AIHL Worksheet [1223 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 5]
A particle, A, moves so that its velocity (ν ms−1) at time t is given by ν = 2 sin t, t ≥
0.

The kinetic energy (E) of the particle A is measured in joules (J) and is given by
2
E = 5ν .

(a) Write down an expression for E as a function of time. [1]

(b) Hence find dE

dt
. [2]

(c) Hence or otherwise find the first time at which the kinetic
energy is changing at a rate of 5 J s−1. [2]

2. [Maximum mark: 6]
The rates of change of the area covered by two types of fungi, X and Y, on a
particular tree are given by the following equations, where x is the area covered
by X and y is the area covered by Y.

dx
= 3x − 2y
dt

dy
= 2x − 2y
dt

3 −2
The matrix ( ) has eigenvalues of 2 and −1 with corresponding
2 −2

2 1
eigenvectors ( ) and ( ) .
1 2

Initially x = 8 cm2 and y = 10 cm2.

(a) Find the value of

dy

dx
when t = 0 . [2]
 (b) On the following axes, sketch a possible trajectory for the
growth of the two fungi, making clear any asymptotic
behaviour.

[4]

3. [Maximum mark: 8]
The graph of y = −x is transformed onto the graph of y = 33 − 0.08x by a
3 3

translation of a units vertically and a stretch parallel to the x-axis of scale factor b
.

(a.i) Write down the value of a. [1]

(a.ii) Find the value of b. [2]

(b) The outer dome of a large cathedral has the shape of a

hemisphere of diameter 32 m, supported by vertical walls of
height 17 m. It is also supported by an inner dome which can be
modelled by rotating the curve y = 33 − 0.08x through 360°
3

about the y-axis between y = 0 and y = 33, as indicated in the

diagram.
 [5]

Find the volume of the space between the two domes.

4. [Maximum mark: 20]

An object is placed into the top of a long vertical tube, filled with a thick viscous
fluid, at time t = 0 seconds.

Initially it is thought that the resistance of the fluid would be proportional to the
velocity of the object. The following model was proposed, where the object’s
displacement, x, from the top of the tube, measured in metres, is given by the
differential equation
2
d x

dt
2
= 9.81 − 0.9 (
dx

dt
) .

(a) By substituting v =
dx

dt
into the equation, find an expression
for the velocity of the particle at time t. Give your answer in the
form v = f (t). [7]

The maximum velocity approached by the object as it falls is known as the

terminal velocity.
 (b) From your solution to part (a), or otherwise, find the terminal
velocity of the object predicted by this model. [2]

An experiment is performed in which the object is placed in the fluid on a

number of occasions and its terminal velocity recorded. It is found that the
terminal velocity was consistently smaller than that predicted by the model
used. It was suggested that the resistance to motion is actually proportional to
the velocity squared and so the following model was set up.

2 2
d x dx
= 9.81 − 0.9( )
2
dt dt

(c) Write down the differential equation as a system of first order

differential equations. [2]

(d) Use Euler’s method, with a step length of 0.2, to find the
displacement and velocity of the object when t = 0.6. [4]

(e) By repeated application of Euler’s method, find an

approximation for the terminal velocity, to five significant
figures. [1]

At terminal velocity the acceleration of an object is equal to zero.

(f ) Use the differential equation to find the terminal velocity for the
object. [2]

(g) Use your answers to parts (d), (e) and (f ) to comment on the
accuracy of the Euler approximation to this model. [2]

5. [Maximum mark: 28]

The number of brown squirrels, x , in an area of woodland can be modelled by
the following differential equation.

dx

dt
=
x

1000
(2000 − x), where x > 0
(a.i) Find the equilibrium population of brown squirrels suggested
by this model. [2]

(a.ii) Explain why the population of squirrels is increasing for values

of x less than this value. [1]

One year conservationists notice that some black squirrels are moving into the
woodland. The two species of squirrel are in competition for the same food
supplies. Let y be the number of black squirrels in the woodland.

Conservationists wish to predict the likely future populations of the two species
of squirrels. Research from other areas indicates that when the two populations
come into contact the growth can be modelled by the following differential
equations, in which t is measured in tens of years.

dx

dt
=
x

1000
(2000 − x − 2y) x y , , ≥0

, , ≥0
dy y
= (3000 − 3x − y) x y
dt 1000

An equilibrium point for the populations occurs when both and

dx dy
= 0 = 0
dt dt

(b.i) Verify that x ,

= 800 y = 600 is an equilibrium point. [2]

(b.ii) Find the other three equilibrium points. [4]

When the two populations are small the model can be reduced to the linear
system

dx
= 2x
dt

.
dy
= 3y
dt

(c.i) By using separation of variables, show that the general solution

of dx

dt
= 2x is x = Ae
2t
. [4]

(c.ii) Write down the general solution of

dy

dt
= 3y. [1]
 (c.iii) If both populations contain 10 squirrels at t = 0 use the
solutions to parts (c) (i) and (ii) to estimate the number of black
and brown squirrels when t = 0.2. Give your answers to the
nearest whole numbers. [2]

For larger populations, the conservationists decide to use Euler’s method to find
the long‑term outcomes for the populations. They will use Euler’s method with a
step length of 2 years (t = 0.2).

(d.i) Write down the expressions for x n+1 and y n+1 that the
conservationists will use. [2]

(d.ii) Given that the initial populations are x = 100, y = 100, find
the populations of each species of squirrel when t = 1. [3]

(d.iii) Use further iterations of Euler’s method to find the long-term

population for each species of squirrel from these initial values. [1]

(d.iv) Use the same method to find the long-term populations of

squirrels when the initial populations are x = 400, y = 100. [1]

(e) Use Euler’s method with step length 0.2 to sketch, on the same
axes, the approximate trajectories for the populations with the
following initial populations.

(i) ,
x = 1000 y = 1500

(ii) ,
x = 1500 y = 1000 [3]

(f ) Given that the equilibrium point at (800, 600) is a saddle point,

sketch the phase portrait for x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 on the same axes used
in part (e). [2]

6. [Maximum mark: 6]
Consider the second order differential equation
 2
ẍ + 4(ẋ) − 2t = 0

where x is the displacement of a particle for t ≥ 0.

(a) Write the differential equation as a system of coupled first order
differential equations. [2]

(b) When t ,
= 0 x = ẋ = 0

Use Euler’s method with a step length of 0. 1 to find an estimate

for the value of the displacement and velocity of the particle
when t = 1. [4]

7. [Maximum mark: 8]
The production of oil (P ), in barrels per day, from an oil field satisfies the
differential equation dP
dt
=
1000
2+t
where t is measured in days from the start of
production.

(a.i) Find ∫ 0
5 1000

2+t
dt . [1]

(a.ii) State in context what this value represents. [1]

The production of oil at t = 0 is 20, 000 barrels per day.

(b) Find an expression for P in terms of t. [4]

(c) Determine ∫
365
P (t) dt and state what it represents. [2]
0

8. [Maximum mark: 8]
Consider the function f (x) 2
= √ −ax + x + a, a ∈ R
+
.

(a) Find f ′(x). [2]

For a > 0 the curve y = f (x) has a single local maximum.

 (b) Find in terms of a the value of x at which the maximum occurs. [2]

(c) Hence find the value of a for which y has the smallest possible
maximum value. [4]

9. [Maximum mark: 6]
Consider the second order differential equation

2
ẍ + 4(ẋ) − 2t = 0

where x is the displacement of a particle for t ≥ 0 .

(a) Write the differential equation as a system of coupled first order

differential equations. [2]

(b) When t ,
= 0 x = ẋ = 0

Use Euler’s method with a step length of 0. 1 to find an estimate

for the value of the displacement and velocity of the particle
when t = 1. [4]

10. [Maximum mark: 8]

The production of oil (P ), in barrels per day, from an oil field satisfies the
differential equation dP
dt
=
1000
2+t
where t is measured in days from the start of
production.

(a.i) Find ∫ 0
5 1000

2+t
dt. [1]

(a.ii) State in context what this value represents. [1]

The production of oil at t = 0 is 20, 000 barrels per day.

(b) Find an expression for P in terms of t. [4]

 (c) Determine ∫
365
P (t) dt and state what it represents. [2]
0

11. [Maximum mark: 19]

A change in grazing habits has resulted in two species of herbivore, X and Y,
competing for food on the same grasslands. At time t = 0 environmentalists
begin to record the sizes of both populations. Let the size of the population of X
be x, and the size of the population Y be y. The following model is proposed for
predicting the change in the sizes of the two populations:

ẋ = 0. 3x − 0. 1y

ẏ = −0. 2x + 0. 4y

for x, y > 0

For this system of coupled differential equations find

(a.i) the eigenvalues. [3]

(a.ii) the eigenvectors. [3]

(b) Hence write down the general solution of the system of

equations. [1]

(c) Sketch the phase portrait for this system, for x, y > 0 .

On your sketch show

the equation of the line defined by the eigenvector in the

first quadrant
at least two trajectories either side of this line using arrows
on those trajectories to represent the change in
populations as t increases [3]

When t = 0X has a population of 2000.

 (d) Write down a condition on the size of the initial population of
Y if it is to avoid its population reducing to zero. [1]

It is known that Y has an initial population of 2900.

(e.i) Find the value of t at which x = 0 . [6]

(e.ii) Find the population of Y at this value of t. Give your answer to

the nearest 10 herbivores. [2]

12. [Maximum mark: 17]

A ball is attached to the end of a string and spun horizontally. Its position relative
to a given point, O, at time t seconds, t ≥ 0, is given by the equation

2
1. 5 cos (0. 1t )
r = ( ) where all displacements are in metres.
2
1. 5 sin (0. 1t )

(a) Show that the ball is moving in a circle with its centre at O and
state the radius of the circle. [4]

(b.i) Find an expression for the velocity of the ball at time t. [2]

(b.ii) Hence show that the velocity of the ball is always perpendicular
to the position vector of the ball. [2]

(c.i) Find an expression for the acceleration of the ball at time t. [3]

The string breaks when the magnitude of the ball’s acceleration exceeds
20 ms .−2

(c.ii) Find the value of t at the instant the string breaks. [3]

(c.iii) How many complete revolutions has the ball completed from
t = 0 to the instant at which the string breaks? [3]
13. [Maximum mark: 16]
Jorge is carefully observing the rise in sales of a new app he has created.

The number of sales in the first four months is shown in the table below.

Jorge believes that the increase is exponential and proposes to model the
number of sales N in month t with the equation

rt
N = Ae , A, r ∈ R

(a) Show that Jorge’s model satisfies the differential equation

dN

dt
= rN [2]

Jorge plans to adapt Euler’s method to find an approximate value for r.

With a step length of one month the solution to the differential equation can be
approximated using Euler’s method where

N (n + 1) ≈ N (n) + 1 × N ′(n), n ∈ N

(b) Show that r ≈

N (n+1)−N (n)
[3]
N (n)

(c) Hence find three approximations for the value of r. [3]

Jorge decides to take the mean of these values as the approximation of r for his
model. He also decides the graph of the model should pass through the point
(2, 52).

(d) Find the equation for Jorge’s model. [3]

(e) Find the sum of the square residuals for Jorge’s model using the
values t = 1, 2, 3, 4. [2]
 The sum of the square residuals for these points for the least squares regression
model is approximately 6. 555.

(f.i) Comment how well Jorge’s model fits the data. [1]

(f.ii) Give two possible sources of error in the construction of his

model. [2]

14. [Maximum mark: 18]

Consider the system of paired differential equations

ẋ = 3x + 2y

ẏ = 2x + 3y .

This represents the populations of two species of symbiotic toadstools in a large

wood.

Time t is measured in decades.

(a) Use the eigenvalue method to find the general solution to this
system of equations. [10]

(b.i) Given the initial conditions that when t , ,

= 0 x = 150 y = 50

, find the particular solution. [3]

(b.ii) Hence find the solution when t = 1 . [1]

(c) As t → ∞, find an asymptote to the trajectory of the particular

solution found in (b)(i) and state if this trajectory will be
moving towards or away from the origin. [4]

15. [Maximum mark: 10]

The curve y = f (x) is shown in the graph, for 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 10 .
The curve y = f (x) passes through the following points.

It is required to find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the
line x = 10.
(a) Use the trapezoidal rule to find an estimate for the area. [3]

One possible model for the curve y = f (x) is a cubic function.

(b.i) Use all the coordinates in the table to find the equation of the
least squares cubic regression curve. [3]

(b.ii) Write down the coefficient of determination. [1]

(c.i) Write down an expression for the area enclosed by the cubic
regression curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 10. [1]

(c.ii) Find the value of this area. [2]

16. [Maximum mark: 10]
The curve y = f (x) is shown in the graph, for 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 10 .

The curve y = f (x) passes through the following points.

It is required to find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the
line x = 10.

(a) Use the trapezoidal rule to find an estimate for the area. [3]

One possible model for the curve y = f (x) is a cubic function.

(b.i) Use all the coordinates in the table to find the equation of the
least squares cubic regression curve.
 [3]

(b.ii) Write down the coefficient of determination. [1]

(c.i) Write down an expression for the area enclosed by the cubic
regression curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 10. [1]

(c.ii) Find the value of this area. [2]

17. [Maximum mark: 13]

Consider the system of paired differential equations

ẋ = ax + by

ẏ = cx + dy .

This system is going to be solved by using the eigenvalue method.

(a) Show that if the system has two distinct real eigenvalues then
. [6]
2
(a − d) + 4bc > 0

If the system has a pair of purely imaginary eigenvalues

(b.i) Find two conditions that must be satisfied by a, b, c, d. [5]

(b.ii) Explain why b and c must have opposite signs. [1]

(c) In the case when there is a pair of purely imaginary eigenvalues

you are told that the solution will form an ellipse. You are also
told that the initial conditions are such that the ellipse is large
enough that it will cross both the positive and negative x axes
and the positive and negative y axes.

By considering the differential equations at these four crossing

point investigate if the trajectory is in a clockwise or
 anticlockwise direction round the ellipse. Give your decision in
terms of b and c. Using part (b) (ii) show that your conclusions
are consistent. [1]

18. [Maximum mark: 26]

This question will investigate the solution to a coupled system of differential
equations when there is only one eigenvalue.

It is desired to solve the coupled system of differential equations

ẋ = 3x + y

ẏ = −x + y.

(a) 3 1
Show that the matrix ( ) has (sadly) only one
−1 1

eigenvalue. Find this eigenvalue and an associated

eigenvector. [7]

(b) x 1
Hence, verify that ( ) = ( )e
2t
is a solution to the above
y −1

system. [5]

(c) x t
Verify that ( ) = ( )e
2t
is also a solution.
y −t + 1 [5]

The general solution to the coupled system of differential equations is hence

given by

x 1 t
2t 2t
( ) = A( )e + B( )e
y −1 −t + 1

(d) If initially at t = 0, x = 20, y = 10 find the particular

solution. [3]

(e) Find the values of x and y when t = 2 . [2]

 As t → ∞ the trajectory approaches an asymptote.

(f.i) Find the equation of this asymptote. [3]

(f.ii) State the direction of the trajectory, including the quadrant it is

in as it approaches this asymptote. [1]

19. [Maximum mark: 23]

This question explores methods to determine the area bounded by an unknown curve.

The curve y = f (x) is shown in the graph, for 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 4.4 .

The curve y = f (x) passes through the following points.

It is required to find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the
line x = 4.4.

(a.i) Use the trapezoidal rule to find an estimate for the area. [3]
 (a.ii) With reference to the shape of the graph, explain whether your
answer to part (a)(i) will be an over-estimate or an
underestimate of the area. [2]

One possible model for the curve y = f (x) is a cubic function.

(b.i) Use all the coordinates in the table to find the equation of the
least squares cubic regression curve. [3]

(b.ii) Write down the coefficient of determination. [1]

(c.i) Write down an expression for the area enclosed by the cubic
function, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 4.4. [2]

(c.ii) Find the value of this area. [2]

A second possible model for the curve y = f (x) is an exponential function,

y = pe , where p, q ∈ R.
qx

(d.i) Show that ln y = qx + ln p . [2]

(d.ii) Hence explain how a straight line graph could be drawn using
the coordinates in the table. [1]

(d.iii) By finding the equation of a suitable regression line, show that

p = 1.83 and q = 0.986. [5]

(d.iv) Hence find the area enclosed by the exponential function, the x
-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 4.4. [2]

20. [Maximum mark: 29]

This question will investigate the solution to a coupled system of differential
equations and how to transform it to a system that can be solved by the
eigenvector method.

It is desired to solve the coupled system of differential equations

ẋ = x + 2y − 50

ẏ = 2x + y − 40

where x and y represent the population of two types of symbiotic coral and t is
time measured in decades.
(a) Find the equilibrium point for this system. [2]

(b) If initially x = 100 and y = 50 use Euler’s method with an time

increment of 0.1 to find an approximation for the values of x
and y when t = 1. [3]

(c) Extend this method to conjecture the limit of the ratio as

y

t → ∞.

[2]

(d) Show how using the substitution X = x − 10, Y = y − 20

transforms the system of differential equations into

˙
X = X + 2Y
.
˙
Y = 2X + Y [3]

(e) Solve this system of equations by the eigenvalue method and

x
hence find the general solution for ( ) of the original system.
y [8]

(f ) Find the particular solution to the original system, given the

initial conditions of part (b). [2]

(g) Hence find the exact values of x and y when t = 1 , giving the
answers to 4 significant figures. [2]

(h) Use part (f ) to find limit of the ratio as t . [2]

y
→ ∞
x

(i) With the initial conditions as given in part (b) state if the
equilibrium point is stable or unstable. [1]

(j) If instead the initial conditions were given as x = 20 and

x
y = 10 , find the particular solution for ( ) of the original
y
 system, in this case. [2]

(k) With the initial conditions as given in part (j), determine if the
equilibrium point is stable or unstable. [2]

21. [Maximum mark: 23]

This question explores methods to determine the area bounded by an unknown curve.

The curve y = f (x) is shown in the graph, for 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 4.4 .

The curve y = f (x) passes through the following points.

It is required to find the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the
line x = 4.4.

(a.i) Use the trapezoidal rule to find an estimate for the area. [3]

(a.ii) With reference to the shape of the graph, explain whether your
answer to part (a)(i) will be an over-estimate or an
 underestimate of the area. [2]

One possible model for the curve y = f (x) is a cubic function.

(b.i) Use all the coordinates in the table to find the equation of the
least squares cubic regression curve. [3]

(b.ii) Write down the coefficient of determination. [1]

(c.i) Write down an expression for the area enclosed by the cubic
function, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 4.4. [2]

(c.ii) Find the value of this area. [2]

A second possible model for the curve y = f (x) is an exponential function,

y = pe , where p, q ∈ R.
qx

(d.i) Show that ln y = qx + ln p . [2]

(d.ii) Hence explain how a straight line graph could be drawn using
the coordinates in the table. [1]

(d.iii) By finding the equation of a suitable regression line, show that

p = 1.83 and q = 0.986. [5]

(d.iv) Hence find the area enclosed by the exponential function, the x
-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 4.4. [2]

22. [Maximum mark: 29]

This question will investigate the solution to a coupled system of differential
equations and how to transform it to a system that can be solved by the
eigenvector method.

It is desired to solve the coupled system of differential equations

ẋ = x + 2y − 50
ẏ = 2x + y − 40

where x and y represent the population of two types of symbiotic coral and t is
time measured in decades.
(a) Find the equilibrium point for this system. [2]

(b) If initially x = 100 and y = 50 use Euler’s method with an time

increment of 0.1 to find an approximation for the values of x
and y when t = 1. [3]

(c) Extend this method to conjecture the limit of the ratio as

y

t → ∞.

[2]

(d) Show how using the substitution X = x − 10, Y = y − 20

transforms the system of differential equations into

˙
X = X + 2Y
.
˙
Y = 2X + Y [3]

(e) Solve this system of equations by the eigenvalue method and

x
hence find the general solution for ( ) of the original system.
y [8]

(f ) Find the particular solution to the original system, given the

initial conditions of part (b). [2]

(g) Hence find the exact values of x and y when t = 1 , giving the
answers to 4 significant figures. [2]

(h) Use part (f ) to find limit of the ratio as t . [2]

y
→ ∞
x

(i) With the initial conditions as given in part (b) state if the
equilibrium point is stable or unstable. [1]

(j) If instead the initial conditions were given as x = 20 and

x
y = 10 , find the particular solution for ( ) of the original
y

system, in this case. [2]

 (k) With the initial conditions as given in part (j), determine if the
equilibrium point is stable or unstable. [2]

23. [Maximum mark: 8]

Joon is a keen surfer and wants to model waves passing a particular point P,
which is off the shore of his favourite beach. Joon sets up a model of the waves
in terms of h(t), the height of the water in metres, and t, the time in seconds
from when he begins recording the height of the water at point P.

π
The function has the form h(t) = p cos (
6
,
t) + q t ≥ 0 .

(a) Find the values of p and q. [2]

(b) Find

(b.i) h′(t) . [2]

(b.ii) h′′(t) . [1]

Joon will begin to surf the wave when the rate of change of h with respect to t ,
at P, is at its maximum. This will first occur when t = k.
 (c.i) Find the value of k. [2]

(c.ii) Find the height of the water at this time. [1]

24. [Maximum mark: 7]

Consider the function f (x) = x − x, for −1 ≤ x
3
≤ 1 . The shaded region, R, is
bounded by the graph of y = f (x) and the x-axis.

(a.i) Write down an integral that represents the area of R. [1]

(a.ii) Find the area of R. [1]

Another function, g, is defined such that g(x) = 2f (x − 1) .

(b) On the following set of axes, the graph of y = f (x) has been
drawn. On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of y = g(x).

[2]
 The region R from the original graph y = f (x) is rotated through 2π radians
about the x-axis to form a solid.

(c) Find the volume of the solid. [3]

25. [Maximum mark: 4]

Consider the differential equation .
dy
= 3x − y + 1
dχ

(a) Find the equation of the tangent to the solution curve at the
point (−1, − 1) in the form ax + by + c = 0. [2]

The slope field for this differential equation is shown in the following diagram.

(b) Sketch the solution curve that passes through the point
(−1, − 1).

[2]

26. [Maximum mark: 8]

The velocity v of a particle at time t, as it moves along a straight line, can be
modelled by the piecewise function
 u 1 (t), 0 ≤ t ≤ T
v(t) = {
u 2 (t), t ≥ T

where u 1 (t) = 2t
2
− t
3
and u 2 (t) = 8 − 4t . It is required that
.
u 1 (T ) = u 2 (T )

(a) Find the value of T . [2]

(b) Show that u 1 ′(T ) = u 2 ′(T ) . [2]

The displacement of the particle at time t = 0 is zero.

(c) Find the time when the particle returns to its initial position. [4]

27. [Maximum mark: 7]

1 1
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

A straight line L has vector equation r = 3 + λ 1 and point Q has

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0 2

coordinates (11, − 1, 3) .

Point P is the point on L closest to Q.

(a) Find the coordinates of P. [4]

(b) Find a vector that is perpendicular to both L and the line

passing through points P and Q. [3]

28. [Maximum mark: 12]

A plane takes off from a horizontal runway. Let point O be the point where the
plane begins to leave the runway and x be the horizontal distance, in km, of the
plane from O. The function h models the vertical height, in km, of the nose of
the plane from the horizontal runway, and is defined by

h(x) =
10

1+150e −0.07x
− 0. 06 x ≥ 0 , .
 (a.i) Find h(0) [1]

(a.ii) Interpret this value in terms of the context. [1]

(b.i) Find the horizontal asymptote of the graph of y .

= h(x) [1]

(b.ii) Interpret this value in terms of the context. [1]

(c) Find h′(x) in terms of x. [4]

A safety regulation recommends that h′(x) never exceed 0. 2.

(d) Given that this plane flies a distance of at least 200 km

horizontally from point O, determine whether the plane is
following this safety regulation. [4]

29. [Maximum mark: 28]

This question uses differential equations to model the maximum velocity of a
skydiver in free fall.

In 2012, Felix Baumgartner jumped from a height of 40 000 m. He was

attempting to travel at the speed of sound, 330 m s , whilst free-falling to the
−1

Earth.

Before making his attempt, Felix used mathematical models to check how
realistic his attempt would be. The simplest model he used suggests that

dv
= g
dt
where v m s is Felix’s velocity and g m s is the acceleration due to gravity.
−1 −2

The time since he began to free-fall is t seconds and the displacement from his
initial position is s metres.

Throughout this question, the direction towards the centre of the Earth is taken
to be positive and v is a positive quantity.

When s = 0, it is given that Felix jumps with an initial velocity v = 10 .

(a.i) Use the chain rule to show that = v .
dv

dt
dv

ds
[1]

(a.ii) Assuming that g is a constant, solve the differential equation

v
dv

ds
= g to find v as a function of s. [4]

(a.iii) Using g = 9. 8, determine whether the model predicts that

Felix will succeed in travelling at the speed of sound at some
point before s = 40 000. Justify your answer. [3]

(b) To test the model

dv

dt
= g ,

Felix conducted a trial jump from a lower height, and data for v
against t was found.

(b.i) If the model is correct, describe the shape of the graph of v

against t. [2]

Felix’s data are plotted on the following graph.

(b.ii) Use the plot to comment on the validity of the model in part (a). [1]

(c) An improved model considers air resistance, using

dv 2
= g − kv
dt

where k is a positive constant. You are reminded that initially

s = 0 and v = 10.

(c.i) By using dv

dt
= v , solve the differential equation to find v in
dv

ds

terms of s, g and k. You may assume that g − kv > 0.2

[5]

Felix uses the graph of v against t shown in part (b) to estimate the value of k.

(c.ii) The gradient is estimated to be 9. 672 when v = 40. Taking g to

be 9. 8, use this information to show that Felix found that
k = 8 × 10
−5
. [2]

(c.iii) Hence, find the value of v predicted by this model, as s tends to

infinity. [2]

(c.iv) Find the upper bound for the velocity according to this model,
given that 0 < s ≤ 40 000. Give your answer to four significant
figures.
 [2]

The assumption that the value of g is constant is not correct. It can be shown that
14

g =
3.98×10
6 2
.
(6.41×10 −s)

Hence, the new model is given by

14

v
dv

ds
=
3.98×10
6 2
− (8 × 10
−5
)v
2
.
(6.41×10 −s)

When s = 0 , it is known that v = 10 .

(d) Use Euler’s method with a step length of 4000 to estimate the
value of v when s = 40 000. [4]

(e) After Felix completed his record-breaking jump, he found that

the answer from part (d) was not supported by data collected
during the jump.

(e.i) Suggest one improvement to the use of Euler’s method which

might increase the accuracy of the prediction of the model. [1]

(e.ii) Suggest one factor not explicitly considered by the model in

part (d) which might lead to a difference between the model’s
prediction and the data collected. [1]

30. [Maximum mark: 28]

This question uses differential equations to model the maximum velocity of a
skydiver in free fall.

In 2012, Felix Baumgartner jumped from a height of 40 000 m. He was

attempting to travel at the speed of sound, 330 m s , whilst free-falling to the
−1

Earth.

Before making his attempt, Felix used mathematical models to check how
realistic his attempt would be. The simplest model he used suggests that
dv
= g
dt

where v m s is Felix’s velocity and g m s is the acceleration due to gravity.

−1 −2

The time since he began to free-fall is t seconds and the displacement from his
initial position is s metres.

Throughout this question, the direction towards the centre of the Earth is taken
to be positive and v is a positive quantity.

When s = 0, it is given that Felix jumps with an initial velocity v = 10 .

(a.i) Use the chain rule to show that = v .
dv

dt
dv

ds
[1]

(a.ii) Assuming that g is a constant, solve the differential equation

v
dv

ds
= g to find v as a function of s. [4]

(a.iii) Using g = 9. 8, determine whether the model predicts that

Felix will succeed in travelling at the speed of sound at some
point before s = 40 000. Justify your answer. [3]

(b) To test the model

dv
dt
= g ,

Felix conducted a trial jump from a lower height, and data for v
against t was found.

(b.i) If the model is correct, describe the shape of the graph of v

against t. [2]

Felix’s data are plotted on the following graph.

(b.ii) Use the plot to comment on the validity of the model in part (a). [1]

(c) An improved model considers air resistance, using

dv 2
= g − kv
dt

where k is a positive constant. You are reminded that initially

s = 0 and v = 10.

(c.i) By using dv

dt
= v , solve the differential equation to find v in
dv

ds

terms of s, g and k. You may assume that g − kv > 0.2

[5]

Felix uses the graph of v against t shown in part (b) to estimate the value of k.

(c.ii) The gradient is estimated to be 9. 672 when v = 40. Taking g to

be 9. 8, use this information to show that Felix found that
k = 8 × 10
−5
. [2]

(c.iii) Hence, find the value of v predicted by this model, as s tends to

infinity. [2]

(c.iv) Find the upper bound for the velocity according to this model,
given that 0 < s ≤ 40 000. Give your answer to four significant
figures.
 [2]

The assumption that the value of g is constant is not correct. It can be shown that
14

g =
3.98×10
6 2
.
(6.41×10 −s)

Hence, the new model is given by

14

v
dv

ds
=
3.98×10
6 2
− (8 × 10
−5
)v
2
.
(6.41×10 −s)

When s = 0 , it is known that v = 10 .

(d) Use Euler’s method with a step length of 4000 to estimate the
value of v when s = 40 000. [4]

(e) After Felix completed his record-breaking jump, he found that

the answer from part (d) was not supported by data collected
during the jump.

(e.i) Suggest one improvement to the use of Euler’s method which

might increase the accuracy of the prediction of the model. [1]

(e.ii) Suggest one factor not explicitly considered by the model in

part (d) which might lead to a difference between the model’s
prediction and the data collected. [1]

31. [Maximum mark: 27]

This question is about applying ideas from logarithms, calculus and
probability to an unfamiliar mathematical theory called information theory.

Claude Shannon developed a mathematical theory called information theory to

measure the information gained when random events occur. He defined the
information, I , that is gained when an event with probability p occurs as

I = − ln p
where 0 < p ≤ 1. For example, no information is gained (I = 0) when an
event is certain to occur (p = 1).
(a.i) Sketch the graph of I = − ln p, for 0 < p ≤ 1, labelling all
axes intercepts and asymptotes. [3]

(a.ii) Show, using calculus, that I is a decreasing function of p. [3]

(a.iii) Interpret what “I is a decreasing function of p” means in the

given context. [1]

(b) A computer selects at random an integer x from 1 to 10,

inclusive. Each outcome is equally likely.

Alessia is trying to determine the value of x and asks if x is odd.

(b.i) Write down the probability that x is odd. [1]

(b.ii) Alessia is told that x is odd. Find how much information Alessia
gains. [2]

The computer then selects at random an integer y from 1 to 10, inclusive. Each
outcome is equally likely.

Daniel is trying to determine the value of y and asks if y is 7. He is told that it is

not 7.

(b.iii) Find how much information Daniel gains. [2]

If a random variable has n possible outcomes with probabilities p 1, p2 … pn ,

then the expected information gained, E(I ), is defined as

n

E(I ) = Σ − p r ln p r .
r=1

(c) For the integer guessing game described in part (b), when
Daniel asks if y is 7, there are two possible outcomes: “y is 7” or “
y is not 7”.
(c.i) Show that the expected information gained by Daniel is 0. 325,
correct to three significant figures. [2]

(c.ii) Alessia asks if x is odd. Show that her expected information

gained is greater than Daniel’s expected information gained. [2]

Information theory can be applied to a variety of situations.

(d) When a coin is flipped, the outcome is either heads or tails. The
coin may be biased. Let p be the probability of the outcome
being heads.

(d.i) Find, in terms of p, the information gained when the outcome is

tails. [1]

(d.ii) Find, in terms of p, the expected information gained when the

coin is flipped once. [1]

(d.iii) Hence, find the value of p when the expected information

gained is maximized. [2]

A famous puzzle uses 12 balls which appear identical. 11 have the same weight,
but one is either lighter or heavier than the others. A pair of scales can be
repeatedly used to compare the weights of different combinations of the balls.

The outcome of each weighing can be “balanced”, “left-hand side heavier” or

“right-hand side heavier”. The aim of the puzzle is to identify the ball which is the
different weight, and whether it is heavier or lighter than the others, in as few
weighings as possible.
 (e) Angela wants to decide how many balls should be compared to
each other in the first weighing. She produces the following
table to help plan her strategy.

(e.i) Find the value of x. Justify your answer. [2]

(e.ii) Find the value of y. [2]

(e.iii) Find the value of z. [2]

(e.iv) Use the table to suggest the best choice for Angela’s first
weighing. Justify your answer. [1]

32. [Maximum mark: 8]

The cross section of a scale model of a hill is modelled by the following graph.
 The heights of the model are measured at horizontal intervals and are given in
the table.

Horizontal distance, x cm 0 10 20 30 40

Vertical distance, y cm 0 3 8 9 0

(a) Use the trapezoidal rule with h = 10 to find an approximation

for the cross-sectional area of the model. [2]

It is given that the equation of the curve is

y = 0. 04x − 0. 001x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 40.
2 3

(b.i) Write down an integral to find the exact cross-sectional area. [2]

(b.ii) Calculate the value of the cross-sectional area to two decimal

places. [2]

(c) Find the percentage error in the area found using the
trapezoidal rule. [2]

33. [Maximum mark: 6]

The displacement, x (cm), of the end of a spring, at time t (seconds), is
given by
2
d x

dt
2
+ 2
dx

dt
+ 10x = 0 .
 At t ,
= 0 x = 0. 75 and dx

dt
= 0 .

Use Euler’s method, with a step length 0. 1 seconds, to estimate the [6]
value of x when t = 0. 5.

34. [Maximum mark: 6]

The solid shown is formed by rotating the hexagon with vertices
(2, 1), (0, 1), (0, 5), (2, 5), (4, 4) and (4, 2) about the y-axis.

Find the volume of this solid. [6]

35. [Maximum mark: 9]

A decorative hook can be modelled by the curve with equation y = f (x) . The
graph of y = f (x) is shown and consists of a line segment from (0, 0) to (3, 3)

and two sections formed by quadratic curves.

 (a) Write down the equation of the line segment for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 . [1]

The quadratic curve, with endpoints (−2, 0) and (0, 0) , has the same gradient
at (0, 0) as the line segment.

(b) Find the equation of the curve between (−2, 0) and (0, .
0) [3]

The second quadratic curve, with endpoints (3, 3) and (6, 2), has the same
gradient at (3, 3) as the line segment.

(c) Find the equation of this curve. [4]

(d) Write down f as a piecewise function. [1]

36. [Maximum mark: 9]

An airplane, P, is flying at a constant altitude of 3000 m at a speed of 250 m s −1
.
Its path passes over a tracking station, S, at ground level. Let Q be the point
3000 m directly above the tracking station.

At a particular time, T, as the airplane is flying towards Q, the angle of elevation,

θ, of the airplane from S is increasing at a rate of 0. 075 radians per second. The

distance from Q to P is given by x.

 (a) Use related rates to show that, at time T , dx

dθ
=
10 000

3
. [2]

(b) Find x(θ), x as a function of θ. [1]

(c) Find an expression for dx

dθ
in terms of sin θ. [3]

(d) Hence find the horizontal distance from the station to the plane
at time T . [3]

37. [Maximum mark: 5]

A spherical balloon is being inflated such that its volume is increasing at a rate of
15 cm s
3 −1
.

(a) Find the radius of the balloon when its volume is 288π cm . 3
[2]

(b) Hence or otherwise, find the rate of change of the radius at this
instant. [3]
38. [Maximum mark: 9]
The following diagram shows parts of the curves of y and y .
√x
= cos x =
2

P is the point of intersection of the two curves.

(a) Use your graphic display calculator to find the coordinates of P. [2]

The shaded region is rotated 360° about the y-axis to form a volume of
revolution V .

(b) Express V as the sum of two definite integrals. [5]

(c) Hence find the value of V . [2]

39. [Maximum mark: 6]

Consider the differential equation

, for x , ,
2 dy x
(x + 1) = ≥ 0 y ≥ 1
dx 2y−2

where y = 1 when x = 0 .
 (a) Explain why Euler’s method cannot be used to find an
approximate value for y when x = 0. 1. [1]

(b) By solving the differential equation, show that

ln (x 2 +1)
y = 1 + √
2
. [4]

(c) Hence deduce the value of y when x = 0. 1 . [1]

40. [Maximum mark: 15]

A model speedboat has its position, at time t seconds t ≥ 0 , defined by

dx dy
= 5y − 0. 05x, = −5x − 0. 05y,
dt dt

where x metres is the distance east and y metres is the distance north of a fixed
point O.

(a) −0. 05 5
Find the eigenvalues of A = ( ) , giving your
−5 −0. 05

answers in the form a + bi, where a ,

≠ 0 b ≠ 0 . [4]

(b.i) State what a ≠ 0 indicates about the path of the speedboat. [1]

(b.ii) State what the sign of a indicates about the path of the
speedboat. [1]

At time t = 0 , the speedboat has position (20, 0) .

(c) At time t = 0 , find the value of

(c.i) dy

dt
. [2]

(c.ii) dy

dx
. [3]

(d) Use your answers to parts (b) and (c) to sketch the path of the
model speedboat. [4]
41. [Maximum mark: 16]
A particular park consists of a rectangular garden, of area A m , and a concrete
2

path surrounding it. The park has a total area of 1200 m .

2

The width of the path at the north and south side of the park is 2 m.

The width of the path at the west and east side of the park is 1. 5 m.

The length of the park (along the north and south sides) is x metres,
3 < x < 300.

diagram not to scale

(a) Show that A = 1212 − 4x −

3600

x
. [5]

(b) Find the possible dimensions of the park if the area of the
garden is 800 m .2
[4]

(c) Find an expression for dA

dx
. [3]

(d) Use your answer from part (c) to find the value of x that will
maximize the area of the garden. [2]

(e) Find the maximum possible area of the garden. [2]

42. [Maximum mark: 26]
In this question you will use a historic method of calculating the cost of a
barrel of wine to determine which shape of barrel gives the best value for
money.

In Austria in the 17th century, one method for measuring the volume of a barrel
of wine, and hence determining its cost, was by inserting a straight stick into a
hole in the side, as shown in the following diagram, and measuring the length
SD. The longer the length, the greater the cost to the customer.

Let SD be d metres and the cost be C gulden (the local currency at the time).
When the length of SD was 0. 5 metres, the cost was 0. 80 gulden.

(a) Given that C was directly proportional to d, find an equation

for C in terms of d. [3]

A particular barrel of wine cost 0. 96 gulden.

(b) Show that d = 0. 6 . [1]

This method of determining the cost was noticed by a mathematician, Kepler,

who decided to try to calculate the dimensions of a barrel which would give the
maximum volume of wine for a given length SD.
Initially he modelled the barrel as a cylinder, with S at the midpoint of one side.
He took the length of the cylinder as 2h metres and its radius as r metres, as
shown in the following diagram of the cross-section.

diagram not to scale

(c) Find an expression for r in terms of d and h.

2
[3]

Let the volume of this barrel be V m

3
.

(d) Show that V

π 2 3
.
=
2
(d h − h )
[2]

The remainder of this question considers the shape of barrel that gives the best
value when d = 0. 6.

(e.i) Use the formula from part (d) to find the volume of this barrel
when h = 0. 4. [2]

(e.ii) Use differentiation to show that h = √ 0. 12 when dV

dh
= 0 . [3]

(e.iii) Given that this value of h maximizes the volume, find the
largest possible volume of this barrel. [2]

Kepler then considered a non-cylindrical barrel whose base and lid are circles
with radius 0. 2 m and whose length is 0. 8 m.

He modelled the curved surface of this barrel by rotating a quadratic curve, ASB
, with equation y = ax + bx + c, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 8, about the x-axis. The origin of
2
 the coordinate system is at the centre of one of the circular faces as shown in the
following diagram. S is at the vertex of the quadratic curve and SD = 0. 6.

Kepler wished to find out if his barrel would give him more wine than any
cylindrical barrel with d = 0. 6.

The coordinates of A and B are (0, 0. 2) and (0. 8, 0. 2) respectively.

(f ) Find the equation of the quadratic curve, ASB. [6]

(g) Show that the volume of this barrel is greater than the
maximum volume of any cylindrical barrel with d = 0. 6. [3]

(h) State one assumption, not already given, that has been made in
using these models to find the shape of the barrel that gives the
best value. [1]

43. [Maximum mark: 26]

This question considers the optimal route between two points, separated by
several regions where different speeds are possible.
Huw lives in a house, H, and he attends a school, S, where H and S are marked
on the following diagram. The school is situated 1. 2 km south and 4 km east of
Huw’s house. There is a boundary [MN], going from west to east, 0. 4 km south
of his house. The land north of [MN] is a field over which Huw runs at 15
kilometres per hour (km h ). The land south of [MN] is rough ground over
−1

which Huw walks at 5 km h . The two regions are shown in the following
−1

diagram.

diagram not to scale

(a) Huw travels in a straight line from H to S. Calculate the time

that Huw takes to complete this journey. Give your answer
correct to the nearest minute. [6]

(b) Huw realizes that his journey time could be reduced by taking a
less direct route. He therefore defines a point P on [MN] that is
x km east of M. Huw decides to run from H to P and then walk

from P to S. Let T ( x) represent the time, in hours, taken by

Huw to complete the journey along this route.

(b.i) √ 0.4 2 +x 2 +3√ 0.8 2 +(4−x)

2

Show that T (x) = .

[3]
15

(b.ii) Sketch the graph of y = T (x) . [2]

(b.iii) Hence determine the value of x that minimizes T (x). [1]

(b.iv) Find by how much Huw’s journey time is reduced when he

takes this optimal route, compared to travelling in a straight
line from H to S. Give your answer correct to the nearest
minute. [2]

(c.i) Determine an expression for the derivative T ′(x). [3]

(c.ii) Hence show that T (x) is minimized when

x 3(4−x)
= .
√ 0.16+x 2
√ 0.64+(4−x)
2
[1]

(c.iii) For the optimal route, verify that the equation in part (c)(ii)
satisfies the following result:

cos HP̂M speed over f ield

cos SP̂N
=
speed over rough ground
. [2]

(d) The owner of the rough ground converts the southern quarter
into a field over which Huw can run at 15 km h . The −1

following diagram shows the optimal route, HJKS, in this new

situation. You are given that [HJ] is parallel to [KS].

Using a similar result to that given in part (c)(iii), at the point J,

determine MJ. [6]
44. [Maximum mark: 5]
An electrical circuit contains a capacitor. The charge on the capacitor, q
Coulombs, at time t seconds, satisfies the differential equation
2

.
d q dq
+ 5 + 20q = 200
dt 2 dt

Initially q and .
dq
= 1 = 8
dt

Use Euler’s method with h = 0. 1 to estimate the maximum charge on

the capacitor during the first second. [5]

45. [Maximum mark: 5]

Four possible phase portraits for the coupled differential equations
and are shown, labelled A, B, C and D.
dx dy
= ax + by = cx + dy
dt dt
 a b
The matrix ( ) has eigenvalues λ and λ .
1 2
c d

(a) Complete the following table by writing down the letter of the
phase portrait that best matches the description.

[3]

(b) On the following axes, sketch the phase portrait that

corresponds to λ = −2 + 3i and λ = −2 − 3i, given that
1 2

at (3, .
dy
= −12 0)
dt

[2]

46. [Maximum mark: 9]

A particle moves such that its velocity, v metres per second, at time t seconds, is
given by v = t sin(t ). 2

(a) Find an expression for the acceleration of the particle. [2]

 (b) Hence, or otherwise, find its greatest acceleration for 0 ≤ t ≤ 8 . [2]

The particle starts at the origin.

(c) Find an expression for the displacement of the particle. [3]

(d) Hence show that the particle never has a negative

displacement. [2]

47. [Maximum mark: 20]

The position vector of a particle at time t is given by
r = 3 cos(3t)i + 4 sin(3t)j. Displacement is measured in metres and time is

measured in seconds.

(a.i) Find an expression for the velocity of the particle at time t. [2]

(a.ii) Hence find the speed when t = 3 . [2]

(b.i) Find an expression for the acceleration of the particle at time t. [1]

(b.ii) Hence show that the acceleration is always directed towards

the origin. [3]

The position vector of a second particle is given by

r = −4 sin(4t)i + 3 cos(4t)j.

(c) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, find the time when the two particles are closest
to each other. [5]

At time k, where 0 < k < 1. 5 , the second particle is moving parallel to the first
particle.

(d.i) Find the value of k. [5]

 (d.ii) At time k, show that the two particles are moving in the
opposite direction. [2]

48. [Maximum mark: 13]

Adesh is designing a glass. The glass has an inner surface and an outer surface.
Part of the cross section of his design is shown in the following graph, where the
shaded region represents the glass. The two surfaces meet at the top of the glass.
1 unit represents 1 cm.

The inner surface is modelled by f (x) =

1

2
x
3
+ 1 for 0 .
≤ x ≤ p

0 f or 0 ≤ x < 1
The outer surface is modelled by g(x){
4
.
(x − 1) f or 1 ≤ x ≤ p

(a) Find the value of p. [2]

The glass design is finished by rotating the shaded region in the diagram
through 360° about the y-axis.
 (b) Find the volume of liquid that can be contained inside the
finished glass. [5]

(c) Find the volume of the region between the two surfaces of the
finished glass. [6]

49. [Maximum mark: 20]

The position vector of a particle at time t is given by
r = 3 cos(3t)i + 4 sin(3t)j. Displacement is measured in metres and time is

measured in seconds.

(a.i) Find an expression for the velocity of the particle at time t. [2]

(a.ii) Hence find the speed when t = 3 . [2]

(b.i) Find an expression for the acceleration of the particle at time t. [1]

(b.ii) Hence show that the acceleration is always directed towards

the origin. [3]

The position vector of a second particle is given by

r = −4 sin(4t)i + 3 cos(4t)j.

(c) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, find the time when the two particles are closest
to each other. [5]

At time k, where 0 < k < 1. 5 , the second particle is moving parallel to the first
particle.

(d.i) Find the value of k. [5]

(d.ii) At time k, show that the two particles are moving in the
opposite direction. [2]
50. [Maximum mark: 26]
Some medical conditions require patients to take medication regularly for
long periods of time. In this question, you will explore the concentration of a
medicinal drug in the body, when the drug is given repeatedly.

Once a drug enters the body, it is absorbed into the blood. As the body breaks
down the drug over time, the concentration of the drug decreases. Let C(t),
measured in milligrams per millilitre (mg ml −1
) , be the concentration of the
drug, t hours after the drug is given to the patient. The rate at which the drug is
broken down is modelled as directly proportional to its concentration, leading to
the differential equation

dC

dt
= −kC , where k ∈ R
+
.

The initial concentration is d mg ml −1

, d > 0 .

(a) By solving the differential equation, show that C = de

−kt
. [3]

For the remainder of this question, you will consider a particular drug where it is
known that k = 0. 2. The first dose is given at time t = 0 and it is assumed that
before this there is no drug present in the blood.

(b) Find the time, in hours, for this drug to reach 5% of its initial
concentration. [2]

The drug is to be given every T hours and in constant doses, such that the
concentration of the drug is increased by an amount d mg ml −1
. To simplify the
model, it is assumed that each time the drug is given the concentration of the
drug in the blood increases instantaneously.

(c) Show that the concentration of the drug is

) immediately after the third dose is
−0.2T −0.4T
d(1 + e + e

given. [4]

Immediately after the nth dose is given, the concentration of the drug is
d(1 + e
−0.2T
+ e
−0.4T
+ … + e
−0.2(n−1)T
) .
(d) Show that this concentration can be expressed as d( 1−e
−0.2nT

.
1−e −0.2T
) [2]

After a patient has been taking this drug for a long time, it is required to keep
the concentration within a particular range so that it is both safe and effective.

Let H be the highest concentration of the drug in the body for the interval
n

(n − 1)T ≤ t < nT .

Let L be the lowest concentration of the drug in the body for the interval
n

(n − 1)T ≤ t < nT . This is shown in the following graph.

H∞ is defined as lim H n and L ∞ is defined as lim L n .

n→∞ n→∞

Find, in terms of d and T , an expression for

(e.i) H∞ . [2]

(e.ii) L∞ . [3]

Show that
 (f.i) H∞ − L∞ = d . [2]

(f.ii) H∞
.
5 ln(
L∞
) = T
[3]

It is known that this drug is ineffective if the long-term concentration is less than
0. 06 mg ml
−1
and safe if it never exceeds 0. 28 mg ml −1
.

Hence, for this drug, find a suitable value for

(g.i) d. [1]

(g.ii) T . [1]

(h) For the values of d and T found in part (g), find the proportion
of time for which the concentration of the drug is at least
0. 06 mg ml
−1
between the first and second doses. [2]

(i) Suggest a reason why the instructions on the label of the drug
might use a different value for T to that found in part (g)(ii). [1]

51. [Maximum mark: 8]

A function f is of the form f (t) = pe
q cos(rt)
, p, q, r ∈ R
+
. Part of
the graph of f is shown.
 [8]

The points A and B have coordinates A(0, 6. 5) and B(5. 2, ,

0. 2)

and lie on f .

The point A is a local maximum and the point B is a local minimum.

Find the value of p, of q and of r.

52. [Maximum mark: 6]

Consider the curve y x
= 2x(4 − e ) .

(a.i) Find
dy

dx
. [2]

(a.ii)
2

Find . [2]
d y

dx 2

(b) The curve has a point of inflexion at (a, b).

Find the value of a. [2]

53. [Maximum mark: 4]
A slope field for the differential equation is shown.
dy 2 y
= x +
dx 2

Some of the solutions to the differential equation have a local maximum point
and a local minimum point.

(a.i) Write down the equation of the curve on which all these
maximum and minimum points lie. [1]

(a.ii) Sketch this curve on the slope field. [1]

(b) The solution to the differential equation that passes through

the point (0, − 2) has both a local maximum point and a local
minimum point.

On the slope field, sketch the solution to the differential

equation that passes through (0, − 2). [2]
54. [Maximum mark: 8]
(a.i) Expand ( + 1) . 1
2
[1]
u

(a.ii) 2

Find ∫ (
(x+2)
1
+ 1) d x . [3]

The region bounded by y =

1

(x+2)
+ 1, x = 0, x = 2 and the x-axis is rotated
through 2π about the x-axis to form a solid.

(b) Find the volume of the solid formed. Give your answer in the
π
form 4
(a + b ln(c)) , where a, .
b, c ∈ Z [4]

55. [Maximum mark: 7]

The wind chill index W is a measure of the temperature, in °C, felt when taking
into account the effect of the wind.

When Frieda arrives at the top of a hill, the relationship between the wind chill
index and the speed of the wind v in kilometres per hour (km h −1
) is given by
the equation

0.16
W = 19. 34 − 7. 405v

(a) Find an expression for dW

dv
. [2]

(b) When Frieda arrives at the top of a hill, the speed of the wind is
10 kilometres per hour and increasing at a rate of

5 km h
−1
minute
−1
.

Find the rate of change of W at this time. [5]

56. [Maximum mark: 4]

The shape of a vase is formed by rotating a curve about the y-axis.
 The vase is 10 cm high. The internal radius of the vase is measured at
2 cm intervals along the height:

Use the trapezoidal rule to estimate the volume of water that the vase [4]
can hold.

57. [Maximum mark: 8]

The cross-section of a beach is modelled by the equation y = 0. 02x for 2

0 ≤ x ≤ 10 where y is the height of the beach (in metres) at a horizontal

distance x metres from an origin. t is the time in hours after low tide.

At t the water is at the point (0, 0). The height of the water rises at a rate of
= 0

0. 2 metres per hour. The point W(x(t), y(t)) indicates where the water level

meets the beach at time t.

 (a) When W has an x-coordinate equal to 1, find the horizontal
component of the velocity of W. [3]

A snail is modelled as a single point. At t = 0 it is positioned at (1, 0. 02). The

snail travels away from the incoming water at a speed of 1 metre per hour in the
direction along the curve of the cross-section of the beach. The following
diagram shows this for a value of t, such that t > 0.

(b.i) Find the time taken for the snail to reach the point (10, 2). [4]

(b.ii) Hence show that the snail reaches the point (10, 2) before the
water does. [1]

58. [Maximum mark: 7]

The position vector of a particle, P , relative to a fixed origin O at time t is given
by

2
−→ sin (t )
OP = ( .
)
2
cos (t )

(a) Find the velocity vector of P . [2]

(b) Show that the acceleration vector of P is never parallel to the

position vector of P .
 [5]

59. [Maximum mark: 18]

Consider the curve y = √x .

(a.i) Find
dy

dx
. [2]

(a.ii) Hence show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at the
point (0. 16, 0. 4) is y = 1. 25x + 0. 2. [2]

The shape of a piece of metal can be modelled by the region bounded by the
functions f , g, the x-axis and the line segment [AB], as shown in the following
diagram. The units on the x and y axes are measured in metres.

The piecewise function f is defined by

√x 0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 16
f (x) = {
1. 25x + 0. 2 0. 16 < x ≤ 0. 5

The graph of g is obtained from the graph of f by:

a stretch scale factor of 1

2
in the x direction,
 followed by a stretch scale factor in the y direction,
1

followed by a translation of 0. 2 units to the right.

Point A lies on the graph of f and has coordinates (0. 5, 0. 825). Point B is the
image of A under the given transformations and has coordinates (p, q).
(b) Find the value of p and the value of q. [2]

The piecewise function g is given by

h(x) 0. 2 ≤ x ≤ a
g(x) = {
1. 25x + b a < x ≤ p

(c.i) Find an expression for h(x). [2]

(c.ii) Find the value of a. [1]

(c.iii) Find the value of b. [2]

(d.i) Find the area enclosed by y , the x-axis and the line
= f (x)

x = 0. 5. [3]

The area enclosed by y = g(x), the x-axis and the line x = p is 0. 0627292 m 2

correct to six significant figures.

(d.ii) Find the area of the shaded region on the diagram. [4]

60. [Maximum mark: 13]

A particle moves such that its displacement, x metres, from a point O at time t
seconds is given by the differential equation
2
d x dx
2
+ 5 + 6x = 0
dt dt

(a.i) Use the substitution y =

dx

dt
to show that this equation can be
written as
 [1]
dx
0 1 x
.
dt
( ) = ( )( )
dy
−6 −5 y
dt

(a.ii) 0 1
Find the eigenvalues for the matrix ( ) .
−6 −5 [3]

(a.iii) Hence state the long-term velocity of the particle. [1]

The equation for the motion of the particle is amended to

2
d x

dt
2 + 5
dx
dt
+ 6x = 3t + 4 .

(b.i) Use the substitution y = to write the differential equation

dx

dt

as a system of coupled, first order differential equations. [2]

When t = 0 the particle is stationary at O.

(b.ii) Use Euler’s method with a step length of 0. 1 to find the

displacement of the particle when t = 1. [5]

(b.iii) Find the long-term velocity of the particle. [1]

61. [Maximum mark: 17]

A sector of a circle, centre O and radius 4. 5 m, is shown in the following
diagram.
(a.i) Find the angle AÔB. [3]

(a.ii) Find the area of the shaded segment. [5]

A square field with side 8 m has a goat tied to a post in the centre by a rope such
that the goat can reach all parts of the field up to 4. 5 m from the post.

[Source: mynamepong, n.d. Goat [image online] Available at:

https://thenounproject.com/term/goat/1761571/
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 22 April 2010] Source adapted.]

(b) Find the area of the field that can be reached by the goat. [4]

Let V be the volume of grass eaten by the goat, in cubic metres, and t be the
length of time, in hours, that the goat has been in the field.

The goat eats grass at the rate of dV

dt
= 0. 3 te
−t
.

(c) Find the value of t at which the goat is eating grass at the
greatest rate. [2]

(d) The goat is tied in the field for 8 hours.

 Find the total volume of grass eaten by the goat during this [3]
time.

62. [Maximum mark: 17]

A sector of a circle, centre O and radius 4. 5 m, is shown in the following
diagram.

(a.i) Find the angle AÔB. [3]

(a.ii) Find the area of the shaded segment. [5]

A square field with side 8 m has a goat tied to a post in the centre by a rope such
that the goat can reach all parts of the field up to 4. 5 m from the post.
 [Source: mynamepong, n.d. Goat [image online] Available at:
https://thenounproject.com/term/goat/1761571/
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 22 April 2010] Source adapted.]

(b) Find the area of the field that can be reached by the goat. [4]

Let V be the volume of grass eaten by the goat, in cubic metres, and t be the
length of time, in hours, that the goat has been in the field.

The goat eats grass at the rate of dV

dt
= 0. 3 te
−t
.

(c) Find the value of t at which the goat is eating grass at the
greatest rate. [2]

(d) The goat is tied in the field for 8 hours.

Find the total volume of grass eaten by the goat during this
time. [3]

63. [Maximum mark: 13]

A particle moves such that its displacement, x metres, from a point O at time t
seconds is given by the differential equation
 2
d x dx
2
+ 5 + 6x = 0
dt dt

(a.i) Use the substitution y =

dx

dt
to show that this equation can be
written as

dx
0 1 x
.
dt
( ) = ( )( )
dy

dt
−6 −5 y [1]

(a.ii) 0 1
Find the eigenvalues for the matrix ( ) .
−6 −5 [3]

(a.iii) Hence state the long-term velocity of the particle. [1]

The equation for the motion of the particle is amended to

2
d x

dt
2 + 5
dx
dt
+ 6x = 3t + 4 .

(b.i) Use the substitution y = to write the differential equation

dx

dt

as a system of coupled, first order differential equations. [2]

When t = 0 the particle is stationary at O.

(b.ii) Use Euler’s method with a step length of 0. 1 to find the

displacement of the particle when t = 1. [5]

(b.iii) Find the long-term velocity of the particle. [1]

64. [Maximum mark: 18]

Consider the curve y = √x .

(a.i) Find
dy

dx
. [2]

(a.ii) Hence show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at the
point (0. 16, 0. 4) is y = 1. 25x + 0. 2. [2]
The shape of a piece of metal can be modelled by the region bounded by the
functions f , g, the x-axis and the line segment [AB], as shown in the following
diagram. The units on the x and y axes are measured in metres.

The piecewise function f is defined by

√x 0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 16
f (x) = {
1. 25x + 0. 2 0. 16 < x ≤ 0. 5

The graph of g is obtained from the graph of f by:

a stretch scale factor of 1

2
in the x direction,
followed by a stretch scale factor in the y direction,
1

followed by a translation of 0. 2 units to the right.

Point A lies on the graph of f and has coordinates (0. 5, 0. 825). Point B is the
image of A under the given transformations and has coordinates (p, q).

(b) Find the value of p and the value of q. [2]

The piecewise function g is given by

h(x) 0. 2 ≤ x ≤ a
g(x) = {
1. 25x + b a < x ≤ p
 (c.i) Find an expression for h(x). [2]

(c.ii) Find the value of a. [1]

(c.iii) Find the value of b. [2]

(d.i) Find the area enclosed by y = f (x) , the x-axis and the line
x = 0. 5. [3]

The area enclosed by y = g(x), the x-axis and the line x = p is 0. 0627292 m 2

correct to six significant figures.

(d.ii) Find the area of the shaded region on the diagram. [4]

65. [Maximum mark: 21]

At an archery tournament, a particular competition sees a ball launched into the
air while an archer attempts to hit it with an arrow.

The path of the ball is modelled by the equation

x 5 ux
( ) = ( ) + t( )
y 0 u y − 5t

where x is the horizontal displacement from the archer and y is the vertical
displacement from the ground, both measured in metres, and t is the time, in
seconds, since the ball was launched.

ux is the horizontal component of the initial velocity

uy is the vertical component of the initial velocity.

In this question both the ball and the arrow are modelled as single points. The
ball is launched with an initial velocity such that u = 8 and u = 10.
x y

(a.i) Find the initial speed of the ball. [2]

(a.ii) Find the angle of elevation of the ball as it is launched. [2]

 (b) Find the maximum height reached by the ball. [3]

(c) Assuming that the ground is horizontal and the ball is not hit by
the arrow, find the x coordinate of the point where the ball
lands. [3]

(d) For the path of the ball, find an expression for y in terms of x. [3]

An archer releases an arrow from the point (0, 2). The arrow is modelled as
travelling in a straight line, in the same plane as the ball, with speed 60 m s −1

and an angle of elevation of 10°.

(e) Determine the two positions where the path of the arrow
intersects the path of the ball. [4]

(f ) Determine the time when the arrow should be released to hit

the ball before the ball reaches its maximum height. [4]

66. [Maximum mark: 16]

An environmental scientist is asked by a river authority to model the effect of a
leak from a power plant on the mercury levels in a local river. The variable x
measures the concentration of mercury in micrograms per litre.

The situation is modelled using the second order differential equation

2
d x dx
2
+ 3 + 2x = 0
dt dt

where t ≥ 0 is the time measured in days since the leak started. It is known that
when t = 0, x = 0 and dx

dt
= 1 .

(a) Show that the system of coupled first order equations:

dx
= y
dt

dy
= −2x − 3y
dt
 can be written as the given second order differential equation. [2]

(b) Find the eigenvalues of the system of coupled first order

equations given in part (a). [3]

(c) Hence find the exact solution of the second order differential
equation. [5]

(d) Sketch the graph of x against t, labelling the maximum point of

the graph with its coordinates. [2]

If the mercury levels are greater than 0. 1 micrograms per litre, fishing in the river
is considered unsafe and is stopped.

(e) Use the model to calculate the total amount of time when
fishing should be stopped. [3]

The river authority decides to stop people from fishing in the river for 10%
longer than the time found from the model.

(f ) Write down one reason, with reference to the context, to

support this decision. [1]

67. [Maximum mark: 15]

A student investigating the relationship between chemical reactions and
temperature finds the Arrhenius equation on the internet.
c
−
k = Ae T

This equation links a variable k with the temperature T , where A and c are
positive constants and T > 0.

(a) Show that dk

dT
is always positive. [3]
(b) Given that lim k = A and lim k = 0 , sketch the graph of k
T →∞ T →0

against T . [3]

The Arrhenius equation predicts that the graph of ln k against 1

T
is a straight
line.

Write down

(c) (i) the gradient of this line in terms of c;

(ii) the y-intercept of this line in terms of A. [4]

The following data are found for a particular reaction, where T is measured in
Kelvin and k is measured in cm 3
mol
−1
s
−1
:

(d) Find the equation of the regression line for ln k on 1

T
. [2]

Find an estimate of

(e.i) c.

It is not required to state units for this value. [1]

(e.ii) A .
 It is not required to state units for this value.
[2]

68. [Maximum mark: 28]

This question is about modelling the spread of a computer virus to predict
the number of computers in a city which will be infected by the virus.

A systems analyst defines the following variables in a model:

tis the number of days since the first computer was infected by the virus.
Q(t) is the total number of computers that have been infected up to

and including day t.

The following data were collected:

(a.i) Find the equation of the regression line of Q(t) on t. [2]

(a.ii) Write down the value of r, Pearson’s product-moment

correlation coefficient. [1]

(a.iii) Explain why it would not be appropriate to conduct a

hypothesis test on the value of r found in (a)(ii). [1]

A model for the early stage of the spread of the computer virus suggests that

Q′(t) = βN Q(t)

where N is the total number of computers in a city and β is a measure of how

easily the virus is spreading between computers. Both N and β are assumed to
be constant.
(b.i) Find the general solution of the differential equation
Q′(t) = βN Q(t). [4]

(b.ii) Using the data in the table write down the equation for an
appropriate non-linear regression model. [2]

(b.iii) Write down the value of R for this model.

2
[1]

(b.iv) Hence comment on the suitability of the model from (b)(ii) in

comparison with the linear model found in part (a). [2]

(b.v) By considering large values of t write down one criticism of the

model found in (b)(ii). [1]

(c) Use your answer from part (b)(ii) to estimate the time taken for
the number of infected computers to double. [2]

The data above are taken from city X which is estimated to have 2. 6 million
computers.
The analyst looks at data for another city, Y. These data indicate a value of
β = 9. 64 × 10
−8
.

(d) Find in which city, X or Y, the computer virus is spreading more

easily. Justify your answer using your results from part (b). [3]

An estimate for Q′(t), t ≥ 5 , can be found by using the formula:

Q(t+5)−Q(t−5)
Q′(t) ≈
10
.

The following table shows estimates of Q′(t) for city X at different values of t.

(e) Determine the value of a and of b. Give your answers correct to

one decimal place. [2]
 An improved model for Q(t), which is valid for large values of t, is the
logistic differential equation

Q(t)
Q′(t) = kQ(t)(1 − )
L

where k and L are constants.

Q′(t)
Based on this differential equation, the graph of Q(t)
against Q(t) is predicted
to be a straight line.

(f.i) Use linear regression to estimate the value of k and of L. [5]

(f.ii) The solution to the differential equation is given by

L
Q(t) = −kt
1+Ce

where C is a constant.

Using your answer to part (f )(i), estimate the percentage of

computers in city X that are expected to have been infected by
the virus over a long period of time. [2]

69. [Maximum mark: 7]

2

The slope field for the differential equation is shown in the

dy −x
= e − y
dx

following two graphs.

(a) Calculate the value of

dy

dx
at the point (0, 1) . [1]

(b) Sketch, on the first graph, a curve that represents the points
where .
dy
= 0
dx
 [2]

On the second graph,

(c) (i) sketch the solution curve that passes through the point
(0, 0).

(ii) sketch the solution curve that passes through the point
(0, 0. 75).

[4]

70. [Maximum mark: 7]

The sides of a bowl are formed by rotating the curve y = 6 ln x, 0 ≤ y ≤ 9,
about the y-axis, where x and y are measured in centimetres. The bowl contains
water to a height of h cm.

(a) Show that the volume of water, V , in terms of h is

h

V = 3 π(e 3
− 1) . [5]

(b) Hence find the maximum capacity of the bowl in cm . 3

[2]
71. [Maximum mark: 9]
The following diagram shows a frame that is made from wire. The total length of
wire is equal to 15 cm. The frame is made up of two identical sectors of a circle
that are parallel to each other. The sectors have angle θ radians and radius r cm.
They are connected by 1 cm lengths of wire perpendicular to the sectors. This is
shown in the diagram below.

(a) Show that r =

6

2+θ
. [2]

The faces of the frame are covered by paper to enclose a volume, V .

(b.i) Find an expression for V in terms of θ. [2]

(b.ii) Find the expression dV

dθ
. [3]

(b.iii) Solve algebraically dV

dθ
= 0 to find the value of θ that will
maximize the volume, V . [2]

72. [Maximum mark: 5]

Juri skis from the top of a hill to a finishing point at the bottom of the hill. She
takes the shortest route, heading directly to the finishing point (F).
Let h(x) define the height of the hill above F at a horizontal distance x from the
starting point at the top of the hill.

The graph of the derivative of h(x) is shown below. The graph of h′(x) has
local minima and maxima when x is equal to a, c and e. The graph of h′(x)
intersects the x-axis when x is equal to b, d, and f .

(a.i) Identify the x value of the point where |h′(x)| has its maximum
value. [1]

(a.ii) Interpret this point in the given context. [1]

(b) Juri starts at a height of 60 metres and finishes at F, where

x = f.

Sketch a possible diagram of the hill on the following pair of

coordinate axes.
 [3]

73. [Maximum mark: 15]

A shock absorber on a car contains a spring surrounded by a fluid. When the car
travels over uneven ground the spring is compressed and then returns to an
equilibrium position.

The displacement, x, of the spring is measured, in centimetres, from the

equilibrium position of x = 0. The value of x can be modelled by the following
second order differential equation, where t is the time, measured in seconds,
after the initial displacement.

ẍ + 3ẋ + 1. 25x = 0

(a) Given that y , show that ẏ

= ẋ .
= −1. 25x − 3y [2]
 ẋ x
The differential equation can be expressed in the form ( ) = A( ) , where
ẏ y

A is a 2 × 2 matrix.

(b) Write down the matrix A. [1]

(c.i) Find the eigenvalues of matrix A. [3]

(c.ii) Find the eigenvectors of matrix A. [3]

(d) Given that when t = 0 the shock absorber is displaced 8 cm

and its velocity is zero, find an expression for x in terms of t. [6]

74. [Maximum mark: 15]

A shock absorber on a car contains a spring surrounded by a fluid. When the car
travels over uneven ground the spring is compressed and then returns to an
equilibrium position.

The displacement, x, of the spring is measured, in centimetres, from the

equilibrium position of x = 0. The value of x can be modelled by the following
second order differential equation, where t is the time, measured in seconds,
after the initial displacement.

ẍ + 3ẋ + 1. 25x = 0
 (a) Given that y , show that ẏ
= ẋ = −1. 25x − 3y . [2]

ẋ x
The differential equation can be expressed in the form ( ) = A( ) , where
ẏ y

A is a 2 × 2 matrix.

(b) Write down the matrix A. [1]

(c.i) Find the eigenvalues of matrix A. [3]

(c.ii) Find the eigenvectors of matrix A. [3]

(d) Given that when t = 0 the shock absorber is displaced 8 cm

and its velocity is zero, find an expression for x in terms of t. [6]

75. [Maximum mark: 30]

This question explores models for the height of water in a cylindrical
container as water drains out.

The diagram shows a cylindrical water container of height 3. 2 metres and base
radius 1 metre. At the base of the container is a small circular valve, which
enables water to drain out.
Eva closes the valve and fills the container with water.

At time t = 0, Eva opens the valve. She records the height, h metres, of water
remaining in the container every 5 minutes.

Eva first tries to model the height using a linear function, h(t) , where
= at + b

a, b ∈ R.

(a.i) Find the equation of the regression line of h on t. [2]

(a.ii) Interpret the meaning of parameter a in the context of the

model. [1]
Eva uses the equation of the regression line of h on t, to predict the time it will
take for all the water to drain out of the container.

(a.iii) Suggest why Eva’s use of the linear regression equation in this
way could be unreliable. [1]

Eva thinks she can improve her model by using a quadratic function,
h(t) = pt + qt + r, where p, q, r ∈ R.
2

(b.i) Find the equation of the least squares quadratic regression

curve. [1]

Eva uses this equation to predict the time it will take for all the water to drain out
of the container and obtains an answer of k minutes.

(b.ii) Find the value of k. [2]

(b.iii) Hence, write down a suitable domain for Eva’s function

h(t) = pt + qt + r. [1]
2

Let V be the volume, in cubic metres, of water in the container at time t minutes.
Let R be the radius, in metres, of the circular valve.

Eva does some research and discovers a formula for the rate of change of V .

dV 2
= −πR √ 70 560h
dt

(c) Show that dh

dt
2
= −R √ 70 560h . [3]

(d) By solving the differential equation = −R

dh

dt
2
√ 70 560h

, show that the general solution is given by

2
h = 17 640(c − R t)
2
, where c ∈ R . [5]

Eva measures the radius of the valve to be 0. 023 metres. Let T be the time, in
minutes, it takes for all the water to drain out of the container.
(e) Use the general solution from part (d) and the initial condition
h(0) = 3. 2 to predict the value of T . [4]

Eva wants to use the container as a timer. She adjusts the initial height of water
in the container so that all the water will drain out of the container in 15
minutes.

(f ) Find this new height. [3]

Eva has another water container that is identical to the first one. She places one
water container above the other one, so that all the water from the highest
container will drain into the lowest container. Eva completely fills the highest
container, but only fills the lowest container to a height of 1 metre, as shown in
the diagram.
At time t = 0 Eva opens both valves. Let H be the height of water, in metres, in
the lowest container at time t.
(g.i) Show that dH
≈ 0. 2514 − 0. 009873t − 0. 1405√ H ,
dt

where 0 ≤ t ≤ T . [4]

(g.ii) Use Euler’s method with a step length of 0. 5 minutes to

estimate the maximum value of H . [3]
76. [Maximum mark: 8]
A tank of water initially contains 400 litres. Water is leaking from the tank such
that after 10 minutes there are 324 litres remaining in the tank.

The volume of water, V litres, remaining in the tank after t minutes, can be
modelled by the differential equation

dV

dt
= −k√ V , where k is a constant.

(a) Show that V = (20 −

t
)
2
. [6]
5

(b) Find the time taken for the tank to empty. [2]

77. [Maximum mark: 5]

The diagram shows the slope field for the differential equation

.
dy
= sin(x + y), − 4 ≤ x ≤ 5, 0 ≤ y ≤ 5
dx

The graphs of the two solutions to the differential equation that pass through
points (0, 1) and (0, 3) are shown.
 For the two solutions given, the local minimum points lie on the straight line L . 1

(a) Find the equation of L , giving your answer in the form

1

y = mx + c. [3]

(b) For the two solutions given, the local maximum points lie on
the straight line L . 2

Find the equation of L . 2 [2]

78. [Maximum mark: 18]

An ice-skater is skating such that her position vector when viewed from above at
time t seconds can be modelled by

bt
x ae cos t
( ) = ( )
bt
y a e sin t

with respect to a rectangular coordinate system from a point O, where the non-
zero constants a and b can be determined. All distances are in metres.

(a) Find the velocity vector at time t. [3]

(b) Show that the magnitude of the velocity of the ice-skater at

time t is given by

ae
bt
.
√ (1 + b 2 ) [4]

5
At time t = 0 , the displacement of the ice-skater is given by ( ) and the
0

−3. 5
velocity of the ice‑skater is given by ( ) .
5

(c) Find the value of a and the value of b. [3]

(d) Find the magnitude of the velocity of the ice-skater when t = 2

. [2]
 (e) At a point P, the ice-skater is skating parallel to the y-axis for
the first time.

Find OP. [6]

79. [Maximum mark: 16]

The cross-sectional view of a tunnel is shown on the axes below. The line [AB]
represents a vertical wall located at the left side of the tunnel. The height, in
metres, of the tunnel above the horizontal ground is modelled by
y = −0. 1x + 0. 8x , 2 ≤ x ≤ 8, relative to an origin O.
3 2

Point A has coordinates (2, 0) , point B has coordinates (2, 2. 4) , and point C
has coordinates (8, 0).

(a.i) Find
dy

dx
. [2]

(a.ii) Hence find the maximum height of the tunnel. [4]

 Find the height of the tunnel when

(b.i) x = 4 . [2]

(b.ii) x = 6 . [1]

(c) Use the trapezoidal rule, with three intervals, to estimate the
cross-sectional area of the tunnel. [3]

(d.i) Write down the integral which can be used to find the cross-
sectional area of the tunnel. [2]

(d.ii) Hence find the cross-sectional area of the tunnel. [2]

80. [Maximum mark: 17]

A biologist introduces 100 rabbits to an island and records the size of their
population (x) over a period of time. The population growth of the rabbits can
be approximately modelled by the following differential equation, where t is
time measured in years.

dx
= 2x
dt

(a) Find the population of rabbits 1 year after they were

introduced. [5]

A population of 100 foxes is introduced to the island when the population of

rabbits has reached 1000. The subsequent population growth of rabbits and
foxes, where y is the population of foxes at time t, can be approximately
modelled by the coupled equations:

dx
= x(2 − 0. 01y)
dt

dy
= y(0. 0002x − 0. 8)
dt

Use Euler’s method with a step size of 0. 25, to find

 (b) (i) the population of rabbits 1 year after the foxes were
introduced.

(ii) the population of foxes 1 year after the foxes were

introduced. [6]

The graph of the population sizes, according to this model, for the first 4 years
after the foxes were introduced is shown below.

Describe the changes in the populations of rabbits and foxes for these 4 years at

(c.i) point A. [1]

(c.ii) point B. [2]

(d) Find the non-zero equilibrium point for the populations of

rabbits and foxes. [3]

81. [Maximum mark: 14]

Charlotte decides to model the shape of a cupcake to calculate its volume.
From rotating a photograph of her cupcake she estimates that its cross-section
passes through the points (0, 3. 5), (4, 6), (6. 5, 4), (7, 3) and (7. 5, 0),
where all units are in centimetres. The cross-section is symmetrical in the x-axis,
as shown below:

She models the section from (0, 3. 5) to (4, 6) as a straight line.

(a) Find the equation of the line passing through these two points. [2]
 Charlotte models the section of the cupcake that passes through the points
(4, 6), (6. 5, 4), (7, 3) and (7. 5, 0) with a quadratic curve.

(b.i) Find the equation of the least squares regression quadratic

curve for these four points. [2]

(b.ii) By considering the gradient of this curve when x = 4 , explain

why it may not be a good model. [1]

Charlotte thinks that a quadratic with a maximum point at (4, 6) and that
passes through the point (7. 5, 0) would be a better fit.

(c) Find the equation of the new model. [4]

Believing this to be a better model for her cupcake, Charlotte finds the volume of
revolution about the x-axis to estimate the volume of the cupcake.

(d.i) Write down an expression for her estimate of the volume as a

sum of two integrals. [4]

(d.ii) Find the value of Charlotte’s estimate. [1]

82. [Maximum mark: 17]

A biologist introduces 100 rabbits to an island and records the size of their
population (x) over a period of time. The population growth of the rabbits can
be approximately modelled by the following differential equation, where t is
time measured in years.

dx
= 2x
dt

(a) Find the population of rabbits 1 year after they were

introduced. [5]
A population of 100 foxes is introduced to the island when the population of
rabbits has reached 1000. The subsequent population growth of rabbits and
foxes, where y is the population of foxes at time t, can be approximately
modelled by the coupled equations:

dx
= x(2 − 0. 01y)
dt

dy
= y(0. 0002x − 0. 8)
dt

Use Euler’s method with a step size of 0. 25, to find

(b) (i) the population of rabbits 1 year after the foxes were
introduced.

(ii) the population of foxes 1 year after the foxes were

introduced. [6]

The graph of the population sizes, according to this model, for the first 4 years
after the foxes were introduced is shown below.

Describe the changes in the populations of rabbits and foxes for these 4 years at

(c.i) point A. [1]

(c.ii) point B. [2]

(d) Find the non-zero equilibrium point for the populations of

rabbits and foxes.
 [3]

83. [Maximum mark: 14]

Charlotte decides to model the shape of a cupcake to calculate its volume.

From rotating a photograph of her cupcake she estimates that its cross-section
passes through the points (0, 3. 5), (4, 6), (6. 5, 4), (7, 3) and (7. 5, 0),
where all units are in centimetres. The cross-section is symmetrical in the x-axis,
as shown below:
She models the section from (0, 3. 5) to (4, 6) as a straight line.
(a) Find the equation of the line passing through these two points. [2]

Charlotte models the section of the cupcake that passes through the points
(4, 6), (6. 5, 4), (7, 3) and (7. 5, 0) with a quadratic curve.

(b.i) Find the equation of the least squares regression quadratic

curve for these four points. [2]

(b.ii) By considering the gradient of this curve when x = 4 , explain

why it may not be a good model. [1]

Charlotte thinks that a quadratic with a maximum point at (4, 6) and that
passes through the point (7. 5, 0) would be a better fit.

(c) Find the equation of the new model. [4]

 Believing this to be a better model for her cupcake, Charlotte finds the volume of
revolution about the x-axis to estimate the volume of the cupcake.

(d.i) Write down an expression for her estimate of the volume as a

sum of two integrals. [4]

(d.ii) Find the value of Charlotte’s estimate. [1]

84. [Maximum mark: 16]

The cross-sectional view of a tunnel is shown on the axes below. The line [AB]
represents a vertical wall located at the left side of the tunnel. The height, in
metres, of the tunnel above the horizontal ground is modelled by
y = −0. 1x + 0. 8x , 2 ≤ x ≤ 8, relative to an origin O.
3 2

Point A has coordinates (2, 0), point B has coordinates (2, , and point C
2. 4)

has coordinates (8, 0).

 (a.i) Find
dy

dx
. [2]

(a.ii) Hence find the maximum height of the tunnel. [4]

Find the height of the tunnel when

(b.i) x = 4 . [2]

(b.ii) x = 6 . [1]

(c) Use the trapezoidal rule, with three intervals, to estimate the
cross-sectional area of the tunnel. [3]

(d.i) Write down the integral which can be used to find the cross-
sectional area of the tunnel. [2]

(d.ii) Hence find the cross-sectional area of the tunnel. [2]

85. [Maximum mark: 15]

A particle P moves along the x-axis. The velocity of P is v m s −1
at time t
seconds, where v = −2t + 16t − 24 for t ≥ 0.
2

(a) Find the times when P is at instantaneous rest. [2]

(b) Find the magnitude of the particle’s acceleration at 6 seconds. [4]

(c) Find the greatest speed of P in the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 . [2]

(d) The particle starts from the origin O. Find an expression for the
displacement of P from O at time t seconds. [4]

(e) Find the total distance travelled by P in the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 . [3]

86. [Maximum mark: 17]

 Consider the following system of coupled differential equations.

dx
= −4x
dt

dy
= 3x − 2y
dt

(a) Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the

−4 0
matrix ( ) .
3 −2 [6]

(b) Hence, write down the general solution of the system. [2]

(c) Determine, with justification, whether the equilibrium point

(0, 0) is stable or unstable. [2]

Find the value of

dy

dx

(d) (i) at (4, 0) .

(ii) at (−4, 0) . [3]

(e) Sketch a phase portrait for the general solution to the system of
coupled differential equations for −6 ≤ x ≤ 6, −6 ≤ y ≤ 6. [4]

87. [Maximum mark: 31]

Alessia is an ecologist working for Mediterranean fishing authorities. She is
interested in whether the mackerel population density is likely to fall below
5000 mackerel per km , as this is the minimum value required for
3

sustainable fishing. She believes that the primary factor affecting the
mackerel population is the interaction of mackerel with sharks, their main
predator.

The population densities of mackerel (M thousands per km ) and sharks (S per

3

km ) in the Mediterranean Sea are modelled by the coupled differential

3

equations:
dM
= αM − βM S
dt

dS
= γM S − δS
dt

where t is measured in years, and α, β, γ and δ are parameters.

This model assumes that no other factors affect the mackerel or shark population
densities.

The term αM models the population growth rate of the mackerel in the absence
of sharks.
The term βM S models the death rate of the mackerel due to being eaten by
sharks.
Suggest similar interpretations for the following terms.

(a.i) γM S [1]

(a.ii) δS [1]

An equilibrium point is a set of values of M and S , such that dM

dt
= 0 and
dS

dt
= 0 .

Given that both species are present at the equilibrium point,

(b.i) show that, at the equilibrium point, the value of the mackerel
population density is δ

γ
; [3]

(b.ii) find the value of the shark population density at the

equilibrium point. [2]

The equilibrium point found in part (b) gives the average values of M and S
over time.

Use the model to predict how the following events would affect the average
value of M . Justify your answers.
(c.i) Toxic sewage is added to the Mediterranean Sea. Alessia claims
this reduces the shark population growth rate and hence the
value of γ is halved. No other parameter changes. [2]

(c.ii) Global warming increases the temperature of the

Mediterranean Sea. Alessia claims that this promotes the
mackerel population growth rate and hence the value of α is
doubled. No other parameter changes. [2]

To estimate the value of α, Alessia considers a situation where there are no

sharks and the initial mackerel population density is M . 0

(d.i) Write down the differential equation for M that models this
situation. [1]

(d.ii) Show that the expression for the mackerel population density
after t years is M = M e
0
αt
[4]

(d.iii) Alessia estimates that the mackerel population density

increases by a factor of three every two years. Show that
α = 0. 549 to three significant figures. [3]

Based on additional observations, it is believed that

α = 0. 549 ,

β = 0. 236 ,

γ = 0. 244 ,

δ = 1. 39 .

Alessia decides to use Euler’s method to estimate future mackerel and shark
population densities. The initial population densities are estimated to be
M = 5. 7 and S = 2. She uses a step length of 0. 1 years.
0 0

(e.i) Write down expressions for M n+1 and S n+1 in terms of M n

and S . n [3]
 (e.ii) Use Euler’s method to find an estimate for the mackerel
population density after one year. [2]

Alessia will use her model to estimate whether the mackerel population density
is likely to fall below the minimum value required for sustainable fishing, 5000
per km , during the first nine years.
3

(f.i) Use Euler’s method to sketch the trajectory of the phase portrait,
for 4 ≤ M ≤ 7 and 1. 5 ≤ S ≤ 3, over the first nine years. [3]

(f.ii) Using your phase portrait, or otherwise, determine whether the

mackerel population density would be sufficient to support
sustainable fishing during the first nine years. [2]

(f.iii) State two reasons why Alessia’s conclusion, found in part (f )(ii),
might not be valid. [2]

88. [Maximum mark: 6]

A camera at point C is 3 m from the edge of a straight section of road as
shown in the following diagram. The camera detects a car travelling
along the road at t = 0. It then rotates, always pointing at the car, until
the car passes O, the point on the edge of the road closest to the
camera.
 A car travels along the road at a speed of 24 ms−1. Let the position of
the car be X and let OĈX = θ.

Find dθ
, the rate of rotation of the camera, in radians per second, at the [6]
dt

instant the car passes the point O .

89. [Maximum mark: 9]

Find the coordinates of the points on the curve y 3
+ 3xy
2
− x
3
= 27

at which . [9]
dy
= 0
dx

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