VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM, BHAGAT SINGH WING-CH-3-FUNCTIONS-NOTES

Type A: Short Answer Questions/Conceptual Questions

1.A program having multiple functions is considered better designed than a program without any functions. Why
?
A program having multiple functions is considered better designed than a program without any functions because
1. It makes program handling easier as only a small part of the program is dealt with at a time, thereby
avoiding ambiguity.
2. It reduces program size.
3. Functions make a program more readable and understandable to a programmer thereby making program
management much easier.

2.What all information does a function header give you about the function ?
Function header is the first line of function definition that begins with keyword def and ends with a colon (:),
specifies the name of the function and its parameters.

3.What do you understand by flow of execution ?

Flow of execution refers to the order in which statements are executed during a program run.

4.What are arguments ? What are parameters ? How are these two terms different yet related ? Give example.

Arguments — The values being passed through a function-call statement are called arguments.
Parameters — The values received in the function definition/header are called parameters.
Arguments appear in function call statement whereas parameters appear in function header. The two terms are
related because the values passed through arguments while calling a function are received by parameters in the
function definition.
For example :
def multiply(a, b):
print(a * b)
multiply(3, 4)
Here, a and b are parameters while 3, 4 are arguments.

5.What is the utility of : (i) default arguments, (ii) keyword arguments ?

(i) Default arguments — Default arguments are useful in case a matching argument is not passed in the function
call statement. They give flexibility to specify the default value for a parameter so that it can be skipped in the
function call, if needed. However, still we cannot change the order of the arguments in the function call.
(ii) Keyword arguments — Keyword arguments are useful when you want to specify arguments by their
parameter names during a function call. This allows us to pass arguments in any order, as long as we specify the
parameter names when calling the function. It also makes the function call more readable and self-explanatory.

6.Explain with a code example the usage of default arguments and keyword arguments.
Default arguments — Default arguments are used to provide a default value to a function parameter if no
argument is provided during the function call.
For example :
def greet(name, message="Hello"):
print(message, name)

greet("Alice")
greet("Bob", "Hi there")
Output
Hello Alice
Hi there Bob
In this example, the message parameter has a default value of "Hello". If no message argument is provided
during the function call, the default value is used.
Keyword arguments — Keyword arguments allow us to specify arguments by their parameter names during a
function call, irrespective of their position.
def person(name, age, city):
print(name, "is", age, "years old and lives in", city)

person(age=25, name="Alice", city="New York")

person(city="London", name="Bob", age=30)
Output
Alice is 25 years old and lives in New York
Bob is 30 years old and lives in London
In this example, the arguments are provided in a different order compared to the function definition. Keyword
arguments specify which parameter each argument corresponds to, making the code more readable and self-
explanatory.
Both default arguments and keyword arguments provide flexibility and improve the readability of code,
especially in functions with multiple parameters or when calling functions with optional arguments.

7.Describe the different styles of functions in Python using appropriate examples.

The different styles of functions in Python are as follows :
1. Built-in functions — These are pre-defined functions and are always available for use. For example:
2. name = input("Enter your name: ")
3. name_length = len(name)
print("Length of your name:", name_length)
In the above example, print(), len(), input() etc. are built-in functions.
4. User defined functions — These are defined by programmer. For example:
5. def calculate_area(length, width):
6. area = length * width
7. return area
8. length = 5
9. width = 3
10. result = calculate_area(length, width)
print("Area of the rectangle:", result)
In the above example, calculate_area is a user defined function.
11. Functions defined in modules — These functions are pre-defined in particular modules and can only be
used when corresponding module is imported. For example:
12. import math
13. num = 16
14. square_root = math.sqrt(num)
print("Square root of", num, ":", square_root)
In the above example, sqrt is a function defined in math module.

8. Differentiate between fruitful functions and non-fruitful functions.

Fruitful functions Non-fruitful functions

Functions returning some value are called as Functions that does not return any value are
fruitful functions. called as non-fruitful functions.
They are also called as non-void functions. They are also called as void functions.
They may or may not have a return statement,
They have return statements in the syntax
but if they do, it typically appears as per syntax
: return<value>.
: return.
Fruitful functions return some computed Non-fruitful functions return legal empty value
result in terms of a value. of Python, which is None, to their caller.
9. Can a function return multiple values ? How ?
Yes, a function can return multiple values. To return multiple values from a function, we have to ensure
following things :
1. The return statement inside a function body should be of the form :
return <value1/variable1/expression1>,<value2/variable2/expression2>,....
2. The function call statement should receive or use the returned values in one of the following ways :
(a) Either receive the returned values in form a tuple variable.
(b) Or we can directly unpack the received values of tuple by specifying the same number of variables on the
left-hand side of the assignment in function call.

10.
What is scope ? What is the scope resolving rule of Python ?
Scope refers to part(s) of program within which a name is legal and accessible. When we access a variable from
within a program or function, Python follows name resolution rule, also known as LEGB rule. When Python
encounters a name (variable or function), it first searches the local scope (L), then the enclosing scope (E), then
the global scope (G), and finally the built-in scope (B).

11. What is the difference between local and global variable ?

Answer
Local variable Global variable
A local variable is a variable defined within a A global variable is a variable defined in
function. the 'main' program.
They are only accessible within the block in They are accessible from anywhere within
which they are defined. the program, including inside functions.
These variables have local scope. These variables have global scope.
Global variables persist throughout the
The lifetime of a local variable is limited to the
entire execution of the program. They are
block of code in which it is defined. Once the
created when the program starts and are
execution exits that block, the local variable is
only destroyed when the program
destroyed, and its memory is released.
terminates.

12. When is global statement used ? Why is its use not recommended ?
If we want to assign some value to the global variable without creating any local variable then global statement is
used. It is not recommended because once a variable is declared global in a function, we cannot undo the
statement. That is, after a global statement, the function will always refer to the global variable and local variable
cannot be created of the same name. Also, by using global statement, programmers tend to lose control over
variables and their scopes.

13. Write the term suitable for following descriptions :

(a) A name inside the parentheses of a function header that can receive a value.
(b) An argument passed to a specific parameter using the parameter name.
(c) A value passed to a function parameter.
(d) A value assigned to a parameter name in the function header.
(e) A value assigned to a parameter name in the function call.
(f) A name defined outside all function definitions.
(g) A variable created inside a function body.
Answer
(a) Parameter (b) Keyword argument
(c) Argument (d) Default value
(e) Keyword argument (f) Global variable
(g) Local variable
14.What do you understand by local and global scope of variables ? How can you access a global variable inside
the function, if function has a variable with same name.

Local scope — Variables defined within a specific block of code, such as a function or a loop, have local scope.
They are only accessible within the block in which they are defined.
Global scope — Variables defined outside of any specific block of code, typically at the top level of a program
or module, have global scope. They are accessible from anywhere within the program, including inside functions.
To access a global variable inside a function, even if the function has a variable with the same name, we can use
the global keyword to declare that we want to use the global variable instead of creating a new local variable.
The syntax is :
global<variable name>
For example:
def state1():
global tigers
tigers = 15
print(tigers)
tigers = 95
print(tigers)
state1()
print(tigers)
In the above example, tigers is a global variable. To use it inside the function state1 we have
used global keyword to declare that we want to use the global variable instead of creating a new local variable.

Type B: Application Based Questions

Question 1(a)
What are the errors in following codes ? Correct the code and predict output :
total = 0;
def sum(arg1, arg2):
total = arg1 + arg2;
print("Total :", total)
return total;
sum(10, 20);
print("Total :", total)
Answer
total = 0
def sum(arg1, arg2):
total = arg1 + arg2
print("Total :", total)
return total
sum(10, 20)
print("Total :", total)

Output
Total : 30
Total : 0
Explanation
1. There is an indentation error in second line.
2. The return statement should be indented inside function and it should not end with semicolon.
3. Function call should not end with semicolon.
Question 1(b)
What are the errors in following codes ? Correct the code and predict output :
def Tot(Number) #Method to find Total
Sum = 0
for C in Range (1, Number + 1):
Sum += C
RETURN Sum
print (Tot[3]) #Function Calls
print (Tot[6])
Answer
def Tot(Number): #Method to find Total
Sum = 0
for C in range(1, Number + 1):
Sum += C
return Sum
print(Tot(3)) #Function Calls
print(Tot(6))
Output
6
21
Explanation
1. There should be a colon (:) at the end of the function definition line to indicate the start of the function
block.
2. Python's built-in function for generating sequences is range(), not Range().
3. Python keywords like return should be in lowercase.
4. When calling a function in python, the arguments passed to the function should be enclosed inside
parentheses () not square brackets [].

Question 2
Find and write the output of the following python code :
def Call(P = 40, Q = 20):
P = P + Q
Q = P - Q
print(P, '@', Q)
return P
R = 200
S = 100
R = Call(R, S)
print(R, '@', S)
S = Call(S)
print(R, '@', S)
Answer
Output
300 @ 200
300 @ 100
120 @ 100
300 @ 120
Explanation
1. Function Call is defined with two parameters P and Q with default values 40 and 20 respectively.
2. Inside the function Call, P is reassigned to the sum of its original value P and the value of Q.
3. Q is reassigned to the difference between the new value of P and the original value of Q.
4. Prints the current values of P and Q separated by @.
5. The function returns the final value of P.
6. Two variables R and S are initialized with values 200 and 100 respectively.
 7. The function Call is called with arguments R and S, which are 200 and 100 respectively. Inside the
function, P becomes 200 + 100 = 300 and Q becomes 300 - 100 = 200. So, 300 and 200 are printed. The
function returns 300, which is then assigned to R. Therefore, R becomes 300.
8. S = Call(S) — The function Call is called with only one argument S, which is 100. Since the default
value of Q is 20, P becomes 100 + 20 = 120, and Q becomes 120 - 20 = 100. So, 120 and 100 are printed.
The function returns 120, which is then assigned to S. Therefore, S becomes 120.

Question 3
Consider the following code and write the flow of execution for this. Line numbers have been given for your
reference.
1. def power(b, p):
2. y = b ** p
3. return y
4.
5. def calcSquare(x):
6. a = power(x, 2)
7. return a
8.
9. n = 5
10. result = calcSquare(n)
11. print(result)
Answer
The flow of execution for the above program is as follows :
1 → 5 → 9 → 10 → 5 → 6 → 1 → 2 → 3 → 6 → 7 → 10 → 11

Explanation
Line 1 is executed and determined that it is a function header, so entire function-body (i.e., lines 2 and 3) is
ignored. Line 5 is executed and determined that it is a function header, so entire function-body (i.e., lines 6 and
7) is ignored. Lines 9 and 10 are executed, line 10 has a function call, so control jumps to function header (line 5)
and then to first line of function-body, i.e., line 6, it has a function call , so control jumps to function header (line
1) and then to first line of function-body, i.e, line 2. Function returns after line 3 to line 6 and then returns after
line 7 to line containing function call statement i.e, line 10 and then to line 11.

Question 4
What will the following function return ?
def addEm(x, y, z):
print(x + y + z)
Answer
The function addEm will return None. The provided function addEm takes three parameters x, y, and z, calculates
their sum, and then prints the result. However, it doesn't explicitly return any value. In python, when a function
doesn't have a return statement, it implicitly returns None. Therefore, the function addEm will return None.

Question 5
What will the following function print when called ?
def addEm(x, y, z):
return x + y + z
print(x + y + z)
Answer
The function addEm prints nothing when called.
Explanation
The function addEm(x, y, z) takes three parameters x, y, and z.
1. It returns the sum of x, y, and z.
2. Since the return statement is encountered first, the function exits immediately after returning the sum. The
print statement after the return statement is never executed. Therefore, it prints nothing.
Question 6(i) - What will be the output of following program ?
num = 1
def myfunc():
return num
print(num)
print(myfunc())
print(num)
Answer
Output
1
1
1
Explanation
The code initializes a global variable num with 1. myfunc just returns this global variable. Hence, all the
three print statements print 1.

Question 6(ii) - What will be the output of following program ?

num = 1
def myfunc():
num = 10
return num
print(num)
print(myfunc())
print(num)
Answer
Output
1
10
1
Explanation
1. num = 1 — This line assigns the value 1 to the global variable num.
2. def myfunc() — This line defines a function named myfunc.
3. print(num) — This line prints the value of the global variable num, which is 1.
4. print(myfunc()) — This line calls the myfunc function. Inside myfunc function, num = 10 defines a local
variable num and assigns it the value of 10 which is then returned by the function. It is important to note
that the value of global variable num is still 1 as num of myfunc is local to it and different from global
variable num.
5. print(num) — This line prints the value of the global variable num, which is still 1.

Question 6(iii) - What will be the output of following program ?

num = 1
def myfunc():
global num
num = 10
return num
print(num)
print(myfunc())
print(num)
Answer
Output
1
10
10
Explanation

1. num = 1 — This line assigns the value 1 to the global variable num.
2. def myfunc() — This line defines a function named myfunc.
3. print(num) — This line prints the value of the global variable num, which is 1.
4. print(myfunc()) — This line calls the myfunc function. Inside the myfunc function, the value 10 is
assigned to the global variable num. Because of the global keyword used earlier, this assignment modifies
the value of the global variable num to 10. The function then returns 10.
5. print(num) — This line prints the value of the global variable num again, which is still 1.

Question 6(iv) - What will be the output of following program ?

def display():
print("Hello", end='')
display()
print("there!")
Answer
Output
Hellothere!
Explanation
The function display prints "Hello" without a newline due to the end='' parameter. When called, it prints "Hello".
Outside the function, "there!" is printed on the same line due to the absence of a newline.

Question 7
Predict the output of the following code :
a = 10
y = 5
def myfunc():
y = a
a = 2
print("y =", y, "a =", a)
print("a + y =", a + y)
return a + y
print("y =", y, "a =", a)
print(myfunc())
print("y =", y, "a =", a)
Answer
The code raises an error when executed.

Explanation
In the provided code, the global variables a and y are initialized to 10 and 5, respectively. Inside
the myfunc function, the line a = 2 suggests that a is a local variable of myfunc. But the line before it, y = a is
trying to assign the value of local variable a to local variable y even before local variable a is defined. Therefore,
this code raises an UnboundLocalError.

Question 8
What is wrong with the following function definition ?
def addEm(x, y, z):
return x + y + z
print("the answer is", x + y + z)
Answer
In the above function definition, the line print("the answer is", x + y + z) is placed after the return
statement. In python, once a return statement is encountered, the function exits immediately, and any subsequent
code in the function is not executed. Therefore, the print statement will never be executed.
Question 9- Write a function namely fun that takes no parameters and always returns None.
Answer
def fun():
return
Explanation
def fun():
return
r = fun()
print(r)
The function fun() returns None. When called, its return value is assigned to r, which holds None.
Then print(r) outputs None.

Question 10 - Consider the code below and answer the questions that follow :
def multiply(number1, number2):
answer = number1 * number2
print(number1, 'times', number2, '=', answer)
return(answer)
output = multiply(5, 5)
(i) When the code above is executed, what prints out ?
(ii) What is variable output equal to after the code is executed ?
Answer
(i) When the code above is executed, it prints:
5 times 5 = 25
(ii) After the code is executed, the variable output is equal to 25. This is because the function multiply returns
the result of multiplying 5 and 5, which is then assigned to the variable output.

Question 11 - Consider the code below and answer the questions that follow :
def multiply(number1, number2):
answer = number1 * number2
return(answer)
print(number1, 'times', number2, '=', answer)
output = multiply(5, 5)
(i) When the code above is executed, what gets printed ?
(ii) What is variable output equal to after the code is executed ?
Answer
(i) When the code above is executed, it will not print anything because the print statement after the return
statement won't execute. Therefore, the function exits immediately after encountering the return statement.
(ii) After the code is executed, the variable output is equal to 25. This is because the function multiply returns
the result of multiplying 5 and 5, which is then assigned to the variable output.

Question 12(a) - Find the errors in code given below :

def minus(total, decrement)
output = total - decrement
print(output)
return (output)
Answer - The errors in the code are:
def minus(total, decrement) # Error 1
output = total - decrement
print(output)
return (output)
There should be a colon at the end of the function definition line. The corrected code is given below:
def minus(total, decrement):
output = total - decrement
print(output)
return (output)
Question 12(b)
Find the errors in code given below :
define check()
N = input ('Enter N: ')
i = 3
answer = 1 + i ** 4 / N
Return answer
Answer
The errors in the code are:
define check() #Error 1
N = input ('Enter N: ') #Error 2
i = 3
answer = 1 + i ** 4 / N
Return answer #Error 3

1. The function definition lacks a colon at the end.

2. The 'input' function returns a string. To perform arithmetic operations with N, it needs to be converted to a
numeric type, such as an integer or a float.
3. The return statement should be in lowercase.
The corrected code is given below:
def check():
N = int(input('Enter N:'))
i = 3
answer = 1 + i ** 4 / N
return answer

Question 12(c)
Find the errors in code given below :
def alpha (n, string = 'xyz', k = 10) :
return beta(string)
return n

def beta (string)

return string == str(n)

print(alpha("Valentine's Day"):)
print(beta(string = 'true'))
print(alpha(n = 5, "Good-bye"):)
Answer
The errors in the code are:
def alpha (n, string = 'xyz', k = 10) :
return beta(string)
return n #Error 1

def beta (string) #Error 2

return string == str(n)

print(alpha("Valentine's Day"):) #Error 3

print(beta(string = 'true')) #Error 4
print(alpha(n = 5, "Good-bye"):) #Error 5
 1. The second return statement in the alpha function (return n) is unreachable because the first return
statement return beta(string) exits the function.
2. The function definition lacks colon at the end. The variable n in the beta function is not defined. It's an
argument to alpha, but it's not passed to beta explicitly. To access n within beta, we need to either pass it
as an argument or define it as a global variable.
3. There should not be colon at the end in the function call.
4. In the function call beta(string = 'true'), there should be argument for parameter n.
5. In the function call alpha(n = 5, "Good-bye"), the argument "Good-bye" lacks a keyword. It should be
string = "Good-bye".
The corrected code is given below:
def alpha(n, string='xyz', k=10):
return beta(string, n)

def beta(string, n):

return string == str(n)

print(alpha("Valentine's Day"))
print(beta(string='true', n=10))
print(alpha(n=5, string="Good-bye"))

Question 13
Draw the entire environment, including all user-defined variables at the time line 10 is being executed.
1. def sum(a, b, c, d):
2. result = 0
3. result = result + a + b + c + d
4. return result
5.
6. def length():
7. return 4
8.
9. def mean(a, b, c, d):
10. return float(sum(a, b, c, d))/length()
11.
12. print(sum(a, b, c, d), length(), mean(a, b, c, d))
Answer
The environment when the line 10 is being executed is shown below :

Question 14
Draw flow of execution for the above program.
Answer
The flow of execution for the above program is as follows :
1 → 6 → 9 → 12 → 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 6 → 7 → 9 → 10 → 12
Line 1 is executed and determined that it is a function header, so entire function-body (i.e, lines 2, 3, 4) is
ignored.Then line 6 is executed and determined that it is a function header, so entire function-body (i.e, line 7) is
ignored, Line 9 is executed and determined that it is a function header, so entire function-body (i.e, line 10) is
ignored. Then line 12 is executed and it has a function calls, so control jumps to the function header (line 1) and
then first line of function-body, i.e, line 2, function returns after line 4 to function call line (line 12) and then
control jumps to line 6, it is a function header and then first line of function-body, i.e., line 7, function returns
after line 7 to function call line (line 12) and then control jumps to line 9, it is a function header and then first line
of function-body, i.e., line 10, function returns after line 10 to function call line 12.

15. Find and write the output of the following python code :
a = 10
def call():
global a
a = 15
b = 20
print(a)
call()
Answer
Output
15
Explanation
1. a = 10 — This line assigns the value 10 to the global variable a.
2. def call() — This line defines a function named call.
3. a = 15 — Inside the call function, this line assigns the value 15 to the global variable a.
As global keyword is used earlier, this assignment modifies the value of the global variable a.
4. b = 20 — Inside the call function, this line assigns the value 20 to a local variable b.
5. print(a) — This line prints the value of the global variable a, which is 15. This is because we've
modified the global variable a inside the call function.

16.In the following code, which variables are in the same scope ?
def func1():
a = 1
b = 2

def func2():
c = 3
d = 4
e = 5
Answer
In the code, variables a and b are in the same scope because they are defined within the same function func1().
Similarly, variables c and d are in the same scope because they are defined within the same
function func2(). e being a global variable is not in the same scope.
17.Write a program with a function that takes an integer and prints the number that follows after it. Call the
function with these arguments :
4, 6, 8, 2 + 1, 4 - 3 * 2, -3 -2
Answer
1. def print_number(number):
2. next_number = number + 1
3. print("The number following", number, "is", next_number)
4. print_number(4)
5. print_number(6)
6. print_number(8)
7. print_number(2 + 1)
8. print_number(4 - 3 * 2)
9. print_number(- 3 - 2)

Output
The print_number following 4 is 5
The print_number following 6 is 7
The print_number following 8 is 9
The print_number following 3 is 4
The print_number following -2 is -1
The print_number following -5 is -4

Explanation
1. def print_number(number) — This line defines a function named print_number that takes one
argument number.
2. next_number = number + 1 — Inside the print_number function, this line calculates the next number after
the input number by adding 1 to it and assigns the result to the variable next_number.
3. print("The number following", number, "is", next_number) — Inside the print_number function, this
line prints a message stating the number and its following number.
4. Then the print_number function is called multiple times with 4, 6, 8, 3 ,((4 - 3 * 2) = -2), ((-3-2) = -5) as
arguments.

Question 18
Write a program with non-void version of above function and then write flow of execution for both the programs.
Answer
The non-void version of above code is as shown below :
1. def print_number(number):
2. next_number = number + 1
3. return next_number
4. print(print_number(4))
5. print(print_number(6))
6. print(print_number(8))
7. print(print_number(2 + 1))
8. print(print_number(4 - 3 * 2))
9. print(print_number(-3 - 2))

Output
5
7
9
4
-1
-4
Explanation
1. def print_number(number) — This line defines a function named print_number that takes one
argument number.
2. next_number = number + 1 — Inside the print_number function, this line calculates the next number after
the input number by adding 1 to it and assigns the result to the variable next_number.
3. return next_number — Inside the print_number function, this line returns next_number.
4. Then the print_number function is called multiple times with 4, 6, 8, 3 ,((4 - 3 * 2) = -2), ((-3-2) = -5) as
arguments.
The flow of execution for the above program with non-void version is as follows :
1→4→1→2→3→4→5→1→2→3→5→6→1→2→3→6→7→1→2→3→7→8→1
→2→3→8→9→1→2→3→9
Line 1 is executed and determined that it is a function header, so entire function-body (i.e., line 2 and 3) is
ignored. Then line 4 is executed and it has function call, so control jumps to the function header (line 1) and then
to first line of function-body, i.e., line 2, function returns after line 3 to line containing function call statement
i.e., line 4. The next lines 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 have function calls so they repeat the above steps.
The flow of execution for the void version program is as follows :
1→4→1→2→3→4→5→1→2→3→5→6→1→2→3→6→7→1→2→3→7→8→1
→2→3→8→9→1→2→3→9
Line 1 is executed and determined that it is a function header, so entire function-body (i.e., line 2 and 3) is
ignored. Then line 4 is executed and it has function call, so control jumps to the function header (line 1) and then
to first line of function-body, i.e., line 2, function returns after line 3 to line containing function call statement
i.e., line 4. The next lines 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 have function calls so they repeat the above steps.
Question 19(i) - What is the output of following code fragments ?
def increment(n):
n.append([4])
return n
L = [1, 2, 3]
M = increment(L)
print(L, M)
Answer
Output
[1, 2, 3, [4]] [1, 2, 3, [4]]
Explanation - In the code, the function increment appends [4] to list n, modifying it in place. When L = [1, 2,
3],calling increment(L) changes L to [1, 2, 3, [4]]. Variable M receives the same modified list [1, 2, 3, [4]],
representing L. Thus, printing L and M results in [1, 2, 3, [4]], confirming they reference the same list. Therefore,
modifications made to list inside a function affect the original list passed to the function.
Question 19(ii) - What is the output of following code fragments ?
def increment(n):
n.append([49])
return n[0], n[1], n[2], n[3]
L = [23, 35, 47]
m1, m2, m3, m4 = increment(L)
print(L)
print(m1, m2, m3, m4)
print(L[3] == m4)
Answer
Output
[23, 35, 47, [49]]
23 35 47 [49]
True
Explanation - The function increment appends [49] to list n and returns its first four elements individually.
When L = [23, 35, 47], calling increment(L) modifies L to [23, 35, 47, [49]]. Variables m1, m2, m3, and
m4 are assigned the same list [23, 35, 47, [49]], representing the original list L. Thus, printing L and m1, m2, m3,
m4 yields [23, 35, 47, [49]]. The expression L[3] == m4 evaluates to True, indicating that the fourth element of L
is the same as m4.
Question 20
What will be the output of the following Python code ?
V = 25
def Fun(Ch):
V = 50
print(V, end = Ch)
V *= 2
print(V, end = Ch)
print(V, end = "*")
Fun("!")
print(V)

1. 25*50!100!25
2. 50*100!100!100
3. 25*50!100!100
4. Error
Answer
25*50!100!25

Explanation

1. V = 25 — initializes global variable V to 25.

2. print(V, end = "*") — Prints the global variable V (25) followed by an asterisk without a newline.
3. Fun("!") — Calls the function Fun with the argument "!".
4. Inside function Fun, V = 50 initializes a local variable V within the function with the value 50. This
variable is different from the global variable V that has the value 25.
5. print(V, end = Ch) — Prints the local variable V (50) followed by the character passed as an argument
to the function, which is "!".
6. V *= 2 — Multiplies the local variable V (50) by 2, making it 100.
7. print(V, end = Ch) — Prints the updated local variable V (100) followed by the character "!".
8. The function Fun returns and the line print(V) is executed. It prints the global variable V without any
newline character. The global variable V remains unchanged (25).
Type C: Programming Practice/Knowledge based Questions
Question 1
Write a function that takes amount-in-dollars and dollar-to-rupee conversion price; it then returns the amount
converted to rupees. Create the function in both void and non-void forms.
Solution
def convert_dollars_to_rupees(amount_in_dollars, conversion_rate):
amount_in_rupees = amount_in_dollars * conversion_rate
return amount_in_rupees

def convert_dollars_to_rupees_void(amount_in_dollars, conversion_rate):

amount_in_rupees = amount_in_dollars * conversion_rate
print("Amount in rupees:", amount_in_rupees)

amount = float(input("Enter amount in dollars "))

conversion_rate = float(input("Enter conversion rate "))

# Non-void function call

converted_amount = convert_dollars_to_rupees(amount, conversion_rate)
print("Converted amount (non-void function):", converted_amount)
# Void function call
convert_dollars_to_rupees_void(amount, conversion_rate)
Output
Enter amount in dollars 50
Enter conversion rate 74.5
Converted amount (non-void function): 3725.0
Amount in rupees: 3725.0

Enter amount in dollars 100

Enter conversion rate 75
Converted amount (non-void function): 7500.0
Amount in rupees: 7500.0
Question 2 - Write a function to calculate volume of a box with appropriate default values for its parameters.
Your function should have the following input parameters :
(a) length of box ;
(b) width of box ;
(c) height of box.
Test it by writing complete program to invoke it.
Solution
def calculate_volume(length = 5, width = 3, height = 2):
return length * width * height

default_volume = calculate_volume()
print("Volume of the box with default values:", default_volume)
v = calculate_volume(10, 7, 15)
print("Volume of the box with default values:", v)
a = calculate_volume(length = 23, height = 6)
print("Volume of the box with default values:", a)
b = calculate_volume(width = 19)
print("Volume of the box with default values:", b)
Output
Volume of the box with default values: 30
Volume of the box with default values: 1050
Volume of the box with default values: 414
Volume of the box with default values: 190
Question 3
Write a program to have following functions :
(i) a function that takes a number as argument and calculates cube for it. The function does not return a value. If
there is no value passed to the function in function call, the function should calculate cube of 2.
(ii) a function that takes two char arguments and returns True if both the arguments are equal otherwise False.
Test both these functions by giving appropriate function call statements.

Solution
# Function to calculate cube of a number
def calculate_cube(number = 2):
cube = number ** 3
print("Cube of", number, "is", cube)

# Function to check if two characters are equal

def check_equal_chars(char1, char2):
return char1 == char2

calculate_cube(3)
calculate_cube()

char1 = 'a'
char2 = 'b'
print("Characters are equal:", check_equal_chars(char1, char1))
print("Characters are equal:", check_equal_chars(char1, char2))

Output
Cube of 3 is 27
Cube of 2 is 8
Characters are equal: True
Characters are equal: False

Question 4
Write a function that receives two numbers and generates a random number from that range. Using this function,
the main program should be able to print three numbers randomly.

Solution
import random

def generate_random_number(num1, num2):

low = min(num1, num2)
high = max(num1, num2)
return random.randint(low, high)

num1 = int(input("Enter the first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter the second number: "))

for i in range(3):
random_num = generate_random_number(num1, num2)
print("Random number between", num1, "and", num2, ":", random_num)

Output
Enter the first number: 2
Enter the second number: 78
Random number between 2 and 78 : 77
Random number between 2 and 78 : 43
Random number between 2 and 78 : 52

Enter the first number: 100

Enter the second number: 599
Random number between 100 and 599 : 187
Random number between 100 and 599 : 404
Random number between 100 and 599 : 451

Question 5
Write a function that receives two string arguments and checks whether they are same-length strings (returns
True in this case otherwise False).

Solution
def same_length_strings(str1, str2):
return len(str1) == len(str2)

s1 = "hello"
s2 = "world"
s3 = "python"

print(same_length_strings(s1, s2))
print(same_length_strings(s1, s3))

Output
True
False

Question 6
Write a function namely nthRoot( ) that receives two parameters x and n and returns nth root of x i.e., x^(1/n).
The default value of n is 2.

Solution
def nthRoot(x, n = 2):
return x ** (1/n)

x = int(input("Enter the value of x:"))

n = int(input("Enter the value of n:"))

result = nthRoot(x, n)
print("The", n, "th root of", x, "is:", result)

default_result = nthRoot(x)
print("The square root of", x, "is:", default_result)

Output
Enter the value of x:36
Enter the value of n:6
The 6 th root of 36 is: 1.8171205928321397
The square root of 36 is: 6.0
Question 7
Write a function that takes a number n and then returns a randomly generated number having exactly n digits (not
starting with zero) e.g., if n is 2 then function can randomly return a number 10-99 but 07, 02 etc. are not valid
two digit numbers.

Solution
import random
def generate_number(n):
lower_bound = 10 ** (n - 1)
upper_bound = (10 ** n) - 1
return random.randint(lower_bound, upper_bound)

n = int(input("Enter the value of n:"))

random_number = generate_number(n)
print("Random number:", random_number)

Output
Enter the value of n:2
Random number: 10

Enter the value of n:2

Random number: 50

Enter the value of n:3

Random number: 899

Enter the value of n:4

Random number: 1204

Question 8
Write a function that takes two numbers and returns the number that has minimum one's digit.
[For example, if numbers passed are 491 and 278, then the function will return 491 because it has got minimum
one's digit out of two given numbers (491's 1 is < 278's 8)].
Solution
def min_ones_digit(num1, num2):
ones_digit_num1 = num1 % 10
ones_digit_num2 = num2 % 10
if ones_digit_num1 < ones_digit_num2:
return num1
else:
return num2

num1 = int(input("Enter first number:"))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number:"))
result = min_ones_digit(num1, num2)
print("Number with minimum one's digit:", result)
Output
Enter first number:491
Enter second number:278
Number with minimum one's digit: 491

Enter first number:543

Enter second number:765
Number with minimum one's digit: 543
Question 9
Write a program that generates a series using a function which takes first and last values of the series and then
generates four terms that are equidistant e.g., if two numbers passed are 1 and 7 then function returns 1 3 5 7.

Solution
def generate_series(first, last):
step = (last - first) // 3
series = [first, first + step, first + 2 * step, last]
return series

first_value = int(input("Enter first value:"))

last_value = int(input("Enter last value:"))
result_series = generate_series(first_value, last_value)
print("Generated Series:", result_series)

Output
Enter first value:1
Enter last value:7
Generated Series: [1, 3, 5, 7]

Enter first value:10

Enter last value:25
Generated Series: [10, 15, 20, 25]