• safest loc for injection is now considered
gluteus medius muscle, in what is called
anterior gluteal site
• alternatives are vastus lateralis muscle of
lateral thigh & deltoid muscle of shoulder
Shown here are large
nerves to be avoided
when giving such
injections.
MAJOR MUSCLES OF BODY
LAB IMAGES
for MUSCLE
 Skeletal Muscles Head & Neck
8
1 5
9

7
 Skeletal Muscle Trunk & Neck
6

7
1

2
9
4

8
5 10
Skeletal Muscle Side
 Brachium & Arm Muscles

1 5

6 6
7
3

4
4
3
Skeletal Muscle Thigh
 Thigh & Leg Muscles 9

3
5
7

8
1 6

2 2
Post Internal Abdominal Wall Muscles

Diaphragm
Artist Peter Kokis, from Brooklyn Robot Works
LAB IMAGES
for
Muscle
HISTOLOGY
 Model of Muscle Muscle

Epimysium 4 Fascicle
5

Perimysium
3
Endomysium
2 Wire =‘s
1 Muscle Cell
CT Coverings of Muscle

2
1
Muscle Cell, Sarcomere, & NMJ Model
1

6 7
Skeletal
Muscle
Model
 Muscle, Sarcomere, & NMJ Model 2
Myofibril
Sarcomere

NMJ Nucleus
Synapse

Sarcolema

Endomycium
 Muscle Cell Types - Models

Skeletal
Muscle

Cardiac
Muscle

Smooth
Muscle
Sarcomere Model:
½ I-Band A-Band ½ I-Band

Actin Myosin Relaxed

Contracted

Z-Line M-Line Z-Line

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum & Triads
Slides: What is the type of Tissue?

Cardiac Muscle
Slides: What is the type of Tissue?

Skeletal Muscle
Paria Canyon – Vermillion Cliffs Wilderness, Arizona