International Baccalaureate

MATHEMATICS
Analysis and Approaches (SL and HL)

Christos Nikolaidis

All you need to know about GDC

For Casio fx-CG50

BASIC OPERATIONS ………………………………………………………..…………………………………. 1

QUADRATICS – POLYNOMIALS- SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS .…………………. 3

SOLVING EQUATIONS BY USING SolveN ………………………………………………………….. 4

SEQUENCES USING RECURSION ………………..……………………………………………………… 5

GRAPHS – SOLVING INEQUALITIES …….…………………………………………………………… 7

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS …………………………………………………………….…………………… 9

REGRESSION …………………………………………………..………………………………………………….. 11

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION ……………………………………………………………………….………… 12

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ……………………………………………………………………….………… 13

DERIVATIVES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15

INTEGRALS – AREAS ………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

Only for HL

COMPLEX NUMBERS ………………………………………………………………………………………... 18

VECTORS – INTERSECTION OF PLANES …………..…………………………………………… 19

EULER’S METHOD FOR D.E. …………………………………………………………………………….. 20

November 2024
All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

BASIC OPERATIONS

MAIN MENU: Run - Matrix

Make sure you are familiar with the following.

Press [EXE] after each button

Math Use
Result
expression the button

52 [ x2 ] 25

53 [ ] 125

25 [SHIFT] [ x 2 ] 5

3
125 [SHIFT] [  ] 5

log1000 [log] 3

ln2 [ln ] 0.693…

e2 [SHIFT] [ln ] 7.389…

For the following press repeatedly [S-D]

to swap between exact value and decimal form

2  1
[ ] or 0.333…
6  3

12 [SHIFT] [ x 2 ] 2 3 or 3.46…

The following functions use [OPTN] (F6) (F3)-PROB

4! (F1)-x! 24
5
C2 (F3)-nCr 10
Only for HL
5
P2 (F2)-nPr 20

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

In Trigonometry we use Degrees or Radians

[SHIFT] [MENU]

Angle: (F1)-Deg or (F2)-Rad

For the value of π press [SHIFT] [x10x] (last row)

use Degrees use Radians

math button result math button result
1 π 1
sin30° [sin] sin [sin]
2 6 2
1 1 π
sin-1 [SHIFT] [sin] 30° sin-1 [SHIFT] [sin]
2 2 6

Extra operations

Press (F4)-MATH and then …

math button result

log2 3 [log ab] 1.58…

3- 2 [Abs] 2- 3
5


x =1
(2 x + 3 ) (F6) ( 35
2

6x dx  dx
2
(F6) 14
1

Let f(x) = 2x3

GDC does not give the derivatives f (x) , f ( x ) in general
But it gives the derivatives at x=1: f (1) , f ( 1 )
d
f (1) [d/dx] (3x 2 ) =6
dx x=1

d2
f ( 1 ) [d2/dx2] (3x 2 ) = 12
dx 2 x=1

Common mistakes
For x-3, use the difference – and not the button (-)
For sin2x, you must enter (sinx)2
For sin3(x-2) you must use brackets: sin(3(x-2))

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

QUADRATICS – POLYNOMIALS – SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

MAIN MENU: Equation

Roots of polynomials

MAIN MENU: Equation

(F2)-Polynomial

Quadratic: 2x 2 -8x +6 Cubic: x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6

Degree? 2 Degree? 3

(enter coefficients) [EXE] (enter coefficients) [EXE]

roots roots
3, 1 3, 2, 1

Simultaneous equations

MAIN MENU: Equation

(F1)-Simultaneous

3x + 5y = 18 3x + 6y- z = 19
7x- y = 4 x- 2y + 4z = 3
7x- 13z =-19
Number of unknowns? 2 Number of unknowns? 3

(enter coefficients) [EXE] (enter coefficients) [EXE]

solution solution
(x,y)=(1, 3) (x,y,z)=(1, 3, 2)

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SOLVING EQUATIONS BY USING SolveN

MAIN MENU: Run - Matrix

You can solve ANY equation by using SolveN

[OPTN] (F4)-CALC] (F5)-SolveN

SolveN(equation) [EXE] [EXIT]

2x2-8x+6 = 0

SolveN(2x2-8x+6=0)
x =1, x =3
[EXE] [EXIT]

2x + 1
=6
x- 2
2x + 1
SolveN( =6) 13
x- 2 x=
4
[EXE] [EXIT]

2x2-8x+7=0
use arrow up to mark solutions
SolveN(2x2-8x+7=0) [EXE] to see the solutions in a list:
[EXE] [EXIT] x = 0.775...
x = 3.224...

For an equation within a restricted domain A  x  B use

SolveN(equation, x, A, B) [EXE] [EXIT]

sin2x = 0 , 0  x  2π
(use radians)
SolveN( sin2x = 0 , x, 0, 2π) π 3π
x = 0, , π, , 2π
[EXE] [EXIT] 2 2

sin2x = 0 , 0   x  360 
(use degrees)
SolveN( sin2x = 0 , x, 0, 360)
x = 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360°
[EXE] [EXIT]

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

SEQUENCES USING RECURSION

MAIN MENU: Recursion

Sequence (in general) given by
a general term a recursive relation
un = n 2
u1 = 3
un+1 = 3un+1 + 1
(F3)-TYPE (F1) an = n 2
(F3)-TYPE (F2) an+1 = 3an+1 + 1

(F5)-SET Start: 1, End: 200 (F5)-SET Start: 1, End: 200, a1 = 3

[EXE] [EXE] [EXE] [EXE]

n un n un
1 1 1 3
2 4 2 10
3 9 3 31
… …

You may also obtain the sums Sn in list 3

[SHIFT] [MENU] ΣDisplay: On

[EXE] [EXE]
n un Sn n un Sn
1 1 1 1 3 3
2 4 5 2 10 13
3 9 14 3 31 44
… …

Sigma Notation
For the sequence with general term un = 3n 2 + 1
n
Sn can be found using  (3x
x=1
2
+ 1)

MAIN MENU: Run-Matrix

(F4)-MATH (F6) (F2)

10
S10 =  (3x 2 + 1) = 1165
x=1

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Arithmetic or Geometric sequences

MAIN MENU: Recursion
use the general term (F3)-TYPE (F1) an
Arithmetic sequence Geometric sequence
10, 13, 16, 19, … 10, 20, 40, 80, …
general term general term
an = 10 + (n- 1)  3 = 3n +7 an = 10  2n-1
n un Sn n un Sn
1 10 10 1 10 10
2 13 23 2 20 30
3 16 39 3 40 70
… …

EXAMPLE 1

Consider the arithmetic sequence 10, 13, 16, 19, …

The general term is un = 10 + (n- 1)  3 or un = 3n +7
Use recursion to obtain the following results:

Find the 50th term 157

Find the sum of the first 50 terms 4175
Find the first term that exceeds 200 202
Find the number of terms which are less than 200 64
Find the sum of the terms which are less than 200 6688

EXAMPLE 2
(a) Find the sum of the multiples of 7 between 1 and 200
(b) Find the sum of the multiples of 7 between 100 and 200
Solution
We may use the Sigma notation 7x
28
(a) Since 200/7=28.6, 7x = 2842
x=1
28
(b) Since 100/7=14.3 and 200/7=28.6,  7x = 2107
x=15

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

GRAPHS – SOLVING INEQUALITIES

MAIN MENU: Graph

Enter the function Y1 = 2x 2 -8x + 6 or Y1 = x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6
(F6) repeatedly to swap between function and its graph

(F3)-View Window to adjust the window

At the moment use either (F1)-INITIAL or (F3)-STANDARD

(according to the graph, we may adjust x-min,max and y-min,max)

Y1 = 2x 2 -8x +6 Y1 = x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6
(F5)-G-Solv to obtain all the following

(ROOT) x=1, x=3 (ROOT) x=1, x=2, x=3

(MIN) (2,-2) (vertex) (MAX) (1.42, 0.385) (local max)

(Y-ICEPT) (0,6) (y-intercept) (MIN) (2.58,-0.385) (local min)

(F6)-(YCAL) give x to find y (Y-ICEPT) (0,-6)

(F6)-(XCAL) give y to find all x’s (F6)-(YCAL) give x to find y

(F6)-(XCAL) give y to find all x’s

Solve inequalities (curve above or below x-axis)

2x 2 -8x +6 > 0 x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6 > 0

x  (-,1)  (3,+ ) x  (1, 2)  (3, + )

2x 2 -8x +6 < 0 x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6 < 0

x  (1,3) x  (-,1)  (2,3)

Find the range (values of y according to the graph)

y  [-2,+ ) y 

Find f-1(a) (using X-CAL)

f(x) = 2x 2 -8x + 6 , x  2 f(x) = x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6 , x  2.577

f-1(6) = ? f-1(6) = ?
(F5)-G-Solv (F6) (XCAL) (F5)-G-Solv (F6) (XCAL)
Y=6 Y=6
f-1(6)=4 f-1(6)=4

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

EXAMPLE 1
(a) Solve the equation x 2 = 2 x
(b) Solve the inequality x 2 < 2 x
Solution

METHOD A: Using two graphs

Y1 = x 2
Y2 = 2 x
Find points of intersection using G-Solv (F5)
(a) x=-0.767, x=2, x=4
(b) blue curve is below red curve: x  (-0.767, 2)  (4,+ )

METHOD B: Using one graph (preferable!)

x 2 = 2 x  x 2 - 2 x= 0 and x2 < 2 x  x2 - 2 x< 0
Thus, we enter the graph
Y1 = x 2 - 2 x
Find the roots using G-Solv (F1)
(a) x=-0.767, x=2, x=4
(b) curve is below x-axis: x  (-0.767, 2)  (4,+ )

EXAMPLE 2
Let f(x) = 3sinx + 5, 0  x  4π
(a) Find the range of the function f
(b) Solve f(x) = 7 for 0  x  4π
Solution
Y1 = 3sinx + 5
For view Window: (F3)-V-Window (F3) first
then adjust Xmin: 0 Xmax: 4π

(F5)-G-Solv

(a) (F2)-MAX ymax =8 (F3)-MIN ymin =2

The range is y  [2,8]
(b) EITHER (F6) (XCAL) Y=7
OR enter a 2nd graph Y2 =7 and find intersections
x=0.730, x=2.41

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

DISRCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

MAIN MENU: Statistics

Raw data
2, 5, 7, 5, 3, 2, 5, 1, 7, 9
Enter data in List 1

(F2)-CALC

(F6)-SET Look at 1Var (first two lines) Xlist: List1

Freq: [F1: 1]
[EXIT]

(F1)-1-VAR to obtain the following

Mean: x = 4.6
St. dev.: σx = 2.458
Q1: 2
Median: 5
Q3: 7
Mode: 5
Variance: It is the square of σx = 2.458 . In Run-Matrix: 6.04

Data with frequencies

Enter data in List 1
Enter frequencies in List 2

(F2)-CALC

(F6)-SET Look at 1Var (first two lines) Xlist: List1

Freq: [F2: List2]
[EXIT]

(F1)-1-VAR to obtain the results

Grouped data with frequencies

Enter midpoints of group intervals in List 1
Enter frequencies in List 2
Work as above

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

EXAMPLE 1
Consider the frequency table

x 10 20 30 40
frequency 3 5 7 5

Enter data in List 1 and frequencies in List 2.

(F2)-CALC

(F6)-SET Xlist: List1

Freq: (F2)-List2
[EXIT]

(F1)-1-VAR to obtain the results

Mean: x = 27
St. dev.: σx = 10.05
Q1: 20
Median: 30
Q3: 35
Mode: 30

EXAMPLE 2
Consider the frequency table

x 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45

frequency 3 5 7 5

Enter midpoints in List 1 and frequencies in List 2.

Thus, List 1, List 2 are exactly as in Example 1 above!

Notice though that

 Instead of Mode we say Modal group: [25-35]

 Median, Q1, Q3 are not obtained by GDC.

We need the cumulative frequency graph.

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

REGRESSION

MAIN MENU: Statistics

x 10 20 30 40 50
y 95 210 350 380 450

Enter x’s in List 1

Enter y’s in List 2

(F2)-CALC

(F6)-SET Look at 2Var (3rd- and 4th lines) Xlist: List1

Ylist: List2
[EXIT]

(F3)-REG

(F1)-X

(F1)-ax+b to obtain the following

Regression line of y on x: y =8.8x + 33

Correlation coefficient: r = 0.975

For the regression line of x on y

Interchange List1 and List2

(F2)-CALC

(F6)-SET Look at 2Var (3rd- and 4th lines) Xlist: List2

Ylist: List1
Regression line of x on y: x = 0.108x- 2.08
(do not forget to reset back to XList: List 1 and Ylist: List2)

For the statistics of x and y

(F2)-CALC

(F2)-2-Var to obtain

For x Mean: x = 30 For y Mean: y = 297

St. dev.: σx = 15.8 St. dev.: σx = 127.7
The regression line passes through the point ( x , y )=(30,297)

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

MAIN MENU: Statistics

The probability to win in a game is p = 0.3
We play the game n = 12 times

The number of wins follows the Binomial Distribution B(n,p)

with n=12, p=0.3

(F5)-DIST

(F5)-BINOMIAL

[Bpd] [Bcd] [InvB]

We only use the first two (F1) and (F2)

(F1)-Bpd (F2)-Bcd

Probability of EXACTLY x Probability of x

FROM lower TO upper
Data: Variable
Numtrial: 12
p: 0.3
x depends on the question (look at the table below)
[EXE]

Probability Math Use

Result
to win expression Bpd or Bcd
exactly 5 times P(X=5) Bpd(x=5) 0.158

at most 5 times P(X≤5) Bcd(0 to 5) 0.882

at least 5 times P(X5) Bcd(5 to 12) 0.276

less than 5 times P(X<5) Bcd(0 to 4) 0.724

more than 5 times P(X>5) Bcd(6 to 12) 0.118

P(3<X≤5) Bcd(4 to 8) 0.506


Bcd(lower to upper)

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NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

MAIN MENU: Statistics

X follows Normal Distribution
with μ=200, σ = 15
Ν(200, 152 )

(F5)-DIST

(F1)-NORM

[Npd] [Ncd] [InvN]

We only use the last two (F2) and (F3)

(F2)-Ncd (F3)-InvN
Probability of x Probability of given
FROM lower TO upper We are looking for x
Data: Variable
σ: 15
μ: 200
Ncd InvN
Prob. that x is between a and b Tail: Right if P(X>a) is given
Lower: a Tail: Left if P(X<a) is given
Upper: b Area: Probability
[EXE] to obtain probability [EXE] to obtain a

Use of Ncd

Prob. that X is Math expression Use Ncd Result

between 180-210 P(180<X<210) Ncd(180 to 210) 0.656
more than 210 P(X>210) Ncd(210 to 99999…) 0.252
less than 180 P(X<180) Ncd(-99999... to 180) 0.0912

Ncd(lower to upper)

NOTICE:
Since Normal distribution is continuous
 P(X=900) = O [Probability of EXACTLY is always 0]
 There is no difference between P(X<900) and P(X≤900)
he

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Use of InvN

Find a in the following cases:

Probability is given Math expression Use Ncd Result

Tail: Left
35% is less than a P(X<a) = 0.35 a = 194
Area: 0.35
Tail: Right
42% is more than a P(X>a) = 0.42 a = 203
Area: 0.42

NOTICE:
For the quartiles Q1 and Q3:
P(Q1<X<Q3) = 0.5 (and Q1, Q3 are symmetric about the mean)
instead of Tail: Left and Tail: Right, we may use
Tail: Central
Area: 0.5
We obtain: Q1=190, Q3=210

If μ OR σ is not known
we use the formula Z=(X-μ)/σ together with InvN
Suppose that μ = 800, σ is not known and
P(X<785) = 0.37 (i.e. 37% is LESS than 785)

We use
X- μ
Z=
σ
where
Χ= 785, μ = 800
Z=-0.332 is obtained by InvN with σ =1, μ = 0 (standardised)
Tail: Left,
Area = 0.37
Thus,
785-800
-0.332 =
σ
 σ = 45.2

If both μ and σ are not known, we form two simultaneous equations

for μ and σ by using the formula above.

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DERIVATIVES

Let f(x) = 2x 2 - 5x + 3

MAIN MENU: Graph

Tangent line at x=2

Y1= 2x 2 - 5x + 3

[EXE] to see the graph (for View Window use (F3) (F1)-INITIAL )

[SHIFT] [MENU] Derivative: On

[EXE] [EXE]

(F4)-Sketch (F2)-Tangent Enter the value of x: [2]

[EXE]
dy
you obtain x=2, y=1, = 3 and the graph of the tangent
dx
[EXE] once more
you obtain the equation of the tangent: y = 3x- 5

Normal line at x=2

As above but now you use

(F4)-Sketch (F2)-Norm Enter the value of x: [2]

[EXE]
dy
you obtain x=2, y=1, = 3 and the graph of the normal
dx
[EXE] once more
you obtain the equation of the normal: y =-0.333x + 1.67

Graph of f
GDC cannot find the expression of f  in general (only f (a) for some a.).
However, it generates the graphs of f  and f  :

Y1= 2x 2 - 5x + 3
d d2
Then, you enter Y2= (Y1) Y3= (Y1)
dx x=x
dx 2 x=x

by using [OPTN] (F4)-CALC] (F1) and (F2)

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INTEGRALS - AREAS

We can only find definite integrals in Run-Matrix (see page 2) or

by using Graph.

 2sinxdx
a
(make sure you use Radians)

MAIN MENU: Graph

Integral and Area between f(x) and x-axis

Y1= 2sinx

[EXE] to see the graph (for View Window use (F3) (F1)-INITIAL )

(F5)-G-Solve

(F6) (F3)-  dx

(F4)-MIXED (*)

Enter
between Integral Area
Lower limit - Upper limit

0 [ΕXE] π [ΕXE]
0 and π OR 4 4

use arrows to find roots

0 [ΕXE] 2π [ΕXE]
0 and 2π OR 0 8

use arrows to find roots

1 and 4 1 [ΕXE] 4 [ΕXE] 2.39 3.77

(*) For Graph-GSolv-Integral:

(F1) gives integral only,

(F2), (F3), (F4) give area as well

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MAIN MENU: Run-Matrix

Integral and Area between f(x) and x-axis

(F4)-MATH (F6) (F1)-  dx

2π
Integral from 0 to 2π :  2sinxdx
0

[ΕXE] Result = 0
2π
Area from 0 to 2π :  2sinx dx
0

( for absolute value use (F6) (F3)-Abs )

[ΕXE] Result = 8

MAIN MENU: Run-Matrix

Solving an equation involving an integral
In SolveN
1
100
We cannot solve for a an equation like  dx = 1
0
x +a
4

(there is a conflict if we enter x for a)

However,

1
a

We can solve for a an equation like x dx = 1

0
+1
4

[OPTN] (F4)-CALC] (F5)-SolveN

1
x

SolveN( x dx = 1 ) [EXE] [EXIT]

0
+1
4

As it takes time to find the result, it is preferable to enter a restriction:

1
x

SolveN( x dx = 1 , x, 0, 100)
0
+1
4

[EXE] [EXIT]

The answer is a=1.396.

This is very helpful for continuous random variables (HL only)

to find Median, Q1, Q3.

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Only for HL

COMPLEX NUMBERS

MAIN MENU: Run-Matrix

For the imaginary number i press [SHIFT] [0]

Math result

(2 + 3i)(5 + i) 7 + 17i
7 + 17i
5 +i
2 + 3i

MAIN MENU: Equation

You may obtain the complex roots of a polynomial

[SHIFT] [MENU] Complex mode: (F2)-a+bi

In MAIN MENU: Equation

(F2)-Polynomial

equation solutions

x 2 - 2x + 5 = 0 1 + 2i , 1- 2i

x3 + x = 0 0, i, - i

MAIN MENU: Run-Matrix

You can transform from Cartesian form into polar form and vice-versa

[OPTN] (F3)-COMPLEX (F6)

Then (F3) from Cartesian into polar: 1+i r<θ 2 cis π/4

(F4) from polar into Cartesian: 2 cis π/4 a+bi 1+i

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VECTORS – INTERSECTION OF PLANES

MAIN MENU: Equation

You can use simultaneous equations in 3 unknowns
to find intersection of planes

Intersection of 3 planes of the form ax+by+cz=d

x + y+ z =6
Unique point of intersection
x + 2y + 3z = 14
(1,2,3)
2x + 3y + z = 11

x + y+ z =6
No solution – No point of intersection
x + 2y + 3z = 14
The 3 planes form a triangular prism
2x + 3y + 4z = 21

x + y+ z =6
infinitely many solutions
x + 2y + 3z = 14
(x, y, z) = -2 + z, 8- 2z, z  , where z 
2x + 3y + 4z = 20
-2  1
   
The 3 planes intersect in the line r =  8  + λ -2 
0 1
   
(simply let z=λ)

Line of intersection of 2 planes

x + y+ z =6 for the 3rd equation enter zeros:

x + 2y + 3z = 14 00 0 0

The result is exactly as above

-2  1
   
Line of intersection: r =  8  + λ -2 
0 1
   

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All you need to know about GDC Christos Nikolaidis

EULER’S METHOD FOR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

dy
= 3x 2 y , y = 2 when x=0
dx
Use Euler’s method with step h=0.2
to find an approximation of y for x=1

MAIN MENU: Recursion

(F3)-TYPE (F2)

x n+1 = xn + 0.2 so enter an+1 = an + 0.2

yn+1 = yn + 0.2(3x n 2 yn ) so enter bn+1 = bn + 0.2(3an 2bn )

(F5)-SET
Start: 0,
End: 200
a0 = 0

b0 = 2 since the initial condition is (x, y) = (0, 2)

[EXE] [EXE]

We obtain the table

n xn yh
0 0 2
1 0.2 2
2 0.4 2.048
3 0.6 2,2446
4 0.8 2.7294
5 1 3.7775

Hence, for x=2 the approximation of y is 3.7775

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