Anexe

ANEXA I

Transformata Fourier

Definiţii

+∞
Transformata directă X(f) = F[x(t)] = ∫ x(t)e −2π f τ dτ
−∞

+∞
Transformata inversă x(t ) = F −1[ X ( f )] = ∫ X ( f )e 2π ft df
−∞
+∞ +∞
Teorema integralei ∫
−∞
x(t ) ⋅ y * (t )dt = ∫ X ( f ) ⋅ Y * ( f )df
−∞

Proprietăţile transformatei Fourier

Operaţia Funcţia Transformata Fourier

Liniaritate α x(t) + β y(t) α X(f) + β Y(f)
Întârziere în timp x(t − τ ) X ( f )e − j 2π fτ
x(a ⋅ t ) 1 ⎛f⎞
Scalare X⎜ ⎟
a ⎝a⎠
Conjugare x * (t ) X * (− f )
Dualitate x(t ) X (− f )
Translare frecvenţă x(t )e j 2π f 0t X ( f − f0 )
x(t) cos ( 2π f 0t + θ) 1 jθ
Modulare [e X ( f − f 0 ) + e − jθ X ( f + f 0 )]
2
d n x(t ) ( j 2π f ) n X ( f )
Diferenţiere
dt n
t
( j 2π f ) −1 X ( f
Integrare ∫−∞
x ( λ ) dλ
Convoluţie x(t ) * y (t ) X ( f ) ⋅Y ( f )
Înmulţire x(t ) ⋅ y (t ) X ( f ) *Y ( f )
t n ⋅ x(t ) dnX( f )
Multiplicare cu t ( j 2π f ) −1
df n

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Transformate Fourier uzuale

Funcţia x(t ) X(f )

Impuls rectangular Π (t / τ ) τ sin c( fτ )
Impuls triunghiular Δ(t / τ ) τ sin c 2 ( fτ )
2 2

Impuls gaussian
τ⎛t⎞
− ⎜ ⎟
π ⎝τ ⎠
τ ⋅ e −π ( f ⋅τ )
e
Exponenţială −
t τ
e τ u (t )
unilaterală 1+ j2π fτ
Exponenţială −
t 2τ
τ
bilaterală e 1 + (2π fτ ) 2
sin c(2Wt ) 1 1
Sinc Π( )
2W 2W
Constantă 1 δ(f )
Fazor e j ( 2π f0t +θ ) e jθ δ ( f − f 0 )
sin(2π f 0t + θ ) 1 jθ
Sinus [e δ ( f − f 0 ) − e − jθ δ ( f + f 0 )]
2j
cos(2π f 0 t + θ ) 1 jθ
Cosinus [e δ ( f − f 0 ) + e − jθ δ ( f + f 0 )]
2
Impuls Dirac δ (t − τ ) e − j 2π fτ
+∞ +∞
Eşantionare ∑ δ (t − kTs )
k = −∞
fs ∑ δ ( f − nf
n = −∞
s )

⎧+ 1 t ≥ 0 − j
signum(t ) = ⎨
Signum ⎩− 1 t < 0 πf

⎧+ 1 t ≥ 0 1
δ(f )+
1
Treaptă u (t ) = ⎨
⎩ 0 t<0 2 j 2π f
1 − j ⋅ signum( f )
Defazor
πt

ANEXA II

Transformata Hilbert
Definiţii

Transformata 1 +∞ m(τ )
π∫
mˆ (t ) = dτ
directă −∞ t −τ

Transformata 1 +∞ mˆ (t )
π∫
m(t ) = − dτ
inversă −∞ t −τ

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Transformate Hilbert uzuale

Funcţia Transformata Hilbert

x(t ) cos(2π f 0 t ) x(t ) sin(2π f 0 t )
x(t ) sin( 2π f 0 t ) − x(t ) cos(2π f 0 t )
cos(2π f 0 t ) sin(2π f 0t )
sin(2π f 0 t ) − cos(2π f 0 t )
(1 / t ) ⋅ sin(t ) (1 − cos t ) / t
π ⋅t n 1 t − 1/ 2
− ln
π t + 1/ 2
δ (t ) 1 /(π ⋅ t )
1 /(1 + t 2 ) t /(1 + t 2 )
1 − π ⋅ δ (t )

ANEXA 3

Relaţii matematice utile

Identităţi trigonometrice Sume

M
M ( M + 1)
e ± jθ = cosθ ± j sin θ ∑m =
m =1 2
1
cosθ = (e jθ + e − jθ ) = sin(θ + 90 0 )
2
2
1 jθ M
M ( M + 1)(2M + 1)
sin θ =
2j
(e − e − jθ ) = cos(θ − 90 0 ) ∑m
m =1
=
6
cos θ + cos 2 θ = 1
2
2 ⋅ sin θ ⋅ cosθ = sin 2θ
3
1 M
M 2 ( M + 1) 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = cos 2θ cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ )
2
∑m =
m =1 4
m
1 1 M
x m −1
cos θ = (3 cosθ + cos 3θ ) sin θ = (3 sin θ − sin 3θ )
3

4
3

4
∑
m=0
x =
x −1
1 M /2
( M − 1) M (2M + 1)
sin 2 θ = (1 − cos 2θ )
2
∑m =1
(2m − 1) 2 =
6
sin(α ± β ) = sin α ⋅ cos β ± cosα ⋅ sin β cos(α ± β ) = cosα ⋅ cos β ∓ sin α ⋅ sin β

tgα ± tgβ 1 1
tg (α ± β ) = sin α ⋅ sin β = cos(α − β ) − cos(α + β )
1 ∓ tgα ⋅ tgβ 2 2

1 1 1 1
cosα ⋅ cos β = cos(α − β ) + cos(α + β ) sin α ⋅ cos β = sin(α − β ) + sin(α + β )
2 2 2 2

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A ⋅ cos(θ + α ) + B ⋅ cos(θ + β ) = C ⋅ cosθ − S ⋅ sin θ = R ⋅ cos(θ + φ )

unde: C = A ⋅ cosα + B ⋅ cos β S = A ⋅ sin α + B ⋅ sin β
A ⋅ sin α + B ⋅ sin β
R = C 2 + S 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB ⋅ cos(α − β ) φ = arctg
A ⋅ cosα + B ⋅ cos β
eθ − e −θ eθ + e −θ
shθ = chθ =
2 2
thθ = shθ / chθ coth θ = 1 / thθ
sec hθ = 1 / chθ csc hθ = 1 / shθ

Logaritmi

log a x = log b x ⋅ log a b

log 2 log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9
0,30103 0,47712 0,60206 0,69897 0,77815 0,8551 0,90309 0,95424

log 2 x = 3,322 ⋅ log10 x ln x = 2,3 ⋅ log10 x

Dezvoltări în serie

f ' (a) f ' ' (a) f ( n ) (a)

Seria Taylor f ( x) = f ' (a ) + ( x − a) + ( x − a) 2 + ..... + ( x − a) n + .....
1! 2! n!
n
d f ( x)
unde: f ( n ) (a ) = / x=a
dx n
f ' (0) f ' ' (0) 2 f ( n ) (0) n
Seria MacLaurin f ( x) = f (0) + x+ x + ..... + x + .....
1! 2! n!
d n f ( x)
f ( n ) (0) = / x =0
dx n

n(n − 1) 2 1
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ..... nx < 1 x x = 1 + x + x 2 + .....
2 2!
1 1 1
a x = 1 + x ⋅ ln a + ( x ⋅ ln a) 2 + ..... ln(1 + x) = x − x 2 + x 3 + .....
2! 2 3
1 1 1 1
sin x = x − x 3 + x 5 − ..... cos x = 1 − x 2 + x 4 − .....
3! 5! 2! 4!
1 3 2 5 1 3 1 5
tgx = x + x + x + ..... arcsin x = x + x + x + .....
3 15 τ 40
⎧ 1 3 1 5
⎪ x − 3 x + 5 x − ..... x < 1 sin πx 1 1
arctgx = ⎨ sin cx = = 1 − (πx) 2 + (πx) 4 − .....
π 1 1 πx 3! 5!
⎪ − + 3 − ..... x >1
⎩ 2 x 3x

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Derivate

d d
sin x = cos x cos x = − sin x
dx dx
d d
tgx = sec 2 x ctgx = − cos ec 2 x
dx dx
dn 1 dn 1
n
sin x = sin( x + nπ ) n
cos x = cos( x + nπ )
dx 2 dx 2

Integrale nedefinite

∫ sin x dx = − cos x ∫ cos x dx = sin x

1/ 2 1/ 2
∫ arcsin x dx = x arcsin x + (1 − x ∫ arccos x dx = x arccos x − (1 − x
2 2
) )
1/ 2
1 ⎛ x2 1 ⎞ x
∫ arctg x dx = x arctg x − 2 ln(1 + x ) ∫ = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ x arcsin x + (1 − x 2 )
2
x arcsin x dx
⎝ 2 4⎠ 4

∫ x sin x dx = − x cos x − n ∫ x cos x dx ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x − n∫ x sin x dx

n n n −1 n n n −1

1 1
∫ x sin(ax)dx = a [sin(ax) − ax cos(ax)]
2 ∫ x cos(ax)dx = a 2
[cos(ax) + ax sin(ax)]
1 1 ax
∫ e ax sin(bx)dx = e ax [a sin(bx) − b cos(bx)] ∫ xe dx = e (ax − 1)
ax

a + b2
2
a2
1 1 ax 2
∫ e cos(bx)dx = a 2 + b 2 e [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] ∫ xe dx = 2a e
ax ax ax 2

dx x bx x 2 dx x a bx
∫ a 3 + b 2 x 2 = b 2 arctg a ∫ a 2 + b 2 x 2 = b 2 − b 3 arctg a
⎧ x
⎪ a tg + b
2
⎪ arctg 2 2 2 1 / 2 a2 > b2
dx ⎪ ( a 2
− b 2 1/ 2
) (a − b ) dx π ∓ 2x
∫ a + b sin x = ⎨ x
a tg + b − (b 2 − a 2 )1 / 2 ∫ 1 ± sin x = ∓tg 4
⎪ 1 2
⎪ 2 ln b2 > a2
x
⎪ (a − b )
2 1/ 2
a tg + b + (b 2 − a 2 )1/ 2
⎩ 2
dx x
∫ 1 − cos x = −ctg 2
⎧ x
⎪ (a − b) tg
2 2
⎪ arctg 2 a2 > b2
dx ⎪ ( a 2
− b 2 1/ 2
) ( a − b 2 1/ 2
) dx x
∫ a + b cos x = ⎨ x
(b − a) tg + (b 2 − a 2 )1 / 2 ∫ 1 + cos x = tg 2
⎪ 1 2
⎪ 2 ln b2 > a2
x
⎪ (a − b )
2 1/ 2
(b − a ) tg − (b 2 − a 2 )1 / 2
⎩ 2

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Integrale definite

∞ ∞
x sin ax π −ab x cos ax π
∫0 a 2 + b 2 dx = 2 e a > 0, b > 0 ∫a
0
2
+b 2
dx = e −ab a > 0, b > 0
2b
∞
x cos ax π
∫ (a
0
2
+b )
2 2
dx = 3 [sin(ab) − ab cos(ab)]
4b
a > 0, b > 0

∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 π
∫0 sin cx ⋅ dx = ∫0 sin c x ⋅ dx = 2 ∫e
− ax 2
2
dx = a>0
0
2 a
∞
1 π
∫x e
2 − ax 2
dx = a>0
0
4a a

ANEXA 4

Functii Bessel de speţa I

Funcţia Bessel de speţa I de ordin n şi argument x notată cu J n (x) e definită ca:

π π
1 1
2π −∫π ∫ cos( x ⋅ sinθ − nθ )dθ
J n ( x) = e ( jx sin θ − jnθ ) dθ sau J n ( x) =
π 0

Dezvoltând în serie,
m 1 n+2 m
∞ ( −1) ( x )
J n ( x) = ∑ 2
m =0 m ! ( n + m!)
Tabel de funcţii Bessel

N \ x 0,5 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12
0 0,9385 0,7652 0,2239 0,2601 -0,3971 0,1506 0,1717 -0,2450 0,0477
1 0,2423 0,0401 0,5767 0,3391 -0,0660 -0,2767 0,2346 0,0435 -0,2234
2 0,0306 0,1149 0,3528 0,4861 0,3641 -0,2429 -0,1130 0,2546 -0,0049
3 0,0026 0,0196 0,1289 0,3091 0,4302 0,1148 -0,2911 0,0584 0,1951
4 0,0002 0,0025 0,0340 0,1320 0,2811 0,3576 -0,1054 -0,2196 0,1825
5 - 0,0002 0,0070 0,0430 0,1321 0,3621 0,1858 -0,2341 -0,0735
6 - 0,0012 0,0114 0,0491 0,2458 0,3376 -0,0145 -0,2137
7 0,0002 0,0025 0,0152 0,1296 0,3216 0,2167 -0,1703
8 - 0,0005 0,0040 0,0565 0,2235 0,3179 0,0451
9 0,0001 0,0009 0,0212 0,1263 0,2919 0,2304
10 - 0,0002 0,0070 0,0608 0,2075 0,3005
11 - 0,0020 0,0250 0,1231 0,2704
12 0,0005 0,0090 0,0634 0,1953
13 0,0001 0,0030 0,0290 0,1201
14 - 0,0010 0,0120 0,0630

În particular avem:
x2 x4 x6 x x3 x5
J 0 ( x) = 1 − 2 + 2 2 − 2 2 2 + ..... J 1 ( x) = − 2 + 2 2 − .....
2 2 ⋅4 2 ⋅4 ⋅6 2 2 ⋅4 2 ⋅4 ⋅6
2 4 6
x x x
J 2 ( x) = − 2 + 2 2 − .....
2⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 4⋅6 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅6⋅8

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Proprietăţile funcţiilor Bessel de speţa I

J n ( x) = (−1) n J −n ( x) J n ( x) = (−1) n J n (− x)
xn
J n ( x) ≅ pentru valori mici ale lui x.
2 n n!
Cu x real şi fix, J n (x) tinde spre zero când ordinul n tinde la infinit.
∞ ∞

∑ J n ( x)e jnϕ = e jx sinθ ∑J

2
n ( x) = 1 pentru orice x
n = −∞ n = −∞

ANEXA 5

Codul EBCDIC

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 NUL DLE DS blank & - 0
1 SON DC SOS / a j A J 1
2 STX DC FS SYN b s B K S 2
3 ETX DC C L T 3
4 PF RES BYP PN D M U 4
5 HT ML LF RS E N V 5
6 LC BS EOB UC F O W 6
7 DEL IDL PRE EOT G P X 7
8 CAN H Q Y 8
9 EM I R Z 9
10 SMM CC SM !
11 VT $ , #
12 FF IFS DC < * % @
13 CR IGS ENQ NAK ( ) - ‘
14 SD IRS ACK + ; > =
15 SI IUS BEL SUB / ? “

Codul BCD

Caracter Cod Caracter Cod Caracter Cod Caracter Cod

0 000000 - 100000 Spatiu 010000 + 110000
1 000001 J 100001 / 010001 A 110001
2 000010 K 100010 S 010010 B 110010
3 000011 L 100011 T 010011 C 110011
4 000100 M 100100 U 010100 D 110100
5 000101 N 100101 V 010101 E 110101
6 000110 O 100110 W 010110 F 110110
7 000111 P 100111 X 010111 G 110111
8 001000 Q 101000 Y 011000 H 111000
9 001001 R 101001 Z 011001 I 111001
Blanc 001010 ! 101010 = 011010 ? 111010
= 001011 S 101011 , 011011 . 111011
Apostrof 001100 * 101100 ( 011100 ) 111100
] 001101 | 101101 - 011101 [ 111101
001110 ; 101110 / 011110 < 111110
> 001111 101111 Anulare 011111 = 111111

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ANEXA 6

Transformata Laplace

Transformata Laplace directă:

∞
~
x ( s ) = ∫ x(t )e − st dt Re ( s ) ≥ 0
0

Transformata Laplace inversă:

j∞
1 ~
x(t ) = ∫
2πj − j∞
x ( s )e st ds t ≥ 0

Semnal TL bilaterală TL unilaterală Condiţii

at
e u (t ) 1 /( s − a ) Re ( s ) > Re (a ) 1 /( s − a ) Re ( s ) > Re (a ) a∈C
− e at u (−t ) 1 /( s − a ) Re ( s ) > Re (a ) 0 s∈C a∈C
e at − − 1 /( s − a ) Re ( s ) > Re (a ) a∈C
1 − − 1/ s Re ( s ) > 0
u (t ) 1/ s Re ( s ) > 0 1/ s Re ( s ) > 0
δ (t ) 1 s ∈C 1 s∈C
δ ( k ) (t ) sk s∈C sk s ∈C k∈N
t k −1 1/ s k
Re ( s ) > 0 1/ s k
Re ( s ) > 0 k∈N
u (−t )
(k − 1)!
t k −1e at 1 1 a ∈ C, k ∈ N
u(t ) Re ( s ) > Re ( a ) Re ( s ) > Re ( a )
(k − 1)! (s − a) k (s − a) k
t k −1e at 1
u(−t ) Re ( s ) < Re ( a )
(k − 1)! (s − a) k 0 s∈C a ∈ C, k ∈ N
cos(ω t ) ⋅ u (t ) s /( s 2 + ω 2 ) Re ( s ) > 0 s /( s 2 + ω 2 ) Re ( s ) > 0 ω∈R
sin(ω t ) ⋅ u (t ) ω /( s 2 + ω 2 ) Re ( s ) > 0 ω /( s 2 + ω 2 ) Re ( s ) > 0 ω∈R
s−a s−a
Re ( s ) > a Re ( s ) > a
e cos(ω t ) ⋅ u (t )
at
( s − a) 2 + ω 2 (s − a) 2 + ω 2 a, ω ∈ R
ω ω
Re ( s ) > a Re ( s ) > a a, ω ∈ R
e sin(ω t ) ⋅ u (t )
at
( s − a) + ω
2 2 (s − a) 2 + ω 2

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