INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Threads & Screwed Fasteners

MIC-201
Mechanical Engineering Drawing
Fastening Types

• Permanent

Welding Riveting

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Fastening Types

• Temporary

• Threaded Fastener
– Bolts
– Studs
– Screws

• Non-Threaded Fastener
– Keys
– Pin

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Thread Terminology

• External (male) thread.

– A thread cut on the outside of a cylindrical body

• Internal (female) thread.

– A thread cut on the inside of a cylindrical body

External thread
Internal thread

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Thread Terminology

• Right-hand thread
– Thread that will assemble when turned clockwise

• Left-hand thread
– Thread that will assemble when turned counter-clockwise

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Nomenclature

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Multiple Start

Pitch = f(depth)

Lead = Pitch x No. of Start

V thread (sharp)

• Single and multi-start V threads

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Square thread

• Single and multi-start square threads

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Thread cutting tools

Threading Die Die Stock Tap

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Different thread forms

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ISO Metric Thread System

2a= 60° Standard thread is RH

M12x1.75 or MJ12x1.75
M = Basic Metric, J = round root;
12 = nominal major diameter (mm);
1.75 = pitch (mm)
 Comparison Vee & Square
Threads
§ Vee threads are stronger than the square threads as for the
same depth, a Vee thread has twice the material for resisting
shear.

§ Square thread is ideal for power transmission.

§ Square threads are costly to produce as cannot be cut by dies.

All threads shown are external (i.e., on the screw, not on the nut); dm is the mean diameter of the thread
contact and is approximately equal to (d + dr)/2.]
 ISO (METRIC) Thread
P/8
Internal
60o
thread

P/4

External
thread
Pitch, P

Center of thread assembly

Thread assemble occurs if and only if both (internal & external)

thread have an equal nominal size (or diameter) and pitch.
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V thread (sharp)

• This thread profile has a larger contact area, providing more

frictional resistance to motion.
• Hence, it is used where effective positioning is required.
• It is also used in brass pipe work.

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BSW thread

• British Standard Whitworth (BSW) thread

The British standard threads with fine pitches (B.S.F.) used where great strength at the root
required. These threads are also used for line adjustments and where the connected parts are
subjected to increased vibrations as in aero and automobile work.

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Square thread

• Square thread is an ideal thread form for power transmission.

• In this, as the thread flank is at right angle to the axis, the normal force between
the threads, acts parallel to the axis, with zero radial component.
• This enables the nut to transmit very high pressures, as in the case of a screw
jack and other similar applications.

These threads are used for lifting heavy loads, transfer of power, to exert pressure, screw jack, lead screw of
machines, press machines and vice spindle instruments. Their specific measurement and number per inch are
not fixed.

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ACME thread

• It is a modified form of square thread.

• It is much stronger than square thread because of the wider
base and it is easy to cut.

These threads are more or less like square threads but their shape is in taper i.e. flat from bottom and thin from
the top. It is comparatively easier to cut it on a job than the square threads. IT is also considered stronger. AS
these threads have slanting ends, it is easier to fix or unscrew the split nut on it. There is no backlash in it. This
thread is made at 29° angle.

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Buttress thread

• This thread is a combination of V-and square threads.

• It exhibits the advantages of square thread, like the ability to transmit
power and low frictional resistance, with the strength of the V-thread.
• It is used where power transmission takes place in one direction only
such as screw press, quick acting carpenter’s vice, etc.

It is a screw thread which is triangular in section but which has one face at right angles to the axis of the screw,
the second face only being sloped. IT has more pulling power than square thread. This is why it is used in
cases where the excessive pull is on one side and it must be absorbed as in a ratchet.

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Worm thread

• Worm thread is similar to the ACME thread, but is deeper. It is used on

shafts to carry power to worm wheels.

Their shape is almost similar to Acme Threads but these are deeper than Acme threads. Their angle is also at
29 °. This thread is used in worm wheel of motor vehicles for the transfer of power at 90°. As three teeth of
worm wheel fit into the shaft with worm threads, they fit well.

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Knuckle Threads

This thread is also very strong. It is used in heavy and light jobs of rough nature. This is half round at both root
and crest. It can be cast in a mold. They are usually found on railway carriage couplings, hydrants, necks of
glass bottles, and large molded insulators used in the electrical trade.

Depth of Thread= 0.5 X Pitch

Root and crest Radius = 0.25 X Pitch
These threads are specially used for coupling of rali-coaches.
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Designation of threads

• The diameter-pitch combination of an ISO metric screw thread is

designated by the letter ‘M’ followed by the value of the nominal diameter
and pitch, the two values being separated by the sign ‘×’.
• For example, a diameter pitch combination of nominal diameter 10 mm
and pitch 1.25mm is designated as M10 × 1.25.
• If there is no indication of pitch in the designation, it shall mean the
coarse pitch.
• For example, M 10 means that the nominal diameter of the thread is 10
mm and pitch is 1.5 mm.
• SQ 40 × 10 – SQUARE thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 10
mm
• ACME 40 × 8 – ACME thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 8
mm
• WORM 40 × 10 – WORM thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch
10 mm

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Representation of threads

• Visible screw threads. The crests of threads should be defined by a

continuous thick line and the roots of threads by a continuous thin line
• Hidden screw threads. The crests and the roots should be defined by
dashed lines
End view of external
thread

• Sections of threaded parts. Hatching should be extended to the line

defining the crest of the thread

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Representation of threads

• End view. On an end view of a visible

screw thread, the thread roots should be
represented by a portion of a circle,
drawn with a continuous thin line of
length approximately three-quarters of
the circumference.

• For assembly views. The above

conventions apply to assemblies of
threaded parts. However, externally
threaded parts should always be shown
covering internally threaded parts and
should not hidden by them

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 Nut : Drawing steps

Draw an end view

of the nut B/2 B/2

H
B

Dash lines represent

a threaded hole are
omitted for clarity.
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 Bolt : Application

2. Insert a washer.

3. Screw a nut.
1. Insert a bolt into
a clearance hole

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 Stud : Terminology
Stud is a headless bolt, threaded at both ends

Thread length Thread length

Drawing
representation

Length

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 Stud : Drawing steps

Draw Draw line making Draw

45o Chamfer 30o with axis 45o Chamfer

Draw
Minor f
Major

stud
axis

Thread Length Thread Length

Stud Length
Starting
position

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STUD : Application

1. Drill a hole.
2. Tap a hole.
3. Screw a stud.
4. Place the part to be
fastened.
5. Insert washer and
fastened a nut.

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Bolts

Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head

Thread length

Length
Hexagonal head
Width Head
bolt and nut across flat thickness

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Drawing a bolt

Draw an Draw a Draw

end view bolt head body of a bolt
of the head 30o

Draw

Major
bolt

φ
B/2 B/2
axis

H Length
B
Thread Length

Starting
position

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Bolt types

• Hexagonal headed bolt

• Square headed bolt

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Bolt types

• Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt

• T-headed bolt

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Bolt types

• Counter sunk headed bolt • Hook bolt

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Eye bolt

• Bolt has circular ring as its head.

• Used as an appliance to lift heavy machines.

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Stud
Stud is a headless bolt, threaded at both ends

Thread length Thread length

Drawing
representation

Length

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Washer

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Hexagonal Nut

• Approximate Standard Dimensions

T=D W=1.5D+3mm R=1.4D

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Types of Nuts

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Lock Nuts
• Due to vibrations, there is always a tendency to for nuts to get slack.
• The nut A is first screwed on bolt as tightly as possible.
• The nut B is then screwed on the bolt till it touches the top of nut A.
• The nut B is help by spanner and nut A is turned backwards through few degrees.
• The two nuts are hence locked tightly due to wedging action against each other and bolt.
• Nut B carries all the load, hence it is made thicker than nut A.

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Spring/Spiral Washer

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Special Nuts

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Foundation bolts

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Foundation bolts

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Foundation bolts

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Thanks

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