«appendix List of Formulae : |, Measures Of central tendency : Individual data Discrete Continuous freq. distribution freq. distribution 1) Mean (x) | a) Direct method Direct method Direct method aed y_ LK y_ Dh | ye 8 Xess ain | N N % N | b) Short-Cut method: | Short-Cut method Short-Cut method es s z yee =A4z eased N Noo Nis d=X-A d=X-A d=m-A c) Step-Deviation method Step-Deviation method;| Step-Deviation method: K-a+(22)xc x-a+(28) xc K-a+(22)xc N N N , d=dic , d=die d'=dic d) Combined Arith. mean: | Weighted Arith. mean ra NiXi + NeXe oe ot Ni +Ne Iw 2) Median (Me): ‘n vex vase c( 2) tm we = vabe of “21) tom o=vatec'(%)) tema 3) Mode (Mo) ¥ Mo= The value which| Mo= The value with | Determine modal class & occurs most maximum freq, ‘Ais Me = as 4) Empirical relation between mean, median and mode : Mean - Mode = 3 (Mean - Median) ie. Mode= 3 Median -2Mean ie. Mo=3Me-2x Note : For x" Quartile Q_, replace (N+1)/2 and N/2 by x(N+1)/4 and x(N/4) respectively, in the formulae for median. ce Sg APPENDIX 491And for x" Decile D,, replace ( (N+1)/2 and WEN AVANTE x(N/10) respectively, in the formulae for median. ll. Dispersion Absolute measures Relative measures 1. Range: R=L-S Coeff. of Range =(L-S)/(L+S) Qa i pe 2. Quartile Deviation: Q.D.= Eo Coeffi. of Q.D. = G9, 3. Mean Deviation about mean : xl __ MDx MD.3= pe for Individual Data CostvotM Dia = as for simple dist" i ee for Grouped freq. dist” 4. Standard Deviation : #ALR=X)Y EXP OXY) oe a eas = ee (BY, Coeffi. of S.D. = = 5. Variance : Coeffi. of Variation : _X 2 of LAX) 6. Combined S.D. : N(o,' + 4,7) +N) (6,744.7) o> N,+N, _ where d,-IX,,-X, land d,=1x,,- XI 7. Important (Key) ronnie for S.D.: i ae d ae (28 xc, Where d=X-Aorm-Aand dec: G V. ==x100 CY. x* Ill. Correlation : 1. Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient : i) When covariance and standard deviations are given re Cov, (XY) oO, x 9, li) When deviations are taken from actual means 404 BRITOCIID Oc a‘ elyye ery hee wher x: No, oy 7S , ©.X=X-X, y=yv_¥ i VEX Ey N= No. of pairs of observations iii) Nn deviations are taken f Tom assumed means r= NE dxdy ~(Sd(Tay) NX dx? ~ (Sx)? {NSay? sane where, dx = X-A Oia =Y. iv) For small values of X and Y : (Xdy) and dy=Y-B r= NEXY ~(2X)(EY) NEX* = (EX)? NEY? -(Sy)e 2. Spearman's Rank Correlation coefficient : ‘ 6 SD? Reeyee Or Dis i) {te} Where D= R,- R, ii) When ranks are repeated : 1 so 260 6 [S02 eine mn, ye nia Rat { [ED* + ap¢ msm, ) +25 (mam, ) +. N(N? -1) IV. Regression : 1. Regression equations : i) Regression equation of Y on X: Y-Y=b,(X-X) ie. Y=bX+a, Where, by, ait oS! ii) Regression equation of X on Y : X-X=b,,(Y-Y) ie. X=b Y+a, Where, b,, a 2: Regression coefficients : where, x =X-X andy =Y-¥ ii) When deviations are taken from assumed means : _N&dxdy-(Zdx)(Zdy) 4 _Nydxdy—(2dx)(X dy) xy Pas Ny dx?—(Sdx)? Nady? -(Sdy)? ; where, dx = X - Aand dy = Y - B iii) For small values of X and Y : teat a -(ZX _NEXY-(EX)(ZY) _NEXY-(E P= NS Xt (Ex) AN Po NEY CY) 3. Relation between correlation coeffi.- . _ [5 xb, and Reg’. coefficients : e ye 193 APPENDIX