Module 2A

Transmission Lines

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.1
 End-of-Module Objective
Condition Upon completion of this module, the participants will be able
to:
•Present and explain the basic concepts required for the understanding of
transmission line theory,
•Use the polar impedance chart in solving various problems of transmission lines,
•Present the basic knowledge needed concerning the effects of loss in a line,
•Provide a means of transformation from unbalance to balance and vice versa for
Performance proper operation of the transmission line load and its feed system,
•Discuss the theory of quarter-wave line sections both from the standpoint of
impedance matching and power division,
•Present the theory pertaining to stub impedance matching device using concepts
developed, and
•Discuss the common basic features and uses of transmission line bridge circuits,
in accordance to the references and hand-outs, trainees should be able to
,

demonstrate competency of the objectives by responding 75% of the test covering

Standard the Transmission Lines.

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.2
 Module 2A: Transmission Lines

Sub-Module 2A-1: General Transmission Line Theory

Sub-Module 2A-2: Polar Impedance Chart and Its Use
Sub-Module 2A-3: Transmission Lines with Loss, Baluns & Quarter-
wave Transformers
Sub-Module 2A-4: Stub Matching and Bridge Circuits

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.3
 Module 2A
Transmission Lines
Sub-Module 2A-1: General Transmission Line Theory

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.4
 General Transmission Line Theory
Intermediate Objectives
1 Introduce the operation of the general transmission line theory.
Learn how to calculate the coefficient of reflection of a
2 transmission line and state the uses of it.
To discuss the input impedance variations along a transmission
3 line.
To analyze the two types of load on the line namely the non-
4 power consuming loads and the power consuming loads.
To describe the mathematical relations & expressions involving
5 the (SWR) Standing Wave Ratio.
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.5
 General Transmission Line Theory
Module Outline
I. Nonmathematical Description of Transmission Line Behavior
II. The General Transmission Line Equations
III.Input Impedance of Transmission Line
IV. Development of Input Impedance Formula
V. Special Forms of Input Impedance Equations for Lines
Terminated in Non-Power Consuming Loads
VI. Standing Wave Ratio

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.6
 Function of Transmission Lines
A TRANSMISSION LINE is a device designed to guide electrical energy from one point to another. It is used, for
example, to transfer the output RF energy of a transmitter to an antenna.

Although the antenna can be connected

directly to the transmitter, the antenna is
usually located some distance away from
the transmitter. For example, the
transmitter is located inside the Equipment
room and its associated antenna is
mounted on a tower mast outside. A
transmission line is used to connect the
transmitter and the antenna.

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.7
 Function of Transmission Lines
Basic transmission line.
The end of a two-wire
transmission line connected
to a source is ordinarily The other end of the line
called the INPUT END or OUTPUT
is called the OUTPUT
TRANSMITTER INPUT TRANSMISSION ANTENNA
the GENERATOR END. END LINE END END or RECEIVING END.
Other names given to this It is also called LOAD
end are TRANSMITTER END.
END, SENDING END, and
SOURCE.
You can describe a transmission line in terms of its impedance. The ratio of voltage to current (E in/Iin) at the input end is known as
the INPUT IMPEDANCE (Zin). This is the impedance presented to the transmitter by the transmission line and its load, the antenna.

The ratio of voltage to current at the output (E out/Iout) end is known as the OUTPUT IMPEDANCE (Zout). This is the impedance
presented to the load by the transmission line and its source.
If an infinitely long transmission line could be used, the ratio of voltage to current at any point on that transmission line would be
some particular value of impedance. This impedance is known as the CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE.

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.8
 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS

There are many different types of TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS in its

electronic applications. Each medium (line or waveguide) has a
certain characteristic impedance value, current-carrying capacity, and
physical shape and is designed to meet a particular requirement.
The five common types of transmission mediums include the
PARALLEL-LINE, TWISTED PAIR, SHIELDED PAIR, COAXIAL LINE,
and WAVEGUIDES.
The use of a particular line depends, among other things, on the applied frequency, the power-
handling capabilities, and the type of installation.
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.9
 General Transmission Line Theory

TRANSMITTER
TRANSMISSION LINE OUTPUT END
INPUT END ANTENNA
ANTENNA

Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.10
 Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit
SERIES Z

R L

G C SHUNT Y

LUMPED CONSTANT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A

TRANSMISSION LINE DEPICTING :

the series inductance (L) and conductor losses (R) &

the shunt capacitance (C) and dielectric losses (G).

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.11
 Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit
Lumped Constant Equivalent “T” network of inductance, capacitance and resistance as
shown as series impedance and shunt admittance.
Z Z
(Ds) (Ds)
I 2 2 I - DI

DI

GEN E Y(Ds) E - DE ZR

LOAD

Ds

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.12
The General Transmission Line Equations
For a line without a loss, the expressions for total voltage and total current on a transmission line are:

E’ Ðbs E” Ж bs

IR IR (1-1)
Es = (ZR + ZO) e +jβs + (ZR – ZO) e–jβs
2 2
I’ Ðbs I” Ж bs

IR IR
Is = (ZR + ZO) e +jβs
– (ZR – ZO) e–jβs (1-2)
2ZO 2ZO
where:
Es – total voltage on a line at a point s distance from the load
Is – total current in the line at a point s distance from the load
ZR – load impedance
IR – current flowing in the load ZR
Zo – the characteristic impedance of the line
β - the phase shift constant of the line at the operating frequency (in terms of degrees per unit length)
s – v1.0
BCNSSO distance from the load to
Aril 2022 theAviation
Civil point atTraining
which EsCenter
and Is -are to be evaluated
Manila (in terms of unit length)
PPT 2A-1.13
The General Transmission Line Equations
IR +jβs
IR
Es = (ZR + ZO) e + (ZR – ZO) e–jβs
2 2
IR IR
Is = (ZR + ZO) e+jβs – (ZR – ZO) e –jβs
2ZO 2ZO
Incident voltage and current expressions
IR IR (1-4)
E’ = (ZR + ZO) e +jβs = (ZR + ZO) Ðβs
2 2
IR IR
I’ = (ZR + ZO) e +jβs = (ZR + ZO) Ðβs (1-5)
2ZO 2ZO

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.14
The General Transmission Line Equations
IR IR
Es = (ZR + ZO) e+jβs + (ZR – ZO) e–jβs
2 2
IR IR
Is = (ZR + ZO) e+jβs – (ZR – ZO) e –jβs
2ZO 2ZO

Reflected voltage and current expressions

IR IR
E” = (ZR – ZO) e –jβs
= (ZR – ZO) Ð-βs (1-6)
2 2
–IR IR (1-7)
I” = (ZR – ZO) e –jbs = (ZR – ZO) Ð(180°-βs)
2ZO 2ZO
Total voltage and current expressions
Es = E’ + E” (1-8)
Is = I’ + I” (1-9)
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.15
 Le a
din
+

ge
d ge
V O LTAG E

1 S

_ Direction of
wave travel

GEN LOAD

Figure representing travel of one cycle of sinusoidal waveform along the line.

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.16
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF THE COAXIAL LINE , Zo
(sometimes called surge impedance)
 The ratio of voltage moving along a line to the current which is moving in the same direction on the line
Ø Impedance presented to any time varying signal at a point on the line

ZO = E = E”
’ ”
Ø where
I’ I E’ = incident voltage
I’ = incident current
E” = reflected voltage
I” = reflected current

ZO = R + jwL ohms
G + jw C

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.17
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF THE COAXIAL LINE

jw L L Ø Characteristic impedance of a
ZO = =
jwC C transmission line with negligible
losses

138 D Ø where
ZO = log10
er d D = inner diameter of the outer conductor
d = outer diameter of the inner conductor
er = dielectric constant or insulating property
compared to air as the standard (unity)

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.18
 EXAMPLE:

1. The inner diameter of the outer conductor of RG-214 coaxial cable is 0.31 inches
and the outer diameter of inner conductor is 0.09 inches. Find the characteristic
impedance (ZO) of this cable if εr is 2.1.

2. From manufacturer’s specifications it was determined that each foot of RG-214

cable contains 0.075μh if inductance and 28.74pF of capacitance. Find ZO.

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.19
Phase Shift Constant (b ), Electrical Length & Wavelength (l)
The phase shift constant is the amount of phase shift, per unit length, undergone by the wave of voltage or
current as it moves down the line.

b = 360° Electrical Degrees Per Unit Length

l
 = bs Total electrical length of a transmission line

The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is defined as the physical distance that a wave front
will propagate in free space during the time of one cycle of the source

l = cT = c where
f l = wavelength in free space
T = 1/f time of one cycle

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.20
 Velocity Factor, Vf
A constant representing the ratio of velocity of a signal on a line to the velocity of the signal in free space
where
vf = v
c vf = velocity factor or constant
c = velocity of wave in free space
v = wave velocity on the line (velocity of propagation)

vf = 1 where
εr er = dielectric constant of the
dielectric material
where
v vf c lline = wavelength on a line
lline = =
f f v = velocity of propagation
vf = velocity factor
360 ° 360 ° 𝑓 Commonly used values for c are:
𝛽= =
𝑣𝑓 𝑐 𝑣𝑓 𝑐 984 (106) feet per second
11812 (106) inches per second
𝑓 300(106) meters per second
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.21
 Wave Velocity on a line (V)
Time required for a signal to travel a unit length of transmission line

t = LC where t = travel time per unit length

v= s = s
where
t LC
t = travel time per unit length
v = velocity of propagation

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.22
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

• Determine the electrical length (in degrees) of three (3) inches of transmission line at a frequency of
110MHz.
• At what frequency would RG/8U coaxial cable have a phase shift constant of 5 degrees per inch if
the velocity factor is 65.8%
• A transmission line having air dielectric is operated at a frequency of 110 MHz. What is the phase
shift constant of the line in degrees per inch?
• A piece of cable having a velocity factor of 75% is to be cut 60° long. If the frequency to be used is
112.3Mhz, what should be the length of the cable be in inches?

• A transmission line has a velocity factor (vf) of 0.667. The line is operated at a frequency of 110
MHz, compute the velocity of propagation and the wavelength.
• A coaxial stub is measured and found to be 10.5inches in length. It is used on a line operating at a
frequency of 109.5Mhz. If the velocity of propagation is 65.8%, what is the electrical length of the
stub?

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.23
 Coefficient of Reflection, Γ
Defined as the phasor relationship between the reflected voltage and the incident voltage at the
load, or the phasor relationship between the reflected current and the incident current at the load.
Maybe obtained by taking the ratio of E” to E’ .

At the load (s = 0),

IR
E” = (ZR – ZO) e –jβs
2 E” (ZR – ZO)
IR = = Γ (1-10)
E’ = (ZR + ZO) e+jβs E’ (ZR + ZO)
2

I” (ZR – ZO)
E” (ZR – ZO)
–j2βs = = -Γ (1-11)
= e I’ (ZR + ZO)
E’ (ZR + ZO)

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.24
Transmission Line Terminated In Its Characteristic Impedance

ER’

ZR = ZO

IR’

G=0

G ZR – ZO
= Z R + ZO

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.25
 Impedance Discontinuities
Transmission Line Terminated in an Open Circuit
ER ’
ER”
ZO
ZR = ∞

IR” IR’

G = +1 or 1 0°
G ZR – ZO
= Z R + ZO

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.26
 Impedance Discontinuities
Transmission Line Terminated in a Short Circuit
ER” ER’

ZO ZR = 0

IR’ IR”

G = –1 or 1 180° Z R – ZO
G=
Z R + ZO

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.27
 Impedance Discontinuities
Transmission Line Terminated in a Pure Resistance
Resistance Load Greater than ZO

ZO ZR > Z O

Ø The reflection coefficient, G will always be a positive quantity

Ø Its magnitude will increase as the resistance of the load increases ZR – ZO
G=
Ø The total voltage at the load will be greater than the voltage at any ZR + ZO
other point on the line
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.28
 Impedance Discontinuities
Transmission Line Terminated in a Pure Resistance
Resistance Load Less than ZO

ZO ZR< ZO

Ø The reflection coefficient, G will always be negative

Ø Its magnitude will approach zero as ZR approaches ZR – ZO
ZO and will approach unity as ZR approaches zero. G=
ZR+ ZO
Ø The total voltage at the load will be lesser than the
voltage at any other point on the line.
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.29
 Impedance Discontinuities
Transmission Line Terminated in a Complex Resistive and Reactive Loads
Resistive and Inductive Loads

ZO ZR = R +jXL ohms

ZR – ZO
Ø The magnitude of reflection coefficient, 0< G<1 G=
ZR + ZO
Ø The angle of reflection is positive, greater than zero but
less than 180°
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.30
 Impedance Discontinuities
Transmission Line Terminated in a Complex Resistive and Reactive Loads
Resistive and Capacitive Loads

ZO ZR = R – jXC ohms

ZR – ZO
Ø The magnitude of reflection coefficient, 0< G<1 G=
ZR + ZO
Ø The angle of reflection is positive, greater than 180°
but less than 360°
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.31
 Impedance Discontinuities

Transmission Line Terminated in load containing Reactance only

Ø The magnitude of reflection coefficient, G will be unity

Ø The angle of reflection will vary through 360°
inductive load --------- between 0° and 180°
capacitive load --------- between 180° and 360°

Example:

Find the reflection coefficient, G for the following: ZR – ZO

G=
ZR + ZO
a. A 50-ohm line is terminated in a load of -j50W.
b. A 50-ohm line is terminated in a load of +j100 W.
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.32
Example 1: Determination of reflection coefficient, phasors of voltage and
current
A 50-ohm line is terminated in a load of 30 –j30 ohms. The phasors of incident, reflected, and the total voltage
and incident, reflected, and the total current are desired at the load and at a point 60° from the load.

Solution: The PHASOR DIAGRAM, or the result of the addition of incident reflected signals at any point on a
transmission line is determined by the following:

1. The phase relationship of the reflected and incident voltages and the reflected and incident
currents at the load/impedance discontinuity is determined by the reflection coefficient.

2. The incident voltage and current being in phase and the reflected voltage and current being in
phase opposition (180° apart) at any point.

3. Positive (CCW) rotation of the incident voltage and current phasors and negative (CW) rotation of
the reflected voltage and current phasors; each rotated by an amount equal to bs as measured
from the impedance discontinuity to the point of analysis.

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.33
 30

GEN ZO = 50 ZR

E” (ZR – ZO)
-j30

80º 70º 60º 50º 40º 30º 20º 10º 0º

G = =
Г= 0.423 -103.1º
E’ (ZR + ZO)
E’ Distance from load - degrees
Et

Direction of incident
30 – j30 – 50
60º
phasor rotation =
30 – j30 + 50
E’
0º 0º
E”
60º + I’
It
103.1º
–20 – j30
103.1º
Direction of reflected E”
Et
=
phasor rotation
80 – j30
It
60º I”
60º + I”
103.1º 76.9°
= 0.423Ð –103.1°
0º 0º
I’

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.34
 Determination of minimum and maximum points on the line.
30

GEN ZO = 50 ZR

-j30
128.45º 38.45º 0º
Et = Emax
Г= 0.423 -103.1º
90º

E’
E’

128.45º
Et = Emin 38.45º
E” E’
0º
0º
E” 38.45º 103.1º
I
’
E ”
Et

It = Imax

It
I’ I”
It = Imin
I”
0º I’ 0º

I”

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.35
PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
• A transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms is terminated in a short circuit . Plot
the phasors of incident and reflected voltage and current at the load and at points 45° from the load
for a distance of one wavelength.

• A transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms is terminated in a pure resistance of

16.7 ohms. Plot the phasors of incident and reflected voltage and current and phasors of total
voltage and current at the load and at points every 45° from the load for a distance of one
wavelength. Sketch the standing waves of voltage and current. Label the pure resistive points on
input impedance of line as well as capacitive and inductive sections of the line.

• Repeat problem 2 for a load of 50 – j50 ohms (capacitive load).

• Repeat problem 2 for a load of 50 + j50 ohms (inductive load).

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.36
 Phasor Relationships of Voltages and Currents of a
Transmission Line Terminated in an SHORT CIRCUIT

360° 315 ° 270° 225 ° 180° 135° 90° 45° 0°

ZL = 0 GL = 1 180°
l
E’
INCIDENT
VOLTAGE

REFLECTED
VOLTAGE
E”

I’
INCIDENT
CURRENT

REFLECTED
CURRENT
I”

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.37
Phasor Relationships of Voltages and Currents of a Transmission
Line Terminated in a Resistive Load (ZL = ZO/3)
l
360° 315 ° 270° 225 ° 180° 135° 90° 45° 0°
ZL = 50W ZL = 16.7W GL = 0.5 180°

Et E” Et
E” Et E’ E’ E’ Et E’ E”
E’ E” E’
E ”
E” E’ Et E”
E ” Et
Et E’ Et
Et
It I” It I’ I’ I’ It
I” I” It
It It
It
It I”
I’ I” I” I’ I” I” I” I’
I’ I’ I’ Imax Emax
I
E Rmin Rmax Rmin

Emin Imin

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.38
 Input Impedance of Transmission Line

ZR
ZS

Input impedance of a transmission line at any point is the impedance looking toward the load
at that point on the line.

The input impedance of a transmission line could be found by dividing the total line voltage by
the total line current at the point where input impedance is desired, since impedance is simply
defined as the ratio of voltage to current at a given point.

Two basic types of loads:

• Power-consuming loads – resistive components
• Nonpower-consuming loads – short circuit, open circuit or pure reactive loads
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.39
 360
Total line current

Total line current in amps

330 Total line voltage
magnitude magnitude

RF Phase, line voltage or current

300 6 300

Total line voltage

270
240
210 4 200
180
150 Phase variations
120 of total voltage

90 2 100
60 Phase variations
of total current
30
0
Inductive Capacitive Inductive Capacitive
ZO = 50Ω ZR = ∞
360º 330º 300º 270º 240º 210º 180º 150º 120º 90º 60º 30º 0º
Total Incident
Reflected voltage voltage voltage

Total Incident
current current

Reflected current

Phasors of incident, reflected, and total voltage/current

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.40
 Total line voltage Total line current
magnitude magnitude

360

Total line current in amps

330

RF Phase, line voltage or current

300 6 300

Total line voltage

270
240
210 Phase variations 4 200
180 of total voltage
150
120
90 2 100
Phase variations
60
of total current
30
0 0
Resistive & Inductive Resistive &Capacitive Resistive & Inductive Resistive &Capacitive
ZO = 50 ZR = 150Ω
360º 330º 300º 270º 240º 210º 180º 150º 120º 90º 60º 30º 0º

Total Incident GL = 0.5 0°

Reflected voltage voltage voltage

Total Incident
current current

Reflected current

Phasors of incident, reflected, and total voltage/current

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.41
Input impedance variations on line terminated in non-power
consuming load

Standing
waves of
voltage

L C L C L
To non-power

consuming load

Open Short Open Short Open Short

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.42
Input impedance variations on line terminated in power
consuming load

Standing
waves of
voltage
R+L R+C R+L R+C R+L
To power
consuming
load

Rmax Rmin Rmax Rmin Rmax Rmin

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.43
 Input impedance Formula
ES
ZS =
IS
𝑰𝑅 +𝑗𝛽𝑠 𝑰𝑅
𝑬 𝑠= ( 𝒁 𝑅+ 𝒁 𝑂 ) 𝑒 + ( 𝒁 𝑅 − 𝒁 𝑂 ) 𝑒− 𝑗 𝛽 𝑠
2 2
𝑰 𝑅
𝑬 𝑠= ¿
2
𝑰 𝑅
𝑬 𝑠= ¿¿
2
𝑬 𝑠= 𝑰 𝑅 𝒁 𝑅 cos 𝛽 𝑠+ 𝑗 𝑰 𝑅 𝒁 𝑂 sin 𝛽 𝑠 (1-12 )

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.44
 Input impedance Formula
𝑰𝑅 +𝑗𝛽𝑠 𝑰𝑅
𝑰 𝑠= ( 𝒁 𝑅+ 𝒁 𝑂 ) 𝑒 − ( 𝒁 𝑅 − 𝒁 𝑂 ) 𝑒− 𝑗 𝛽 𝑠
2 𝒁𝑂 2 𝒁𝑂
𝑰 𝑅
𝑰 𝑠 = ¿
2 𝒁 𝑂
𝑰 𝑅
𝑰 𝑠= ¿¿
2 𝒁𝑂
𝑰𝑅 𝒁 𝑅
𝑰 𝑠 =𝑰 𝑅 cos 𝛽 𝑠 + 𝑗 sin 𝛽 𝑠 (1-13 )
𝒁𝑂

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.45
 Input impedance Formula
𝐸 𝑠 𝐼 𝑅 𝑍 𝑅 cos 𝛽 𝑠+ 𝑗 𝐼 𝑅 𝑍 𝑂 sin 𝛽 𝑠
𝑍 𝑠= = where  = s (electrical line length)
𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅
𝐼 𝑅 cos 𝛽 𝑠+ 𝑗 sin 𝛽 𝑠
𝑍𝑂 Equation 1-14 can be used as a general input
impedance formula where ZR is a known
𝐸 𝑠 𝑍 𝑅 cos 𝛽 𝑠+ 𝑗 𝑍 𝑂 sin 𝛽 𝑠 impedance point and ZS is an unknown
𝑍 𝑠= =
𝐼𝑠 𝑍𝑅 impedance  º distance from ZR.
cos 𝛽 𝑠 + 𝑗 sin 𝛽 𝑠
𝑍𝑂
 is (+) if ZR is closer to the actual load than Zs
𝑍 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑍 𝑂 tan 𝜃
𝑍 𝑆=𝑍 𝑂 (1-14)  is (-) if Zs is closer to the actual load than ZR
𝑍 𝑂 + 𝑗 𝑍 𝑅 tan 𝜃

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.46
 EXAMPLES

1. A 70-ohm line is terminated in an impedance of 40-j80. What is the impedance of

the line at a point 60 back from the load.

2. A 100-ohm line has an input impedance of 70.7+j70.7 ohms at a point 135 from
the load. Find the value of the load impedance?

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.47
 Special Forms of Input Impedance Equations for lines
terminated in non-power consuming loads
For short circuited line, ZR = 0 :

𝑍 𝑆= 𝑗 𝑍 𝑂 tan 𝜃 (1-15)

For open circuited line, ZR =  :

𝑍 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑍 𝑂 tan 𝜃 1
𝑍 𝑆=𝑍 𝑂 𝑍 𝑆=𝑍 𝑂 =− 𝑗 𝑍 𝑂 cot 𝜃 (1-16)
𝑍 𝑂 + 𝑗 𝑍 𝑅 tan 𝜃 𝑗 tan 𝜃

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.48
 Special Forms of Input Impedance Equations for lines
terminated in non-power consuming loads

For a line terminated in pure reactance, ZR = j XR :

𝑗 𝑋 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑍 𝑂 tan 𝜃 𝑋 𝑅 + 𝑍 𝑂 tan 𝜃
𝑍 𝑆=𝑍 𝑂 𝑍 𝑆= 𝑗𝑍 𝑂 (1-17)
𝑍 𝑂 + 𝑗 ( 𝑗𝑋 ¿¿ 𝑅)tan 𝜃 ¿ 𝑍 𝑂 − 𝑋 𝑅 tan 𝜃

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.49
Example
A capacitive reactance of 70 ohms, to be provided by a section of
transmission line, is desired for a VHF application. What is the shortest open
circuited transmission line, with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms, that
may be used to provide this value of capacitive reactance?

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.50
 Standing Wave Ratio
 the ratio of adjacent maximum and minimum voltages on the line
 only the variations in magnitude are important, not the variations in phase

𝑆𝑊 , 𝑅 ( 𝑆 )=
| || |
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸 𝑚 𝑖𝑛
=
𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(1-20) 𝑆=
1+|Γ |
1−|Γ|
(1-21)

|𝐸 ∨} over{leftl ine 𝐸 ′ right rline} over {1− {∨ 𝐸 |

𝑆 = |𝐸′|+|𝐸 ∨} over {leftl ine 𝐸 ′ right rline − ∨ 𝐸 | = 1+ |Γ|=
𝑆− 1
(1-22)
|𝐸′| 𝑆+1

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.51
 Standing Wave Ratio
In terms of the forward and reverse power as indicated by a standard
wattmeter equipped with a reversible directional coupler:

= 1 +  where  = VSWR or SWR (S)

1– 
 = reverse power
forward power
If a line is terminated in a pure resistance and losses are negligible:
Rmax
SWR, (S) = (1-23)
ZO whichever ratio is equal to or
ZO greater than unity
SWR, (S) = (1-24)
Rmin
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.52
The input impedance at a voltage minimum
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑗 𝑍 𝑂 tan 𝜃
𝑍 𝑆=𝑍 𝑂
𝑍 𝑂 + 𝑗 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 tan 𝜃

Dividing the equation by Rmin :

𝑍𝑂
1+ 𝑗 tan 𝜃
𝑅 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1+ 𝑗𝑆 tan 𝜃
𝑍 𝑆 =𝑍 𝑂 𝑍 𝑆 =𝑍 𝑂 (1-26)
𝑍𝑂 𝑆+ 𝑗 tan 𝜃
+ 𝑗 tan 𝜃
𝑅 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Distance q is measured from voltage minimum to the point at which ZS is evaluated:

q is (+) towards generator
q is (-) towards load
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.53
Practice Problems:
1. A 50- line has a voltage minimum at 40 degrees from the load and an SWR of 3.
What is the input impedance of the line at a point 135 degrees from the load?

2. A 50- line is feeding a certain load thru a test line that has been inserted in series
with the transmission line and the load. The load is first shorted and the position of the
voltage minimum is noted on the test line. The short is then removed and the
minimum point moves 30 degrees toward the load. The SWR is measured at 2.6 on
the line after the short is removed. What is the value of the impedance?

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.54
 Your Questions

?
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.55
 Summary
Review of Concepts:
1. The total voltage at any point on a transmission line is the phasor sum of the incident and the
reflected voltage.
2. The total current at any point on a transmission line is the phasor sum of the incident and the
reflected current.
3. The incident voltage and the incident current are always in phase along a transmission line.
4. The reflected voltage and the reflected current are always 180 out of phase along a
transmission line.
5. From the reflection coefficient, the magnitude and phase relationship of the reflected and
incident voltages at the load can be determined.
6. The phase of the incident voltage and incident current varies linearly with line length in electrical
degrees and increases in a leading direction from load toward the generator.
7. The phase of the reflected voltage and the reflected current varies linearly with line length in
electrical degrees and increases in a lagging direction from load toward the generator.
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.56
 Summary
Review of Concepts:

8. The amplitude of incident voltage, incident current, reflected voltage and reflected current each
have a constant value up and down the transmission line if the line is lossless.
9. Emax and Imin occur together at the same point on a line.
10. Emin and Imax occur together at the same point on a line.
11.The magnitude of the reflection coefficient is always unity for nonpower consuming loads.
12.The magnitude of the reflection coefficient is always zero if the line is terminated in its
characteristic impedance.
13.If a line has standing waves, the only pure resistive impedance points are located at the voltage
maximums and the voltage minimums. If the pure resistive impedance point is greater than Zo, it
is at a voltage maximum. If the pure resistive impedance point is less than Zo, it is at a voltage
minimum.
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.57
 Summary
Review of Concepts:

14.From the voltage standing waves one should be able to label the inductive and capacitive
sections of the line as well as the pure resistive points.
15.The phase of the total voltage and the total current varies linearly with line length in electrical
degrees only if the line is flat.
16.For every 180 of line length, the phase of the total voltage or total current changes 180,
regardless of termination.
17.The input impedance of a shorted line varies as the tangent of the line length in electrical
degrees and is a pure inductive reactance for lengths from zero to 90, and a pure capacitive
reactance for lengths from 90 to 180, etc.
18.The input impedance of an open line varies as the cotangent of the line length in degrees and is
a pure capacitive reactance for lengths from zero to 90, and a pure inductive reactance for
lengths from 90 to 180, etc.
BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.58
 Summary
Review of Concepts:

19. The standing wave ratio on a lossless line is everywhere the same.
20.The input impedance of a line terminated in Zo is always equal to Zo.
21.The input impedance of a transmission line repeats for every 180 of line length, if the line is
lossless.
22.Proceeding from a voltage minimum, for a distance of 90 electrical degrees toward the load, the
reactive component exhibited by the line will be capacitive.
23.Proceeding from a voltage minimum, for a distance of 90 electrical degrees toward the
generator, the reactive component exhibited by the line will be inductive.

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.59
 THANK YOU

BCNSSO v1.0 Aril 2022 Civil Aviation Training Center - Manila PPT 2A-1.60