Flight Dynamics & Stability
Assignment 1
Submitted by
Talha Aftab
220101041
Aero-21(A)
Submitted to
Dr. Jamshed Riaz
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
Copyright © 2022
This document is jointly copyrighted by the authors and the Institute of Space Technology
(IST). The author and IST can use, publish or reproduce this document in any form. Under
the copyright law no part of this document can be reproduced by anyone, except copyright
holders, without the permission of the authors.
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1. ASSIGNMENT # 1
1.1 Question 1
Given:
𝑪𝒎𝟎𝒘 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝑪 𝒎𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐚𝐝
𝒇,𝒏,𝒑
𝒙𝒄𝒈 𝐶𝑚0𝑡 = 0.17
𝑪𝒎𝜶𝒘 = 𝟒. 𝟑 ( − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒄̅
𝑪 𝒎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝐶𝑚𝛼𝑡 (𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘 − 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑) = −1.04 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝒇,𝒏,𝒑
Calculating the Cm,o and Cmα;
𝐶𝑚𝑜 = 𝐶𝑚0𝑤 + 𝐶𝑚0 + 𝐶𝑚0𝑡
𝑓,𝑛,𝑝
𝐶𝑚𝑜 = −0.096 + 0.04 + 0.17 = 0.114
𝐶𝑚𝛼 = 𝐶𝑚𝛼𝑤 + 𝐶𝑚𝛼 + 𝐶𝑚𝛼𝑡
𝑓,𝑛,𝑝
𝑥𝑐𝑔 𝑥𝑐𝑔
𝐶𝑚𝛼 = 0.114 + 4.3 ( − 0.25) − 1.06 = 4.3 ( − 0.25) − 0.66 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑐̅ 𝑐̅
a. Stick-fixed Neutral Point
The stick-fixed neutral point is basically the location of c.g. when Cmα = 0.
𝑥𝑐𝑔
⟹ 4.3 ( − 0.25) − 0.66 = 0
𝑐̅
𝒙𝑵𝑷 𝒙𝒄𝒈
= = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟑
𝒄̅ 𝒄̅
i.e., 0.403 times of the mean aerodynamic chord.
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b. 𝑪𝒎𝜶 (stick-fixed) at 𝒙𝒄𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝒄̅
𝑥𝑐𝑔
𝐶𝑚𝛼 = 4.3 ( − 0.25) − 0.66
𝑐̅
𝐶𝑚𝛼 = 4.3(0.31 − 0.25) − 0.66
𝑪𝒎𝜶 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟐
________________________________________________________________________
1.1.1 Problem 2.4
Given:
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝜶 −𝟏𝟓° ≤ 𝜹𝒆 ≤ 𝟐𝟎° 𝒙𝒄𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒄̅
a. Stick-fixed Neutral Point
To find neutral point, we first need Cm,α.
From graph,
0.28 − 0.46
𝐶𝑚,𝛼 = = −0.012
15 − 0
The Static Margin is given as,
𝐶𝑚,𝛼 0.012
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = − = − (− ) = 0.15
𝐶𝐿𝛼 0.08
Now,
𝑥𝑁𝑃 𝑥𝑐𝑔
⟹ − = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛
𝑐̅ 𝑐̅
2
𝑥𝑁𝑃
− 0.25 = 0.15
𝑐̅
𝒙𝑵𝑷
= 𝟎. 𝟒
𝒄̅
i.e., 0.4 times the mean aerodynamic chord.
b. Control Power (𝑪𝒎,𝜹𝒆 )
Form graph, we have
𝑑𝐶𝑚 −0.12 − 0.03
𝐶𝑚,𝛿𝑒 = =
𝑑𝛿𝑒 10 − 5
𝑪𝒎,𝜹𝒆 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
c. Forward c.g. limit
𝑑𝐶𝑚
𝐶𝑚,𝑐𝑔 = 𝐶𝑚,𝑜 + 𝐶 + 𝐶𝑚,𝛿𝑒 𝛿𝑒
𝑑𝐶𝐿 𝐿
For trim, 𝐶𝑚,𝑐𝑔 = 0
𝑑𝐶𝑚
𝐶𝑚,𝑜 + 𝐶 + 𝐶𝑚,𝛿𝑒 𝛿𝑒 = 0
𝑑𝐶𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝐶𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑔 𝑥𝑁𝑃
where, = −
𝑑𝐶𝐿 𝑐̅ 𝑐̅
𝐶𝑚,𝑜 = 0.16 ; 𝛿𝑒 = −15°
𝐶𝐿 = 0.03 + 0.08(15) = 1.23
𝑥𝑐𝑔 𝑥𝑁𝑃
𝐶𝑚,𝑜 + ( − ) 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝑚,𝛿𝑒 𝛿𝑒 = 0
𝑐̅ 𝑐̅
𝑥𝑐𝑔
0.16 + ( − 0.4) (1.23) − 0.03(−15) = 0
𝑐̅
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𝒙𝒄𝒈
= −𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝒄̅
________________________________________________________________________
1.1.2 Problem 2.6
𝑥𝑐𝑔
For the c.g. location i.e., = 0.3, the following are given,
𝑐̅
𝑪𝒎,𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝑪𝒎 𝑪𝒎,𝜹𝒆 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏/𝒅𝒆𝒈
= −𝟎. 𝟏
𝒅𝑪𝑳
The maximum elevator deflection is, 𝛿𝑒,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±20°
The neutral point is calculated using,
𝑥𝑁𝑃 𝑥𝑐𝑔 𝑑𝐶𝑚
= −
𝑐̅ 𝑐̅ 𝑑𝐶𝐿
𝒙𝑵𝑷
= 𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝒄̅
𝑥𝑐𝑔 ′
The new c.g. location is given to be, = 0.1. To achieve trim at CL = 1.0, the moment
𝑐̅
eq. is,
𝑑𝐶𝑚 ′
𝐶𝑚,𝑜 + 𝐶 + 𝐶𝑚,𝛿𝑒 𝛿𝑒 = 0
𝑑𝐶𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝐶𝑚 ′
Calculating ,
𝑑𝐶𝐿
𝑑𝐶𝑚 ′ 𝑥𝑐𝑔 ′ 𝑥𝑁𝑃
= −
𝑑𝐶𝐿 𝑐̅ 𝑐̅
𝒅𝑪𝒎 ′
= 𝟎. 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒 = −𝟎. 𝟑
𝒅𝑪𝑳
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Putting the value in moment equation and assuming 𝐶𝑚,𝑜 and 𝐶𝑚,𝛿𝑒 to be constant,
0.05 − 0.3(1.0) − 0.01𝛿𝑒 = 0
The elevator deflection comes out to be,
𝜹𝒆 = −𝟐𝟓° > 𝜹𝒆,𝒎𝒂𝒙
Since, 𝛿𝑒 > 𝛿𝑒,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , therefore the airplane cannot be trimmed during landing.
__________________________________________________________________
1.1.3 Problem 2.9
We are given with the equation,
𝛼𝑡 = 𝛼𝑤 − 𝑖𝑤 − 𝜀 + 𝑖𝑡
where, 𝑖𝑤 = 1°
At the interception points, 𝛼𝑡 = 0
⟹ 𝜀 = 𝛼𝑤 − 𝑖𝑤 + 𝑖𝑡
Now from the above equation, we find the value of 𝜖 for an 𝛼𝑤 value at the interception
points.
𝒊𝒕 1° 0° -1° -2° -3°
𝜶𝒘 2° 3.3° 4.6° 5.9° 7.3°
𝜺 2° 2.3° 2.6° 2.9° 3.3°
𝑑𝜀
The values of 𝜀𝑜 and 𝑑𝛼 are calculated using the 𝜀 vs 𝛼𝑤 graph, plotted below.
𝑤
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Fig 1.1. Downwash Angle vs Angle of Attack of wing
The slope is shown i.e.,
𝒅𝜺
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑
𝒅𝜶𝒘
𝜀𝑜 is calculated using the following,
𝑑𝜀
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑜 + 𝛼
𝑑𝛼𝑤 𝑤
Calculating 𝜀𝑜 at 𝛼𝑤 = 2°,
2 = 𝜀𝑜 + (0.23)(2)
𝜺𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒
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