Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBALES
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
website: www.depedzambales.ph

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

BIOTECHNOLOGY
WEEK 3

I. Introduction
Organisms are highly organized, complex, and coordinated structures
that consist of one or more cells. Thus, cells play an important role in keeping
an organism alive. They provide structure and support for the body, take in
nutrient from the food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out
specialized functions such as information feedback, movement, protein
building, energy capture and release, waste disposal, transport of materials
in and out of the cell, and growth and reproduction.

In your previous lessons, you studied the parts and functions of a plant
cell, animal cell, and bacterial cell. Now, on this learning material, you are
going to learn the different cell functions such as transport of materials, cell
division, and ATP production.

II. Learning Competency

Explain different cell functions such as transport of materials, cell
division, and ATP production.

III. Objectives:
At the end of this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:

1. discuss cellular exchange of materials with the environment;

2. distinguish between active and passive transport;
3. explain the cell cycle; and
4. differentiate mitosis from meiosis.
IV. Discussion
Different Functions of Cell
A. Transport of Materials
Look around you. The objects you see, and even some
materials you cannot see, are made from matter. Living cells
that compose your body are made from matter.

A matter is created from non-living particles known as atoms

(hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen). Atoms are rarely found in nature.
Usually, they are part of larger particles known as molecules (a combination
of 2 or more atoms). Molecules are assembled to create cells.

Each cell exists in a watery environment. The cells of our

bodies are bathed in a liquid that was once a part of our blood. The presence
of liquid makes it easier for materials like food, gas, and water to move into
and out of the cell.

Just as whole organisms absorb food, cells acquire food, oxygen,

and different substances from their surrounding environment.
They release waste materials.

How do these materials move in and out of the cell? What controls them
to move into and out of the cell?

You are right if you say that it's the task of the plasma membrane.

Have you ever seen marbles in a

wire cloth bag? The wire cloth bag has
holes in it. However, the marbles keep
within the wire cloth because the size of
the marble is larger than the hole.
Figure 1. Marbles inside a wire cloth bag

What if you replace marbles with

sand? The sand will pass through the
holes because the sand grains are smaller
than the holes.
Figure 2. Sand grains inside a mesh bag

The wire cloth bag is selectively permeable (passable). As a result, it

permits some materials to move through it, but not others. The marbles and

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sand grains are model molecules. For this reason, biologists describe a
cell membrane as a semi-permeable membrane.

Water and other small molecules can move with ease through a cell
membrane. Proteins and other bigger molecules should be converted into
smaller substances to allow their entrance inside the cell. Once inside a cell,
the larger molecules will be reconstructed.

Many factors control materials to move in and out of a cell. If materials

move through a semi-permeable membrane without the use of energy,
passive transport takes place. If materials need the energy to pass through
a semipermeable membrane, active transport takes place.

Figure 3. Passive transport and Active transport

Passive Transport versus Active Transport

How do cell transport materials in and out of their environment?

Molecules move like a horde of bump cars in a carnival. They move from
the crowded area into places where there are fewer of them.

The process of transporting materials that involve carriers, channels,

or direct diffusion through a membrane is known as passive transport. This
process moves molecules from the concentration gradient in the direction of
higher concentration to regions of lesser concentration. No external supply of
energy is needed.

The movement that allows the passage of the different

cellular substances across the semi-permeable membrane is commonly
known as diffusion. Simple diffusion, channel diffusion, and facilitated
diffusion are among the three main types of diffusion.

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Simple diffusion is a passive transport that
allows a small molecule to pass through a lipid
bilayer. This process does not involve the passage of
a protein molecule. An example of simple diffusion
is osmosis.

Figure 4. Example of
simple diffusion

Channel diffusion a passive transport that involves

channel proteins where materials move through an
opening called an aqueous pore. It can be regulated.
Cellular materials like ions and charged particles
can pass through the open pore.
Figure 5. Example of
channel diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is a single transport carrier

dependent. As a protein carrier, this passive
transport operates on a bind, flip, release
mechanism. It is classified as a non-diffusional
because the molecule moves along with the carrier.

Figure 6. Example of
facilitated diffusion

Tonicity
If you will recall, water constitutes about 70% of a living organism's
body. The presence of water makes it easier to transport materials into and
out of a cell. This ability of water is observed in osmosis and, it is known as
its tonicity. A solution's tonicity is related to its osmolarity, which is
described as the total concentration of all solutes in the solution. The terms
used to compare the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular
fluid around it are hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic.

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 Cells in Solutions
Osmolarity Illustrations Examples
Isotonic
A solution which solute
concentration is equal to
the solute concentration
inside the cell.

*water will flow in both

directions outside and inside
the cell.
Hypotonic
A solution which solute
concentration is lower
than the solute
concentration inside the
cell. *water will move inside the cell
because it is attracted to the
solute inside the cell.
Hypertonic
A solution which solute
concentration is higher
than the solute
concentration inside the
cell.
*the solute concentration is
greater outside the cell,
therefore water will flow inside
the cell.

Table 1. Showing the effects of different concentrations of solute in a cell.

Relationship of water and cell shape in blood cells

Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic
Red blood cell will Red blood cell will Red blood cell will be in
shrink (Plasmolysis) burst (Cytolysis) an equilibrium state
Relationship of water and cell shape in plant cell
Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic
Cell body will shrink Cell stiffens but retains The plant cell will be in
and pulls away from its shape an equilibrium state
the cell wall (Cytolysis)
(Plasmolysis)

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 Sometimes, pumping molecules through the cell membrane requires a
cell to use energy. This process is known as active transport, wherein
molecules move from less concentrated areas to more concentrated areas. In
other words, molecules move away from the direction in which they diffuse
(move).

This process is the opposite of diffusion and it requires energy. Where

does the energy come from for active transport to take place? If your answer
is mitochondria, you are correct! Remember from your previous lesson that
the mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell.

How are large amounts of material transported through the cell

membrane?

Some white blood cells are capable of eating bacteria to fight infection
and maintain a healthy body. The single-celled amoeba also eats bacteria and
are even capable of eating clumps of sugar and tiny pieces of bread.

Several cells will seem to eat small particles of food, foreign material, or
even other cells. This process is called endocytosis. There are two (2) types
of endocytosis namely; phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

1. Phagocytosis - used to engulf large

particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into
vesicles, also called “Cell Eating”.

1. Pinocytosis - materials dissolve in water

to be brought into cell and called as “Cell
Drinking”.

As you might expect, cells are also capable of sending out material out
of the cell. This removal of large molecules from the cell is a process known
as exocytosis.

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 Endocytosis and exocytosis are types of active transport.

Figure 7a. Endocytosis Figure 7b. Exocytosis

B. Cell Division
Rudolf Virchow, a German
pathologist, and biologist stated in Latin,
“Omnis cellula e cellula,” which means,
“all cells come from pre-existing cells.”
The process of cell division is one of the
most important biological processes. Do
you ever wonder how you grow? Perhaps
the immediate answer that you will give
is that you grow because you eat. Our
body cells use the energy that we get
from the food we eat. This energy allows Figure 8. A bacterial cell undergoes cell
the cells to divide, and so we grow. The division
process of cell division is also true in
prokaryotic cells like bacteria. Look at Figure 8. What is happening to the
bacterium? As guided by the arrow, the bacterium from the top, called parent
cell, undergoes cell division, which results in the formation of two bacterial
daughter cells. What is the significance of cell division to all living organisms?

On this part of the learning material, you are going to learn about the
process of cellular division.

Formation of Chromosomes
The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains the DNA which carries the
genes of an organism.

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 -DNA molecule in the nucleus of cell
loops around the spherical structure
called histones.
- Histones are proteins found in the
nucleus of eukaryotes.
- When the DNA molecule is
completely looped around the Figure 7. Formation of chromatin fiber from
the coiling of DNA molecule around the
histones, chromatin fibers are histone proteins.
formed.
- Chromatin fibers will continue to
loop until a chromatid is formed.
- A chromatid is a single-stranded
chromosome.

Figure 8. Formation of chromatid through

the continuous looping of chromatin.
- The chromatid will make an
identical copy of itself through the
process of replication.
-Replication is done to “double” the
DNA carried by the chromatid and
will be attached to the original
chromatid and eventually be called Figure 9. Formation of chromatid through
as double-stranded chromosomes or the continuous looping of chromatin.
sister chromatids.

Chromosomal Numbers
The nucleus in each cell of a eukaryotic organism carries chromosomes.
The human body comprises 100 million cells and each cell possess
chromosomes. So how many chromosomes are there in the human body? Do
all organisms have chromosomes? To answer these, consider that all somatic
cells (body cells) are carrying diploid (double) chromosomes (2N), while
reproductive cell (sex cells) have haploid (half of the diploid) chromosomes (N).

Table 2. Some organisms with their number of chromosomes in each cell

Common Name Species Name Diploid Number (2N)

Human Homo sapiens 46
Dog Canis familiaris 78
Rice Oryza sativa 24
Corn Zea mays 20

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 Fruit fly Drosophila 8
melanogaster

Parts of a Chromosome
1. Centromere - located in the middle part of
the chromosome, connects each chromatid
together
2. Kinetochore - serves as an anchor for
spindle fibers, a filamentous material
released by the centrioles during animal cell
division.
3. Loci (singular: locus) - bonds of colors on
the arms of chromosomes that have genes.
Figure 9. Chromosomal 4. Arm - formed via the looping of chromatin
Structure fibers that possess DNA, which carry the
genes.

Homologous Chromosomes
The human body constitutes 23
pairs of homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes are diploid
pair of chromosomes that have the same
color of loci that denotes similarities in
the genes they carry, length of arms and
position of the centromere. Figure 10. An example of homologous
chromosome

The Cell Cycle

Before cell division can happen, a cell
undergoes an important process of preparing
itself before dividing it. The preparation time
mentioned is referred to as interphase. A cell
in interphase will undergo the following:
increase in the number of organelles and the
replication of DNA. Interphase is a part of the
cell cycle checkpoint that directs a cell when
to proceed or to stop dividing.

Stages of the Cell Cycle

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 1. Interphase (Estimated duration 90% of the cycle).

Sub-stages:

a. G1 or Gap phase 1 – The cell increases in size, the organelles double

themselves, and the DNA molecules replicate.

b. S or Synthesis phase – Replication of chromatids happens due to the

replication of DNA molecules. Chromatids from another set of chromatids are
attach to them. They are now called sister chromatids.

c. G2 or Gap phase 2 – The final preparation of the cell where it double checks
the genes in the DNA of the replicated chromosomes

G0 – is a special case when a specific cell, for example, a nerve cell or blood
cell stops the entire cell cycle and will not proceed to division anymore. This
explains why, in some cases, nerve cells or blood cells will not be replaced
when damaged.

2. Mitosis (Estimated duration 10% of the cycle)

It is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes

in its cell nucleus into two (2) identical sets in two daughter cells.

3. Cytokinesis is the stage where the division of the cytoplasm and

organelles take place.

Mitotic Cellular Division

At this point, the diploid number of chromosomes of humans (46) will
be used as the basis in the process of cell division.

After interphase, the cell is ready to undergo mitosis. It begins with

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Interphase (Preparation Stage)

 Chromatin fibers in the nucleus start to

condense forming chromatids
 Chromatids undergo replication to form
the double-stranded chromosomes.
 The nucleolus is still visible

Stages of Mitosis
2. Metaphase
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 1. Prophase

 Double-stranded
chromosomes are formed
while the nuclear envelope
starts to disintegrate.
 Centrioles are doubled and
move towards the opposite
poles of the cell.
 Nucleolus is still visible

3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Two important events happen in

this stage:

a. Karyokinesis (Separation of the

 The double-stranded Nuclei)
chromosomes separate
(centromere breakage) - Spindle fibers disappear,
and move to the direction releasing the chromatids, while the
of the centrioles. nuclear envelope and nucleolus
 A cleavage furrow is reappear.
developed due to the b. Cytokinesis (Division of the
opposite pull of the cytoplasm and organelles)
centrioles (an appearance
by which the cell is about - Centrioles and all organelles are
to separate). distributed in each daughter cell.

- Complete separation of the

cytoplasm produces two (2)
identical diploid cells.
V. Activities

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General Direction: Write your answers in your activity notebook.
A. Transport of Materials Crossword
Direction. Complete the crossword puzzle below.

B. How Your Body Makes New Cells?

Directions: Below are the images of stages of mitosis. Arrange the pictures by
using the numbers written in the box. Then, identify the stage of mitosis
which the image represents.

1 2 3 4 5

C. Ex-CELL-ent

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Directions. Identify whether the following events below describes Interphase,
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, or Telophase.

1. The chromatids are coiled and replicated.

2. Chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

3. Chromatids are formed after chromatin fibers start to condense.

4. The nuclear envelop starts to disintegrate.

5. Separation of the nuclei occurs.

6. The sister chromatids separate towards the opposite pole.

7. Complete disappearance of the nucleolus and nuclear envelope.

8. The centriole and cell organelles appeared again in each daughter cells.

9. The spindle fibers from the centriole elongate and attach to the kinetochore
of chromosomes.

10. Each daughter cell received diploid cells identical to the parent cell.

D. Mitotic Division Quest

Directions. Draw a diagram of mitosis showing its stages. Use a parent cell
that has 4 sets of chromosomes in its nucleus.

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

E. Concept Map

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Directions: Complete the concept map below showing the comparison between
active transport and passive transport.

VI.

Assessment
A. Directions: Read carefully the following questions. Write the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following is the correct order of mitosis?
a. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. Prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
c. Anaphase, telophase, metaphase, prophase
d. Anaphase, prophase, telophase, metaphase

2. After mitosis and cytokinesis are complete, which of the following are
true?
a. 4 genetically different daughter cells have been produced
b. 4 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced
c. 2 genetically different daughter cells have been produced
d. 2 genetically identical daughter cells have been produced

3. Examine the picture of the cell. What is the phase of the cell?
a. Prophase
b. Anaphase
c. Metaphase
d. Telophase

4. During which phase does a chromosome first become visible?

a. Interphase
b. Telophase

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c. Metaphase
d. Prophase

5. What structure is responsible for moving the chromosomes during

mitosis?
a. Nucleolus
b. Nuclear membrane
c. Spindle
d. Cytoplasm

6. Cytokinesis begins in which phase?

a. Metaphase
b. Telophase
c. Prophase
d. Anaphase

7. When do cells will generally divide?

a. They are 10 hours old
b. They become infected
c. They become too large
d. They have no food

8. Which phase occurs directly after metaphase?

a. Anaphase
b. Telophase
c. Metaphase
d. Prophase

9. During which phase does the DNA make a copy of itself?

a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Interphase
d. Anaphase

10. Each chromosome consists of 2 _______.

a. Centrioles
b. Chromatids
c. Daughter cells
d. Centrioles

B. Directions: The illustrations below show the appearance of a red blood

cell and plant cell in Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic environments.

15
 Identify what type of environment are they in. The first letter is done for
you.

VII. Reflection
Directions: Fill in the missing words to complete the paragraph.

A. The functions of the cell membrane are to protect, support, and regulate
the transport of materials in and out of the cell. It decides what
materials are allowed in and out of the cell. This mechanism has two
types, the 1. ___________ and 2. ___________.

Passive Transport allows the movement of substances without the use

of 3. ____________. Some passive movement of materials in and out of
the cell are 4. __________, 5. __________, 6. __________ and 7. __________.

On the other hand, active transport permits the passage of cellular

materials with energy requirements. It has two forms the 8. _________
and 9. __________.

B. Your body contains trillions of cells, but you started life as a single cell.
This cell then divides to make more cells through a process called
10. ________.
This process is a way of making more cells that are genetically the
same as the parent cell. It has different stages namely; 11. __________,
12. __________, 13. __________, 14. __________, and 15. __________.

VIII. References

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Aquino, Marites, Meliza Valdoz, Jan Jason Mariano, Mary Anne Bascara,
and Estrellita Madriaga. 2013. Science Links 8. 1st ed. Sampaloc, Manila:
Rex Book Store, Inc.

"LR Portal".N.
Campbell, 2009. Deped LR
J. (2010). Portal. 9th edition Pearson International
Biology
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/search?filter=&search_param=all&query=BE
Edition. Benjamin Cummings Publishing.
AM+II+Unit+5%3A+Cell+Growth+and+Reproduction

"LR Portal". 2010. Deped LR Portal.

https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/941.

Prepared by:

Michael Flor D. Favo

Teacher II
Cabangan National High School

IX. Key to Corrections

Activity A 17 Activity B Activity C

Across Down 3. Interphase 1. Interphase

4. Passive 1. Diffusion 4. Prophase 2. Metaphase
Activity D

Assessment

A.
1. A 6. B
Activity E 2. D 7. C
3. B 8. A
1. Passive Transport 6. Mitochondria
4. D 9. C
2. Active Transport 7. Answer may vary
5. C 10. B
3. Answer may vary 8. Answer may vary
B.
4. Answer may vary 9. Answer may vary
b. hypertonic
5. Answer may vary 10. Answer may vary c. isotonic
d. Hypertonic
Reflection e. isotonic
1. Passive 2. Active 3. Energy 4. Answer may vary f. hypotonic
5. Answer may vary 6. Answer may vary
7. Answer may vary 8. Answer may vary
9. Answer may vary 10. Mitosis 11. Interphase 12.
Prophase 13. Metaphase 14. Anaphase 15.
Telophase

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