PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED BY: KHUSBOO
TO
MISS SANJANA MALIK
1. WHAT IS DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY?
Digital photogrammetry is a well-established technique for acquiring dense
3D geometric information for real-world objects from stereoscopic image
overlap and has been shown to have extensive applications in a variety of
fields.
2. WHAT IS PHOTOGRAMMETRY?
Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information
about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording,
measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic
radiant imagery and other phenomena.
3. HOW PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORKS?
PROJECT PLANNING AERIAL DATA ACQUITION RAW DATA QUALITY CONTROL
GROUND CONTROL SURVEYING
IMAGE ORIENTTION: AERIAL TRIANGULATION
INTERIOR ORIENTATION EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
RELATIVE ORIENTATION ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION
4. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLES OF
PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNOLOGY?
Photogrammetric technique are required to determine relationship of features
and aerial photograph.
The fundamental principle used by photogrammetry is TRIANGULATION, which
involves taking photographs from to different locations to develop line of sight
from each camera to points of the objects.
It can be defined as the science of the obtaining reliable measurements and
producing maps by mean of photography.
Aerial photography is taking of photograph of the ground from an elevated
position.
Camera may be held or mounted and photograph taken by a camera, tiggered
remotely or automatically.
The use of photography for accurate measurement is called photogrammtery.
5. WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF
PHOTOGRAMMETRY?
To prepare planimetric topographical maps.
To determine the space position of ground objects.
To generate 3-D from the 2-D image.
Creation of Digital Terrain Models (DTM).
For acquisition of military intelligence.
To classify soil (Forestry/agriculture).
6. WHAT IS PHOTO INTERPRETATION?
Photo interpretation deals with the examination of photographic images for
the purpose of identifying objects and deduce their significance.
Photointerpretation requires a solid background of training and experience,
otherwise, he is liable to overlook or misinterpret small and subtle features
on aerial photograph.
7.DEFINE THESE TERMS:
FLYING HEIGHT: The height of the aeroplane or aircraft from the ground or mean
sea level which capture photo is known as flying height.
DATUM PLANE: A reference point in relation to which, the position of other
points are determined. For example heights are reckoned from the mean sea
level. So men sea level is datum plane for height.
EXPOSURE STATION: An exposure station is the point at which aircraft is
positioned in space with camera for instant of exposure by camera lens.
AIR BASE: The line joining two successive camera stations of aerial photography
or its length.
NEGATIVE: The photographic image on film or plate in which the subject tones
are reversed, i.e., dark appears light and light appears dark or complementary if
colors are concerned.
FIDUCIAL AXIS: The line joining opposite fiducial marks on photograph.
PRINCIPLE POINT: The intersecting point of the fiducial axis is known as
Principle point.
EXPOSURE INTERVAL: The interval between one exposure time to another
exposure time is known as exposure interval.
8. WHAT ARE THE LIMITATION OF
PHOTOGRAMMETRY?
Affected by weather: One of the main disadvantages of photogrammetry is that
it’s susceptible to poor weather conditions. Rain, fog and wind can affect image
quality, while dense vegetation can also obscure the camera’s line of sight.
Environmental restrictions: Terrain and the nature of built environments can
restrict the altitude of flight needed to achieve high accuracy and image resolution.
Difficulties to matching points: With low contrast or uniformly textured surfaces,
such as sand, water bodies and short grass, it can be difficult to march points
between images.
9. WHAT IS AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS?
Aerial photography is defined as the science of obtaining photos from the air
using various platforms, mostly aircraft, for studying the surface of the earth.
The sun provides the source of energy and the photosensitive films act as a sensor
to record the images.
Variations in the gray tone of various images in the photographs indicate different
amount of photo energy reflected from the object as recorded on the film.
10.HOW MANY INFORMATION RECORDED
ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH?
1. FIDUCIAL MARKS: Fiducial marks are small registration marks exposed on the edges
of a photograph. The distances between fiducial marks are precisely measured when a
camera is calibrated. They are helpful to locating Principal Point. These marks are also
called collimating marks.
2. TASK NUMBER: Every aerial photograph is given a task number by Survey of India
(SOI).
3. AGENCY NUMBER: In India, aerial photography’s works by three agencies: Indian Air
Force ,M/S Air Survey company – Dumdum(Kolkata) ,NRSC(National Remote Sensing
Centre)
4. PHOTOGRAPHIC NUMBER: Aerial Photographs are numbered serially along the strip
or flight direction. When strips are flown East-West photographs are numbered from
West towards East. When strips are North-South, they are numbered from South
towards North.
5. SCALE: Scale is correct on the Principal Point. When we go away from the Principal
Point, scale is exaggerated.
6. FOCAL LENGTH: Focal
Length is the distance between
negative plane and centre. It has
shown on aerial photograph right
side of watch.
7. WATCH : An aerial photograph
a watch has given to see time.
Watch is help to know about,
Which type of shadow, Number
of photograph.
8. NEGATIVE NUMBER: The film
used in the camera.
11. WRITE ABOUT HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY?
1851: only decade after the invention of the Daguerrotype by Dauguerre and Niepce,
the French officer Aime Laussedat developed the first photogrammetrical devices and
methods. He is seen as the initiator of photogrammetry.
1858: the German architect A. Meydenbauer develops photogrammetrical techniques
for the documentation of buildings and established the first photogrammetric institute
in 1885( Royal Prussian Photogrammetric Institute).
1866: the Viennese physicist Ernst Mach publishes the idea to use the stereoscope to
estimate volumetric measures.
1885: the ancient ruins of Persepolis were the first archaeological object recorded
photogrammetrically.
1889: the first German manual of photogrammetry was published by C. Koppe.
1896: Eduard Gaston and Daniel Deville present the first stereoscopical instrument for vectorized
mapping.
1897/98: Theodor Scheimpflug invents the Perspectograph, an instrument for optical rectification.
1901: Pulfrich creates the first stereokomparator and revolutionates the mapping from setero-
pairs.
1913: the first congress of the ISP was held in Vienna.
1945: development and improvement of measuring metric cameras and analogue plotters.
1980: due to improvement in computer hardware and software, digital photogrammetry is gaining
more and more importance.
1996: 83 years after its first conference, the ISPRS come back to Vienna, the town, where it was
founded.
2005: Topcon PI-3000 Image Station is launched.
12. DESCRIBE ABOUT VARIOUS TYPES OF
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS?
On the basis of camera axis
On the basis of film On the basis of
• Vertical aerial photograph
• Horizontal aerial
used in camera coverage angle or
photograph • Black and white film focal length
• Oblique aerial photograph
• Panchromatic film • Narrow angle
• High oblique photograph
• Low oblique photograph
• Colored film • Normal angle
• Trimetrogon aerial • Infrared film • Wide angle
photograph • Near infrared film • Extra wide angle
• Multiple lens aerial • Thermal film
photograph
13. WRITE ABOUT TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHS ON
BEHALF USE OF CAMERA?
DIGITAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH: Digital photography is the process of using
electronic and computing appliances to capture, create, edit and share digital
images/photographs. It encompasses several different technologies to provide
electronic or computer-based photography services.
MULTISPECTRAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH: Multispectral images are captured either
with special cameras that separate these wavelengths using filters, or with
instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from
frequencies that are invisible to the human eye .
STRIP AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH: These photographs captured in a series or strips along
the flight line.
PANROMIC PHOTOGRAPH: Panoramic photography is a technique of photography,
using specialized equipment or software, that captures images with horizontally
elongated field of view. It is sometimes known as wide format photography.
LARGE FORMAT PHOTOGRAPH: It covers large area approx. 100°.
14. WRITE ABOUT TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPH
AS PER BANDS?
Panchromatic aerial photograph: The photograph in which only one band is
used for taking photo.
Black & white aerial photograph: The photo in which all information is
characterized in black and white color.
Infrared aerial photograph: the photo each objects reflect its wavelength and
which is captured by the camera.
Thermal photograph: in this band the information is characterized by the
emitted temperature from the object.
Colored photograph: this band is shows the real colors which are red, green and
blue.
15. DEFINE THESE TERMS:
1. CAMERA AXIS: Line passing through the center of the camera lens
perpendicular both to the camera plate(negative) and picture
plane(photograph).
2. PLUMB LINE: The plumbline drawn from the lens centre to the photo plane .
3. FIDUCIAL MARKS: Camera fiducial marks are usually four or eight in number,
and they are situated in the middle of the sides of the focal plane opening, in its
corners, or in both locations.
16.WRITE THE TYPES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
ON THE BASIS OF CAMERA AXIS?
1. VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH:
• The lens axis is perpendicular to the surface of the earth.
• It covers relatively small area.
• The shape of the ground area covered on a single vertical photo closely.
2. HORIZONTAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH:
The lens axis is horizontal to the surface.
It covers large area.
3. OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH:
1. HIGH OBLIQUE: it covers large area. Angle is between 45° to 60°.
2. LOW OBLIQUE: it covers small area. Angle is between 30° to 45°.
4. TRIMETROGON PHOTOGRAPHY: in this type of photography three
photographs taken at the same time, in a direction at right angle to the line of
flight; 2 oblique camera and 1 is vertical .
5. MULTIPLE LENS PHOTOGRAPHY: These are composite photographs taken
with one camera having to or more cameras. The photographs are combination of
two, four, or eight oblique around a vertical.
6. CONVERGENT PHOTOGRAPHY: It is a sequential pair of low oblique in which
the optical axis converse toward one another. In this type of photography both the
photographs cover the same area but different locations.
17. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY OVERLAY OF
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS?
Overlap is the amount by which one photograph includes the area
covered by another photograph and is expressed as a percentage. The
photo survey is designed to acquire 60% forward overlap (between
photos along the same flight line) and 30% lateral overlap (between
photos on adjacent flight lines)
18. DEFINE THESE TERMS:
1. STRIP: Any number of overlapping photographs taken along a photo flight line,
usually at an approximately constant altitude.
2. FIDUCIAL AXIS: The line joining opposite fiducial marks on a photograph.
3. AIRBASE: The line joining two successive camera station of aerial
photography.
4. FLYING HEIGHT: A vertical distance above a given datum( usually men sea
level), of the aircraft.
5. SCALE: The ratio of the distance between two points on an image to the actual
distance between the same two points on the ground.
6. FILM: The negative reel which is used to capturing the photographs and print
on the reels a strip is known as film. EG. Black and white , panchromatic ,
colored , infrared.
19. WRITE ABOUT THE SATELLITE IMAGE
V/S AERIAL PHOTOGRAPS
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS SATELLITE IMAGE
RESOLUTION Aerial photography typically Satellite image resolution depend
provides higher resolution than on sensor or camera quality
satellite imagery, enabling more
detailed analysis
PERSPECTIVE Aerial photography offers a detailed, Satellite imagery provides a
ground-level perspective. broader, top-down view
COVERAGE Aerial photography is limited to Satellite imagery offers global
specific areas coverage.
20.DESCRIBE ABOUT FLIGHT PLANNING?
The planning which is done before taking the pictures from the aerial camera. There are different
parameters which are :
1. SELECTION OF AERIAL CAMERA: If the aerial camera and focal length of the lens have already been
specified by the inventor, then these should be used. If not, the focal length of the lens and aerial camera
has to be decided by survey of India, who is responsible for design of photographic specification. Aerial
camera may of different format and size for reasons of economy, the larger format size should be used as
far as possible.
2. DATA IN FLIGHT REPORT: For purposes of checking the scale it is necessary to most important data in
the flight report, and therefore, the following should be mentioned there in :
Altimeter calibration data.
Sea level pressure or aerodrome level pressure of take off.
Sea level pressure or aerodrome level pressure at landing.
Required true altitude.
3. SELECTION OF AIR CRAFT: The selection of aircraft is done by the flying agency. The two factors,
which required to be considered for the selection are, the ceiling height of the aircraft and its flying range.
An aircraft to be suitable for the aerial photography should have required speed, high rate of climb, good
stability while in flight and unobstructed view in all direction for ease of navigation.
4. NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS AND CREW: If any navigation instruments e.g. radar or Decca
navigator , interior navigation system, global positioning system is being used, these should be
checked before installation. All the spare magazine should be checked.
5. FLIGHT HEIGHT: flying height of the flight is important factor . The flying height above mean
ground level is important as it in intimately connected with the ceiling height of the aircraft which is
the maximum altitude above mean sea level at which the aircraft can fly safely.
6. AERIAL FILM: A fine- grain emulsion aerial film manufacture by any of the established
manufactures, e.g. Agfa, Gaevert , Ilford or Kodak should be used.
7. SEASON & TIME: the selection of right time and season is most factor for an aerial photograph.
The presence of particles and molecules of gases in the atmosphere tend to reduce contrast
because of scattering, specially by heavier particle, therefore, the best time for aerial photography
when the sky is clear.
21.WRITE THE NAME OF FLYING AGENCIES
FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY?
NATIONAL AIR AGENCIES:
1. INDIAN AIR FORCE
2. AIR SURVEY COMPANY, KOLKATA
3. NATIONAL REMOTE SENSING AGENCY, HYDERABAD
4. DUM DUM , KOLKATA
22. WRITE THE NAME
OF AEROPLANE
USED FOR AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPH
23. WRITE ABOUT FACTORS THAT NEED TO
CONSIDER BEFORE AERIAL PHOTOGRPHY?
Atmospheric conditions : The presence of particles (smoke or dust) and
molecules of gases in the atmosphere tends to reduce contrast because of
scattering, therefore, the best time photography is when the sky is clear.
Scale: Scale is the ratio of distances between two images on an aerial
photograph and the actual distance between the same two points/ objects on the
ground. Due to variations in flying height , the scales of different photographs may
vary. Scale may also vary because of the effects of tilt and relief displacements.
Camera/Film/Filter combination: To ensure good image quality , modern
distortion free cameras are used. Depending upon the requirements different
lens/ focal length/ film/ filter combinations can be used.
Time/ Season of photography: Aerial photography should be flown when the
sun’s elevation is 30 degrees above the horizon or three hours before and after the
local noon time.
AERIAL FILM: A fine- grain emulsion aerial film manufacture by any of the
established manufactures, e.g. Agfa, Gaevert , Ilford or Kodak should be used.
FLIGHT HEIGHT: flying height of the flight is important factor . The flying height
above mean ground level is important as it in intimately connected with the
ceiling height of the aircraft which is the maximum altitude above mean sea level
at which the aircraft can fly safely.
CAMERA LENS: before the flying we considered that which types of camera lens
is suitable for capturing photos.
Ultra-Wide Lenses (4-14mm) or Fisheye Lenses (4-10mm)
Wide-Angle Lenses (14-35mm)
Normal or Standard Lenses (35mm to 55mm)
24. WHAT ARE THE BENEFIT FROM
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING?
ACCURATE AND MEASURED RECORDS: Through an aerial photograph, photogrammetry can produce an actual and permanent photographic
record of a particular location while capturing the image.
NO REQUIREMENT FOR FIELD WORK: If you require information to be re-surveyed or re-evaluated, you do not require expensive fieldwork. The
photogrammetry images taken can be used for measuring again and again, thereby giving you new information in a convenient manner.
CORRESPOND BETTER WITH DATA SOURCE: Photogrammetry offers a broad view of the project field, by the classification of both cultural and
topographic features. The wide mapped area provided by line studies can help you correspond it more with data sources, as compared to other
traditional methods.
IDEAL FOR DIFFICULT TO ACCESS LOCATION: Photogrammetry is great to use in locations that are difficult, unsafe or even impossible to access. It
is an ideal surveying method that can be efficiently used in areas where fieldwork may be dangerous for the safety of the surveying crew.
NO DISTURBANCE TO TRAFFIC: With the use of photogrammetry, road surveys can work without causing any disturbance to traffic by closing off
lanes or endangering the field team. Since photogrammetry will take into account elevation data along with road features, it can be viewed in the
office, without you having to review it on the actual field.
EASY TO DESCRIBE INFORMATION: Through photogrammetry, the coordinates of each point in the mapping field can be evaluated without any
additional efforts or cost. Once the aerial images are taken, they can be used to convey or describe information to the state, public, transportation
divisions .
25. DIFFERENT TYPE
OF OVERLAPPING OF
AERIAL PHOTOS?
1. FORWARD OVERLAPPING:
Forward overlap percentages
can be specified if other special
requirements have to be
fulfilled.
Overlap between two photo
50% to 70%.
2. LATERAL OVERLAPPING:
Overlap between adjacent
flight lines.
Side Overlap should be 20% to
30%.
