Applied Mathematics-II

Unit-2

ALGEBRA AND
Algebra and Trigonometry

TRIGONOMETRY

Department of Applied Mathematics

Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G.)
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2
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 SYLLABUS
UNIT – II: Algebra and Trigonometry CO2
De Moivre’s theorem; Roots of complex numbers; Separation into real and imaginary parts of
circular, hyperbolic, logarithmic and exponential functions.
Algebraic equations: Relation between roots and coefficients; Reciprocal equations;
Transformation of equations and diminishing roots. [10 Hrs.]

Course Outcome:
CO2: Implement the De Moivre’s theorem for finding roots of Complex numbers and use the
Method of separation into real and imaginary parts in the study of complex calculus. Also use
the relation between roots & coefficient and transformation to solve Algebraic Equations.

Q. 1. Find the general and principal values of i i .

i / 2
Ans. ii  ei log i  ei (2n i log i )  ei (2n i e )

 1
 2 n  
2 n  / 2
e e  2

When n0

ii  e( / 2)

x2 y2
Q. 2. If sin(  i )  x  iy, prove that   1.
sin 2  cos 2 

Ans. sin  cos i  cos  sin i  x  iy

x
 sin  cosh   x   cosh  …(1)
sin 

y
and cos  sinh   y   sinh  …(2)
cos 

Squaring and subtracting

x2 y2
  cosh 2   sinh 2   1
sin  cos 
2 2

Q. 3. Prove that cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1.

2 2
 e x  e x   e x  e x 
Ans. cosh x  sinh x  
2 2
  
 2   2 

1
 [(e2 x  e2 x  2)  (e2 x  e2 x  2)]
4

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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 1
 (4)  1. Proved.
4

  
Q. 4. If u  log tan    , prove that:
 4 2

u    iu 
(i) tanh  tan (ii)   i log tan    .
2 2 4 2


1  tan
  
4/ 2
e 2
Ans. We have eu  tan    or 
 4 2 e 4 / 2 1  tan 
2

By componendo and dividend, we get

4 
tanh  tan …(i)
2 2

1 iu 1 i i  iu 
or tan  tanh or  tan 1  tan 
i 2 2 2 2  2

 iu 
 1  tan 
1 2
 log  
2 iu
 1  tan 
 2 

  iu 
or   i log tan    …(ii)
4 2

 1 1   
Q. 5. If tan(  i )  ei , show that    n   and   log tan    .
 2 2 2 4 2

Ans. Since tan(  i )  cos   i sin 

 tan(  i )  cos   i sin 

tan(  i )  tan(  i )
 tan 2  tan[(  i )  (  i )] 
1  tan(  i ) tan(  i )

2cos 
 
0

  1
i.e., 2  n  or   n 
2  2 2 

tan(  i )  tan(  i )
or tan 2i  tan[(  i )  (  i )] 
1  tan(  i ) tan(  i )
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2
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 2i sin  e2  e2 sin 
i tan 2   
2 e2  e2 1

By componendo and dividendo, we get


2
 
e2 1  sin   1  tan 2 
  e 4  
e2 1  sin   1  tan
 
 2 


1  tan
2
e  2  tan     
or
  
1  tan 4 2
2

1   
Hence   log tan   
2 4 2

Q. 6. Reduce tan 1 (cos   i sin  ) to the form a  ib. Hence show that,
n  i   
tan 1 (ei )    log tan    .
2 4 2  4 2

Ans. tan 1 (cos   i sin  )  x  iy …(1)

tan 1 (cos   i sin  )  x  iy

Adding

 2cos  
tan 1    2x
1  (cos   sin  ) 
2 2


 tan 2 x    tan
2

 n 
2 x  n   x  …(2)
2 2 4

 tan 1 (cos   i sin  )  tan 1 (cos   i sin  )  2iy

2i sin 
  tan 2iy  i tanh 2 y
11

 tanh 2 y  sin   2 y  tanh 1 (sin  )

 
2

1  1  sin   1  cos 2  sin 2 
 2 y  log    log 
2  1  sin   2 
 cos  sin 

 2 2
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2
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 1
 
 1  tan 2  1   
2 y  log   y   log tan    …(3)

 1  tan  2  4 2
 2

From (1), (2) and (3), we have

 n   i   
tan 1 (cos   i sin  )      log tan   
 2 4 2  4 2

Q. 7. If sin 1 (u  iv)    i prove that sin 2  and cosh 2  are the roots of the equation
x2  x(1  u 2  v 2 )  u 2  0.

Ans. sin(  i )  u  iv

 sin(  i )  u  iv

To prove that sin 2  and cosh 2  are the roots of the eq. x2  x(1  u 2  v 2 )  u 2  0

i.e., sum of roots sin 2   cosh 2   1  u 2  v2

and product of roots sin 2  .cosh 2   u 2

 2u  (u  iv)  (u  iv)  sin(  i )  sin(  i )

 2u  2sin  cos i  u  sin  cosh  …(i)

Similarly, by subtracting

v  cos  sinh 

1  u 2  v2  1  sin 2  cosh 2   cos2  sinh 2 

 1  sin 2  cosh 2   (1  sin 2  )(cosh 2  1)

 sin 2   cosh 2 

i iz
Q. 8. Show that tan 1 x  log  .
2 iz

Ans. Let tan 1 z    z  tan 

ei  ei
 iz  i tan   tanh i 
ei  ei

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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 1  iz 2ei iz
   e2i
1  iz 2ei iz

iz i iz
log    2i    log  
iz 2 iz

i iz
 tan 1 z  log  
2 iz

ii .......... A B
Q. 9. If i i  A  iB, Prove that tan  and A2  B2  e B .
2 A
i
Ans. i i  A  iB

 i AiB  A  iB

 A  iB  e( AiB)log i  e( AiB)(i / 2)  e Ai / 2 .e B / 2

 A  B   B / 2
 A  iB   cos  i sin e
 2 2 

A
 A  e B / 2 cos …(1)
2

A
and B  e B / 2 sin …(2)
2

Squaring and adding (1) and (2) we get

A2  B2  e B . Ans.

Dividing (2) by (1)

B A
 tan . Ans.
A 2

  1
Q. 10. If tan(  i )  tan   i sec , prove that e2   cot and 2   n      .
2  2

 2i sec    2i sec  
Ans. 2i  (  i )  (  i )  tan 1    tan 1  
1  (tan   sec  )   2sec  
2 2 2

2i
tan 2i 
2sec 

i e2  e2 cos 

 i tanh 2   
sec  e2  e2 1

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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  
 e4  cot 2  1e2   cot . Ans.
2 2

2 tan 
 tan 2  tan[(  i )  (  i )] 
2 tan 2 

 
 tan 2   cot   tan    
2 

n 
 2    . Ans.
2 2

  a  ib   2ab
Q. 11. Prove that tan i log    2 2 .
  a  ib   a  b

b
Ans. Let a  r cos  tan  
a

b  r sin 

a  ib  cos   i sin   2i

log  log    log e  (2i )
a  ib  cos   i sin  

2b
  a  ib   2 tan  a 2ab
tan i log     tan 2    2 2 Ans.
  a  ib   1  tan 2  b
2
a b
1  
a

sin 2 x tan u
Q. 12. If tan( x  iy)  sin(u  iv), prove that  .
sinh 2 y tanh v

Ans.

tan( x  iy)  sin(u  iv)

 tan( x  iy)  sin(u  iv)

Dividing

tan( x  iy ) sin(u  iv)


tan( x  iy) sin(u  iv)

sin( x  iy ) cos( x  iy ) sin(u  iv)

 
cos( x  iy )sin( x  iy) sin(u  iv)

By componendo and dividend, we get

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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 sin 2 x 2sin u cos iv tan u
 
i sinh 2 y 2cos u sin iv i tanh v

sin 2 x tan u
 
sinh xy tanh v Proved.

Q. 13. If one root of the equation x 4  x3  25x 2  41x  66  0 be 3  i 2 solve the equation.

Ans. Given equation is x 4  x3  25x 2  41x  66  0

Since one root of the equation to be 3  i 2 another root occur in conjugate pairs.

Let  ,  ,  ,  be the roots no.

  3i 2

  3i 2

Sum of the roots         1

  6

    7 …(i)

Now   66

   9  2  11

  6 …(ii)

From (i)

 (7   )  6

  2  7  6  0

 2  7  6  0

 (  6)  1(  6)  0

(  1)(  6)

  1,   6

Q. 14. The cubic equation 2 x3  9 x 2  12 x    0 has two equal roots. Find  and solve the
equation completely.

Ans. The given equation is 2 x3  9 x 2  12 x    0

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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Since given two roots are equal so let  ,  ,  be the roots of the equation.

9 9
Then      or 2   
2 2

9
  2 …(1)
2

12
Sum of two roots       6
2

 2  2  6 …(2)


Sum of the roots are   
2


 2   …(3)
2

Now (i) and (ii)

9 
 2     2   6
2 

 2  9  4 2  6 or 3 2  9  6  0

 2  3  2  0

(  1)(  2)  0

  1, 2

9 5
Use   1,   
2 2

9 1
  2,  4 
2 2

5 1
Hence roots are 1, 1, and 2, 2, .
2 2

5
Now when roots are 1, 1, .
2

5
  2 2   2.1.  5
2

1
  2.4.  4
2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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Q. 15. The equation x 4  4 x3  ax 2  4 x  b  0 has two pairs of equal roots. Find the value
of a and b.

Ans. Let the root of the given equation be  ,  ,  ,  .

Sum of all roots         4

or   2 …(1)

Now sum of three roots are

        4

2 (   )  4

  1 …(2) from (1)

Now,

            a

 2   2  4  a

or (   ) 2  2  a

 2a or a  2.

Now,   b

 2 2  b

b 1

Hence a  2, b  1.

Q. 16. x 4  6 x3  13x 2  12 x  4  0. Given that it has two pairs of equal roots.

Ans. Let the roots are  ,  ,  , 

 (   )  6 or   3 …(1)

        12

2 (   )  12

  2 …(2)

 (3   )  2

3   2  2  0

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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 a 2  3  2  0

(  1)(  2)  0

  1, 2

  2,   1

No roots are 1, 1, 2, 2.

Q. 17. x3  9 x 2  14 x  24  0 given that two of its roots are in the ratio of 3 : 2.

Ans. Let roots are 3 , 2 and  .

3  2    9

5    9 or   (9  5 )

3 .2 .  24

6 2   24

 2   4 …(2)

Now,

3 .2  3 .  2 .  14

6 2  5  14

 4 
6 2  5 (9  5 )  14 6 2  5 ga.  2   14
  

6 2  45  25 2  14

or  19 2  45  14

or 19 2  45  14  0

or 19 2  38  7  14  0

19 (  2)  7 (  2)  0

(19  7)(  2)  0

7
 ,  2
19

When   2,   (9  10)  1

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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Roots are 6, 4,  1.

Q. 18. Solve the equation x 4  2 x 3  21x 2  22 x  40  0, where roots are in A.P.

Ans. Let the roots are of given equation be

  a  3d

 ad

 ad

  a  3d

Sum of all roots (       )  4a  2

1
a
2

Now,

(a  3d )(a  d )(a  d )(a  3d 0  40

(a 2  9d 2 )(a 2  d 2 )  40

1 2  1 2
or   9d   d   40
4  4 

(1  36d 2 )(1  4d 2 )
 40
16

Let d 2  p

(1  36 p)(1  4 p)  40 16

144 p 2  40 p  639  0

40  1620  4  144  639

p
2  144

9

4

9 3
d2  or d  .
4 2

3
When d  the roots are
2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

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 1 3
  3.  5
2 2

1 3
   2
2 2

1 3
  1
2 2

1 3
  3.  4
2 2

Roots are 1,  2, 4,  5.

Q. 19. 8x3  14 x 2  7 x  1  0 roots being in G.P.

a
Ans. Let the roots are , a, ar
r

a
  ,   a,   ar
r

a 14 7
      a  ar  
r 8 4

1 1
  a 3  or a
8 2

a a 7
Now, .a  .ar  a.ar 
r r 8

a2 7
 a 2  a 2r 
r 8

1  7
a2  1 r  
r  8

11  7
 1 r  
4r  8

1 28 14 7
1 r   
r 8 4 2

7
1 r  r2  r
2

or 2r 2  2r  2  7r

2r 2  5r  2  0

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

13
 2r (r  2)  1(r  2)  0

(2r  1)(r  2)  0

1
r  2,
2

1
When r  2, a 
2

a 1 1 1
  . 
r 2 2 4

1
 a
2

1
  ar  .2  1
2

1 1 
 , , 1
4 2 

1
When r
2

a 1
  .2  1
r 2

1
 a
2

1 1 1
  ar  .  .
2 2 4

Q. 20. O, A, B, C are the four points on a straight line such that the distances of A, B, C from
O are the roots of equation ax3  3bx 2  3cx  d  0. If B is the middle point of AC then show
that a 2 d  3abc  2b3  0.

Ans. 2b  a  c

r1
A B C
O r2
r3

AB  r2  r1

BC  r3  r2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

14
 2r2  r1  r3 …(1)

Its roots are in A.P.

Let    ,  ,    be roots

b
(   )    (   )  3  3
a

b
 
a

c
(   )  (   )(   )   (   )  3
a

c
 2     2  2   2    3
a

c
3 2   2  3
a

b2 c
3 2
2 3
a a

b2 c 3(b 2  ac)
 3 2 3 
2

a a a2

d
(   ) (   )  
a

d
( 2   2 )  
a

 b2 3(b2  ac)  b  d
 2     
 a 
2
a a a

 b2  3b 2  3ac 
  . b  d
 a2 

or  2b3  3abc  a2d

or a2d  3abc  2b3  0

Q. 21. Find the condition that the equation x3  px2  qx  r  0 has roots  ,  which satisfy
  1  0.

Ans. Let  ,  ,  be the roots of the given equation, then

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

15
      p …(1)

      q …(2)

  r …(3)

Given   1  0 of   r

or    r

 r

Since  is a root of the given equation therefore

 3  p 2  q  r  0 …(4)

r 3  pr 2  qr  r  0

r[r 2  pr  q  1]  0

or r 2  pr  q  1  0

which is the required condition.

Q. 22. Solve the equation 6 x3  11x2  3x  2  0 given that its roots are in H.P.

Ans. Since the roots of the given equation are in H.P. the roots of the equation having
reciprocal roots will be in A.P.

The given equation with reciprocal root is

3 2
1 1 1
6    11    3  2  0
 x  x x

or 6  11x  3x2  2 x3  0

or 2 x2  3x2  11x  6  0 …(1)

Since the roots of the given equation are in H.P. therefore the roots of equation (1) are in A.P.
Let the root be

a  d , a, a  d

3
     a d  a  a  d 
2

3 1
or 3a  or a
2 2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

16
 6
  (a  d )a(a  d )    3
2

a(a 2  d 2 )  3

11 2
  d   3
24 

(1  4d 2 )  24

4d 2  25

25
d2 
4

5
d 
2

1 5
Roots are a  d    2
2 2

1
a
2

1 5
ad   3
2 2

1 
Roots are  ,  2, 3 
2 

 1 1
Hence required radial 2,  , .
 2 3

Q. 23. If the roots of the equation x3  px2  qx  4  0 are in H.P. then prove that
27r 2  9 pqr  2q3  0.

Ans. Let  ,  ,  are the roots of the equation x3  px2  qx  r  0 then

     p

  2    q

  r

Given that roots are H.P.

1 1 2
So  
  
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2
17
   2
or 
 

or     2

or       3

 (    2 )  3

3 3r
 
     q

B.P. is a root of the equation so it must satisfy the equation

 3  pp2  qp  r  0
3 2
 3r   3r   3r 
   p   q   r  0
q q q

27r 3  9 pqr  2rq3

0
q3

or 27r 3  9 pqr 2  2rq3  0

or 27r 2  9 pqr  2q3  0

Q. 24. If  ,  ,  are the roots of the cubic equation x3  3x  2  0 form an equation where
roots are (   )2 , (   )2 , (   )2 .

Ans. The given equation is x3  3x  2  0 …(1)

Its roots are  ,  , 

     0 …(2)

      3 …(3)

  2 …(4)

Let y be roots of the transferred equation

y  (   )2  (  y)2  4

 2
 ( )2  4   from (2) and (4)
 

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

18
 
2 


Replace  by x


y  x2 
x

x3  xy    0 …(5)

Subtraction (5) from (1)

(3  y) x  6  0

6
x Putting this value of x in (1)
3 y

3
 6  6
   3. 20
3 y  3 y

216  18(3  y)2  2(3  y)3  0

or y3  18 y 2  81y  216  0

which is required equation.

Q. 25. Solve the equation 6 x5  x4  43x3  43x2  x  6  0.

Ans. Since x  1 be its one root = 0.

6 x4 ( x  1)  5x3 ( x  1)  38x2 ( x  1)  5x( x  1)  6( x  1)  0

or ( x  1)(6 x4  5x3  38x2  5x  6)  0

If x 1  0 or x  1

6 x2  5x3  38x2  5x  6  0 divide by x 2

1 6
6 x 2  5 x  38  5.  2  0
x x

 1  1
6 x 2  2   5 x    38  0 …(1)
 x   x

1
Let x y
x

1
So that x2   y2  2
x2
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2
19
Equation (1) becomes

6( y 2  2)  5 y  38  0

6 y 2  5 y  50  0

6 y 2  20 y  15 y  50  0

2 y(3 y  10)  5(3 y  10)  0

(3 y  10)(2 y  5)  0

10 5
y , y
3 2

5
When y
2

1 5
x 
x 2

or 2 x2  5x  2  0

(2 x  1)( x  2)  0

1
x  2, 
2

10
When y
3

3( x2  1)  10 x

3x2  10 x  3  0

(3x  1)( x  3)  0

1
x  3,
3

1 1
So roots are  1,  2, 3,  , .
2 3

a3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  b2  ab)

Q. 26. Solve the equation 3x6  x5  27 x4  27 x2  x  3  0

Ans. Since x  1 and  1 are its roots.

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

20
Rearranging the terms

3( x6  1)  x( x4  1)  27 x2 ( x2  1)  0

( x 2 )3  13

3( x2  1)( x4  x2  1)  x( x2  1)( x2  1)  27 x2 ( x2  1)  0

( x2  1)[3( x4  x2  1)  x( x2  1)  27 x2 ]  0

If x2  1  0

x  1

3x4  3x2  3  x3  x  27 x2  0

3x4  x3  24 x2  x  3  0 divide by x 2

1 3
3x 2  x  24   0
x x2

 1  1
3 x 2  2    x    24  0
 x   x

1
Let x y
x

1
r2  2
 y2  2
x

3( y 2  2)  y  24  0

3 y 2  y  30  0

3 y 2  10 y  9 y  30  0

y(3 y  10)  3(3 y  10)  0

(3 y  10)( y  3)  0

10
y  3,  6 x5  41x4  97 x3  97 x2  41x  6  0
3

When y 3 x  1

1 1
or x 2  3x  1  0 x  , 3, , 2
3 2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

21
 3 5
x or 6 x6  25x5  31x4  31x2  25x  6  0
2

10 1 5  11 i
y r  1,  1, 2, ,
3 2 6

1 10
x 
x 3

3x2  10 x  3  0

(3x  1)( x  3)  0

1
x  3, 
3

1 3 5 3 5
Hence roots are  1,  3,  , 1, , . Ans.
3 2 2

Text Book:

1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers

2. H. K. Dass, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, S. Chand Publication

♦♦♦

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-II; Unit-2

22
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