ELECTRICAL SAFTY
1] ABSTRACT
2] INTRODUCTION
3] BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION
4] CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION
5] GENERAL INFOPRMATION OF ELECTRICAL SAFTY
6] ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
7] APPLICATION AREA’
8] FUTURE MODIFICATION
9] CONCLUSION
10] REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Here make a construction of electricity pole on the plywood. Make a
construction of wires on the pole. Use 4 volt lithium ion battery for
energy. Here green plate is show is at upper side then there is
information that connection is OK. And if green plate is fall means it is
at down side then it is known as there is short circuit. At pole wire.
INTRODUCTION
Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and
technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from
electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity
The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In
1989 OSHA promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General
Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of
hazardous energy, or lockout/tag out. In 1995 OSHA was successful in
promulgation of regulations for utility. In 1994 were established Electrical
Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated
exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace.
Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation,
transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and
addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant
locations.
Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or
death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the
damage. The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart
beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle
spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric
shock.
Here by considering this make a project of electricity
safety. We know that if a wire on the pole is short then there is possibility
of sparking and due to this there is possibility of fire at grass or trees.
Also there is possibility of wire cut and falling on the ground. To avoid
this here develop a system by which if there is short circuit then fuse is
automatically cut.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
BATTERY 1 FUSE WIRE 1 GREEN PLATE 1
BATTERY 2 FUSE WIRE 2 GREEN PLATE 2
BATTERY 3 FUSE WIRE 3 GREEN PLATE 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
There are different blocks are use for different function. Here we explain working
of each block step by step.
1] BATTERY 1
Here battery 1 is use for the energy of first pole.
2] BATTERY 2
Here battery 2 is use for the energy of second pole.
3] BATTERY 3
Here battery 3 is use for the energy of third pole.
4] FUSE WIRE 1
It is open when there is short circuit at first pole.
5] FUSE WIRE 2
It is open when there is short circuit at second pole.
6] FUSE WIRE 3
It is open when there is short circuit at third pole.
7] GREEN PLATE 1
It is use for information about there is fault or there is no fault at first pole.
8] GREEN PLATE 2
It is use for information about there is fault or there is no fault at second
pole.
7] GREEN PLATE 3
It is use for information about there is fault or there is no fault at third
pole.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
There are different components are use for different function. Here we explain
working of circuit step by step.
Here B1, B2 and B3 are lithium ion battery which is use for the energy
source. Here FUSE 1, FUSE 2 and FUSE 3 are use for protection of short circuit.
GREEN PLATE1, 2 and 3 are use for the demonstration about fault. Here if there is
no fault then green plate is at upside and if there is fault then that is fault.
GENERAL INFOPRMATION OF ELECTRICAL SAFTY
1] INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST (IR TEST)
An insulation resistance test (IR test) measures the electrical
resistance of insulation by applying a voltage between two locations, and
measuring the resultant current flow. Proper safety precautions must be
taken when doing this test, such as exclusion zones, making sure no wires
are exposed, and personal protective equipment is worn. To do this test,
you need to have an insulation resistance tester, which may be a small
hand held battery powered device, up to a larger luggage sized tool able to
achieve higher test voltages. Variables to choose before starting an
electrical resistance test is the test voltage, test duration, and test points.
Acceptable values of insulation resistance vary depending on circuit
purpose, industry, and country. Typically, standards will dictate acceptable
values. An insulation resistance test can be used for simple go/no-go
testing, or for periodic condition assessment, where routine insulation
resistance tests are performed, with the results tracked over time. By
tracking the insulation resistance of a circuit over time, preventative
maintenance may be able to be planned before equipment failure.
Insulation resistance is dependent on temperature and humidity variations,
therefore the temperature and humidity should be recorded when testing
and compensation applied to the measured value given. Many standards
and safety agencies have specified the insulation resistance test as a
required test for electrical installations and electrical products. This test
may be referred to as "meggering', after the company Megger was one of
the first companies to commercialize an insulation resistance test meter.
These days, many other brands are widely available.
2] EARTH CONTINUIT TEST
An earth continuity test checks if a metal part is connected to earth. The
resistance of the connection to earth can also be measured.
3] LEAKAGE CURRENT TEST
A leakage current test detects current that does not flow back through
the circuit. This test may be used as part of testing GFCI or RCD operation.
4] ELECTRICAL SAFETY TEST CATEGORIES
A] Visual inspection
A survey without touching anything, and looking at the electrical installation
or product before starting any electrical testing. A visual inspection seeks to
identify damaged insulation, disconnected wires, incorrect installation, and
any other visual issues.
B] Dead testing
Continuity test: a test to check the wiring is correct
Earth continuity test: this test is to make sure the earthing system is
properly connected
C] Live testing
Earth fault loop impedance testing: this test is to check that if a fault did
occur, that the system meets requirements to cause a disconnection of the
supply within the time limit specified by standards
D] Insulation resistance testing
Polarity test: a test to check that the connections are connected in the right
sequence
E] RCD testing:
On modern electrical systems RCD's and RCBO's are regularly fitted, these
devices react to electricity leaking from the circuit. Leakage may happen
when a person touches live parts, which can cause electricity to passes
through their body instead of the normal circuit return path.
5] MEANS OF PROTECTION (MOP)
No one means of protection should be totally necessary to the device's
safety, so that the failure of one should not make the device immediately
dangerous.
MOP practices are further divided into MOOP and MOPP.[3]
6] MEANS OF OPERATOR PROTECTION (MOOP)
A concept introduced in the standard for medical electrical equipment IEC
60601-1.
7] MEANS OF PATIENT PROTECTION (MOPP)
Electrical safety standard set forward by standards organizations across
the globe such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
[5]
Canadian Standards Association,[6] and European Commission in
IEC60601-1. MOPP safety standards aim to set basic safety requirements
for medical electrical equipment. "With hazardous voltages present in a
system a robust and reliable approach to isolation is needed such that
multiple and un-related insulation system failures would need to occur
before an operator or patient is put at risk. To achieve this, two
independent measures of protection are required or a single measure of
physical isolation such as creepage/clearance or solid insulation deemed
equivalent."[7] In addition to the insulation of the device being powered the
additional main points the organizations have set forward with the
implementation of the MOPP standards are:
A] Leakage current requirements.
B] The maximum allowable patient leakage current is 500μA AC and
50μA DC in normal operation (normal condition, NC) and 1000μA AC or
100μA DC in single failure condition (SFC).[8]
C] Requirements for the input stage.
D] Temperature measurement and requirements.
E] Printed circuit board (PCB) thickness requirements for multilayered
boards.
F] The distance for insulation thickness of 0.4 mm or three layers
of insulation foil (Prepreg) are acceptable for reinforced insulation.
G] Dielectric testing.
H] Maximum output energy
I] Enclosure and mechanical fire requirements
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS EXIST IN ALMOST EVER WORK PLACE. COMMON
CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL:
• making contact with overhead wires
• undertaking maintenance on live equipment
• working with damaged electrical equipment, such as extension leads, plugs
and sockets
• using equipment affected by rain or water ingress
If you come across a person receiving an electric shock:
• if possible, disconnect the electrical supply (switch?)
• assess the situation – never put yourself at risk
• take precautions to protect yourself and anyone else in the vicinity
• apply the first aid principles (e.g. DRSABCD)
• assess the injuries and move the casualty to a safe area if required
• administer first aid if trained
Seek urgent medical attention
How do you respond to electrical incidents
If you come across a person receiving an electric shock:
• if possible, disconnect the electrical supply (switch?)
• assess the situation – never put yourself at risk
• take precautions to protect yourself and anyone else in the vicinity
• apply the first aid principles (e.g. DRSABCD)
• assess the injuries and move the casualty to a safe area if required
• administer first aid if trained
• seek urgent medical attention
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
There are thousands of advantages and few disadvantages of this electrical safety
system some of them are explain as follows
ADVANTAGES
1] There is no fear of falling wire on the ground.
2] There is no fear of fire
3] There is no fear of shock.
4] It has low cost.
5] It has low maintenance.
6] It is easy to make.
DISADVANTAGES
1] It is necessary to climb on the pole for maintenance.
APPLICATION AREA
Application area of this project is very large few of them are explain as follows.
1] It is applicable at city electricity transmission line pole.
2] It is applicable at high way transmission line pole.
3] It is applicable for industrial transmission line pole.
FUTURE MODIFICATION
It is possible to done many modification in the system few of them are explain as
follows.
1] It is possible to connect buzzer for sound information.
2] It is possible to use GSM system or wireless transmission system or IOT for
automatic information at department.
3] It is possible to develop and use wireless power transmission system due to this
there is no need of pole and there is no fear about short circuit on pole.
CONCLUSION
By making this project we conclude that this project is necessary for electricity
protection. By this project we learn about importance of electricity safety. By this
project we learn how to make a construction of electricity safety. How to do
soldering , tracing and running of project.
REFERENCES
1] Controlling electrical hazard
2] ^ Brainfilter.com
3] ^ ESFI
4] ^ The history of electrical safety
5] ^ "A Guide to the 2023 National Electrical Safety Code - IEEE
Spectrum". IEEE. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
6] ^ http://www.electrical-knowhow.com
7] ^ Electrical installations
8] ^ Physiological Effects of Electricity
9] ^ Electrical injuries
10] ^ electrical-installation.org
11] ^ Australian Electrical Standards
12] ^ Brazilian National Standard Page
