C++ Programming

Topics Covered=Constant in C++

Assignment(Operator Overloading)
Write a program that overloads > operator to check greater string
between 2 specified strings.
class c1
{
char a[30];
}
============================================
=====================
Constant Variables in C++
1. If you make any variable as constant, using const keyword, you cannot change its value.
2. Also, the constant variables must be initialized while they are declared.
eg:-
const int a=10(integer constant)
const char c=’D’(char constant)
eg:- const char arr[50]=”Ajmer”(string constant)

Program 230
//230.Constant variable
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
const int a=10;
//we cannot change value of a during the program
//a=60; //error
clrscr();
cout<<endl<<"Value of a is="<<a;
getch();
}
/*Output
Value of a is=10
*/

Const member functions in C++

1. A function becomes const when const keyword is used in function’s declaration.
2. The idea of const functions is not allow them to modify the object on which they are called.
3. Constant can be used with:
1. Variables
2. Pointers
3. Function arguments and return types
4. Class Data members
5. Class Member functions
6. Objects
4. Eg:-

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 C++ Programming
int getValue() const{return value;}

Program 231
//231.Const Member function in c++
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class pixel
{
private:
int a;
public:
pixel()
{
a=0;
}
int geta()const
{
//a++;
return a;
}
void seta(int a1) //Error we cannot change
{ a=a1;} value of data member
void display() const because function is constant
{
//a=a+10; //error
cout<<endl<<"a is="<<a;
}
~pixel()
{
cout<<endl<<"Destructor called";
}
};
void main() a=0 10 60
{
pixel p1; p1 object
clrscr();
p1.seta(10);
cout<<endl<<"Details of p1 are=";
p1.display(); //10
p1.seta(60);
cout<<endl<<"Value of p1 is="<<p1.geta(); //60
getch();
}
/*Output
Details of p1 are=
a is=10
Value of p1 is=60 */

Program 232
//232.Example of declaring Const function out of the class

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 C++ Programming
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class pixel
{
private:
int a;
int b;
public:
pixel()
{
a=0;
b=0;
}
pixel(int x,int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}
int geta()const //Accessor Function
{
a++; //error
return a;
}
void seta(int a1) //(Mutator Function)
{ a=a1;}
void setb(int b1) //(Mutator Function)
{
b=b1;
}
void display() const;
~pixel()
{
cout<<endl<<"destructor called";
}
};
void pixel::display() const
{
cout<<endl<<"a is="<<a<<endl<<"b is="<<b;
//a++;-error because display is constant function
}

void main() a=0 10

{ b=0 20
pixel p1;
clrscr(); p1
p1.seta(10);
p1.setb(20);
cout<<endl<<"Details of p1 are=";
p1.display();
getch();
}
/*Output
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 C++ Programming
Details of p1 are=
a is=10
b is=20*/

Const Function Arguments and Return types

1. We can make the return type or arguments of a function as const.
2. Then we cannot change any of them.
void f(const int i)
{
i++; // error
}
const int g()
{
return 10;
}

Eg:-
const int func() // const return type
{
int a=10;
//a++; //error
return 4;
}

void main()
{
int a;
a = func();
cout<<endl<<"value of a is="<<a; //4
getch();
}
Program 233
//233.Example of Const argument in function
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class pixel
{
private:
int a;
int b;
public:
pixel()
{
a=0;
b=0;
}
pixel(int x,int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
}
void store(const int v) //v=13
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 C++ Programming
{
a=v;
b=v;
// v++; cannot modify...
}
void display() const
{
cout<<endl<<"a is="<<a<<endl<<"b is="<<b;
}
~pixel()
{
cout<<endl<<"Destructor called";
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
pixel p2; a=13
p2.store(13); b=13
cout<<endl<<"Details of p2 object=";
p2.display();
getch(); p2 object
}
/*Output
Details of p2 are=
a is=13
b is=13 */
Const Object
1) An object of a class may be declared to be const, just like any other C++ variable.
2) For example:const pixel p1(70, 30);
3) The const property of an object goes into effect after the constructor finishes executing and
ends before the class's destructor executes.
4) We cannot modify the data members of a const object.

Program 234
//234.Const Object
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Num
{
public:
int a;
void show()
{
cout<<endl<<"Value of a is="<<a;
}
void accept()
{
cout<<endl<<"Enter value of a is=";
cin>>a;
}

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 C++ Programming
void setA(int x)
{
a=x;
}
int getA()
{
return a;
}
Num()
{
a=0;
}
Num(int c)
{
a=c;
}
}; a=12 34
void main()
{
const Num n1(12); n1 object
clrscr();
n1.show(); //12
n1.setA(34);
n1.show(); //34
// n1.a=10; error because we cannot change value of data memeber of const object
getch();
}
/*Output
Value of a is=12
Value of a is=34 */

Const Pointer
1) If we make a pointer const, we cannot change the pointer.
2) This means that the pointer will always point to the same address but we can change the value
of that address.

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