PROBLEM SOLVING USING PYTHON

UNIT 3
2 MARKS

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1. What Is a Function Routine?
➢ Computer program as a single series of instructions.
➢ A routine is a named group of instructions performing some task.
➢ A routine can be invoked (called) as many times as needed in a given program.

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2. Define: Function.
➢ A function is a block of statements under a name that can execute independently.
➢ The functions are used to perform a specific task.
➢ Functions allow us to divide a larger problem into smaller subparts to solve efficiently.
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3. How to create/ define a function?
➢ The Python programming language provides the keyword def to create functions.
➢ The general syntax to create functions is as follows.
Syntax:
def function_name(list_of_parameters):
statement_1
statement_2
statement_3
...

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4. What is calling a function in Python?
➢ In Python, we use the name of the function to make a function call.
➢ If the function requires any parameters, we need to pass them while calling it.
Syntax:
function_name(parameter_1, parameter_2,...)

Example:

def sample_function():

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 print('This is a user-defined function')
sample_function()
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5. What is Value-Returning Functions in Python?

➢ A value-returning function in Python is a program routine called for its return value,
and is therefore similar to a mathematical function.

➢ Function avg takes three arguments (n1, n2, and n3) and returns the average of the three.
➢ The function call avg(10, 25, 16), therefore, is an expression that evaluates to the
returned function value.
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6. What is Non-Value-Returning Functions in Python?
➢ A non-value-returning function is called not for a returned value, but for its side
effects.
➢ A side effect is an action other than returning a function value, such as displaying
output on the screen.
Example:

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7. What is Actual arguments and Formal arguments in Python?
➢ Actual arguments, or simply “arguments,” are the values passed to functions (or
method) when the calling function to be operated on.

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 ➢ Formal parameters, or simply “parameters,” are the “placeholder” names
(variables/identifiers) specified in the (header of) function definition.
def addition(x, y): →Formal parameters
addition = x+y
print(f”{addition}”)
addition(2, 3) →Actual Parameters
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8. What is Local Variable?
➢ A local variable is a variable that is only accessible from within a given function.
➢ In Python, the variable that created inside a function is said to be under the local scope.
Example:
In this example Variable ‘a’ is used within the function named my_function() only.
def my_function():
a = 10
print('Inside my_function a value is: ', a)
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9. What is Global Variable?
➢ A global variable is a variable defi ned outside of any function definition. Such
variables are said to have global scope.

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10. What is Variable scope in Python?
➢ The scope refers to the accessibility of a variable or object in the program.
➢ The scope of a variable determines the part of the program in which it can be accessed
or used.
➢ In Python programming, there are two different levels of scope and they are as follows.
1. Local Scope
2. Global Scope
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11. What is built-in functions in Python?
➢ Built-in functions are defined as the functions whose functionality is pre-defined in
Python.
➢ There are several built-in functions in Python which are listed below:
1. abs()
2. all()
3.any()
4. bin()
5. bool()
6. sum() and so on.
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PROBLEM SOLVING USING PYTHON
UNIT 3
5 & 10 MARKS

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1. Explain about function in Python?
➢ Computer program as a single series of instructions.
➢ A routine is a named group of instructions performing some task.
➢ A routine can be invoked (called) as many times as needed in a given program.
➢ When a routine terminates, execution automatically returns to the point from which it
was called.
➢ A function is Python’s version of a program routine. Some functions are designed to
return a value, while others are designed for other purposes.
➢ Functions allow us to divide a larger problem into smaller subparts to solve efficiently.
Create/ Define a function:
➢ The Python programming language provides the keyword def to create functions.
➢ The general syntax to create functions is as follows.
Syntax:
def function_name(list_of_parameters):
statement_1
statement_2
statement_3
...

Calling a function:
➢ In Python, we use the name of the function to make a function call.
➢ If the function requires any parameters, we need to pass them while calling it.
Syntax:
function_name(parameter_1, parameter_2,...)

Example:

def sample_function():
print('This is a user-defined function')
sample_function()

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Value-Returning Functions :
➢ A value-returning function in Python is a program routine called for its return value,
and is therefore similar to a mathematical function.

➢ Function avg takes three arguments (n1, n2, and n3) and returns the average of the three.
➢ The function call avg(10, 25, 16), therefore, is an expression that evaluates to the
returned function value.
Non-Value-Returning Functions:
➢ A non-value-returning function is called not for a returned value, but for its side effects.
➢ A side effect is an action other than returning a function value, such as displaying
output on the screen.
Example:

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2. Discuss about: Parameter passing in Python.
➢ Information can be passed into functions as arguments.
➢ Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses.
➢ You can add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.
➢ In Python, all the parameters are passed using pass by reference only.
Example1:
def fn1(name):
print(f'Hello! {name}')
name = 'Raja'

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name = 'Rama'
fn1 (name)
print(f'name outside the function is {name}')

Output:
Hello! Rama
name outside the function is Rama
➢ In the above example program, the changes made in the called function does not affect
the name value outside the function.
➢ Because here the name variable has redefined, so it becomes a local variable for the
function.
➢ So, when we change the 'name' value in the function, it creates a new reference to it,
but it does not change the name outside the function.
Example2:
def myFun(x):
x[0] = 20

lst = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

myFun(lst);
print(lst)
Output:
[20, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

Example 3:
def myFun(x):
x = [20, 30, 40]

lst = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

myFun(lst);
print(lst)
Output:
[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
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3. Explain about: a) Actual Arguments vs. Formal Parameters
b) Mutable vs. Immutable Arguments
Actual Arguments vs. Formal Parameters:
➢ Actual arguments, or simply “arguments,” are the values passed to functions (or
method) when the calling function to be operated on.
➢ Formal parameters, or simply “parameters,” are the “placeholder” names
(variables/identifiers) specified in the (header of) function definition.

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 def addition(x, y): →Formal parameters
addition = x+y
print(f”{addition}”)
addition(2, 3) →Actual Parameters
Mutable vs. Immutable Arguments
➢ When a function is called, the current values of the arguments passed become the
initial values of their corresponding formal parameters.

Example:

➢ In this case, literal values are passed as the arguments to function avg.
➢ When variables are passed as actual arguments. Here we can change the value.
➢ It is considered as Mutable.

➢ In this case, function avg doesn’t assign values to its formal parameters, so there is no
possibility of the actual arguments being changed. It is considered as Immutable.
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4. Explain Python function arguments?

In Python, there are different ways to pass arguments to a function. They are as follows.

1. Positional Arguments (or) Required Arguments

2. Default Arguments
3. Keyword Arguments
4. Variable-length Arguments

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1. Positional Arguments (or) Required Arguments

➢ The positional arguments are the arguments passed to a function in the same positional
order as they defined in the function definition.
➢ Here, the number of arguments and order of arguments in the function call should
exactly match with the respective function definition.
➢ If any mismatch leads to error.
➢ The positional arguments are also known as required arguments.
Example:
def addition(num1, num2, num3):
return num1 + num2 + num3

result = addition(10, 20, 30)

print(f'Sum = {result}')

#result = addition(10, 20) # Error

print(f'Sum = {result}')

2. Default Arguments

➢ The default argument is an argument which is set with a default value in the function
definition.
➢ If the function is called with value then, the function executed with provided value,
otherwise, it executed with the default value given in the function definition.
Example:
def addition(num1, num2, num3=300):
return num1 + num2 + num3

result = addition(10, 20, 30)

print(f'Sum = {result}')
result = addition(10, 20) # 3rd argument uses default value
print(f'Sum = {result}')

Output:
Sum = 60
Sum = 330

3. Keyword Arguments
➢ The keyword argument is an argument passed as a value along with the parameter name
(parameter_name = value).
➢ When keyword arguments are used, we may ignore the order of arguments.
➢ We may pass the arguments in any order because the Python interpreter uses the
keyword provided to match with the respective parameter.

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Example:
def student_info(rollNo, name, dept, year):
print(f'Roll Number : {rollNo}')
print(f'Student Name : {name}')
print(f'Department : {dept}')
print(f'Year of Study : {year}')

student_info(name='Rama', dept='CSE', rollNo=111, year=4)

Output:
Roll Number : 111
Student Name : Rama
Department : CSE
Year of Study : 4

4. Variable-length Arguments
➢ The Python provides variable-length of arguments which enable us to pass an arbitrary
number of arguments.
➢ Here, all the arguments are stored as a tuple of parameters in the function definition.
And they are accessed using the index values (similar to a tuple).
Example:
def largest(*numbers):
return max(numbers)

print(largest(20, 35))
print(largest(2, 5, 3))
print(largest(10, 40, 80, 50))
print(largest(16, 3, 9, 12, 44, 40))

Output:
35
5
80
44
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5. Explain about Variable scope in Python.
➢ The scope refers to the accessibility of a variable or object in the program.
➢ The scope of a variable determines the part of the program in which it can be accessed
or used.
1. Local Variable and Local Scope

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 ➢ A local variable is a variable that is only accessible within a given function itself.
Such variables are said to have local scope.
Example:
def my_function():
a = 10
print('Inside my_function a value is: ', a)

2. Global Variables and Global Scope

➢ A global variable is a variable that is defi ned outside of any function defi nition. Such
variables aresaid to have global scope .
Example:

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6. Discuss about Built-in function in Python.
➢ The Python built-in functions are defined as the functions whose functionality is pre-
defined. These functions are known as Built-in Functions.
➢ There are several built-in functions in Python which are listed below:
abs()Function:
➢ The python abs() function is used to return the absolute value of a number.
➢ It takes only one argument, a number whose absolute value is to be returned.
➢ The argument can be an integer and floating-point number.
➢ If the argument is a complex number, then, abs() returns its magnitude.
Examples:
1) x = abs(-7.25)
print(x)
Output:
7.25
2) x = abs(3+5j)
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 print(x)
Output:
5.830951894845301
all() Function:
➢ The all() function returns True if all items in an iterable are true, otherwise it returns
False.
➢ If the iterable object is empty, the all() function also returns True.
➢ Ex:
mylist = [0, 1, 1] mylist = [True, True, True]
x = all(mylist) x = all(mylist)
print(x) print(x)
Output:
False True
Any() Function:
➢ The any() function returns True if any item in an iterable are true, otherwise it returns
False.
➢ If the iterable object is empty, the any() function will return False.
Ex 1:
mylist = [False, True, False]
x = any(mylist)
Output:
True
Ex 2:
mytuple = (0, 1, False)
x = any(mytuple)
Output:
True
Ex 3:
myset = {0, 1, 0}
x = any(myset)
Output:
True
complex() Function:

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 ➢ The complex() function returns a complex number by specifying a real number and an
imaginary number.
Syntax:
complex(real, imaginary)
Ex:
x = complex(3, 5) x = complex('3+5j’)
print(x) print(x)
Output: (3+5j) Output: (3+5j)
dict() Function:
➢ The dict() function creates a dictionary.
➢ A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed.
Ex:
x = dict(name = "John", age = 36, country = "Norway")
print(x)
Output:
{'name': 'John', 'age': 36, 'country': 'Norway'}
eval() Function:
➢ The eval() function evaluates the specified expression.
Example:
x=5
print(eval('x + 1’))
Output:
6
exec() Function:
➢ The exec() function executes the specified Python code.
➢ The exec() function accepts large blocks of code, unlike the eval() function which
only accepts a single expression
Ex:
x = 'name = "John
print(name)'
exec(x)
Output: John
len() Function:
➢ The len() function returns the number of items in an object.
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 ➢ When the object is a string, the len() function returns the number of characters in the
string.
Ex:
mylist = ["apple", "orange", "cherry"]
x = len(mylist)
print(x)
Output:
3
id() function
➢ The id() function returns a unique id for the specified object.
➢ All objects in Python has its own unique id.
➢ The id is the object's memory address, and will be different for each time you run the
program. (except for some object that has a constant unique id, like integers from -5 to
256)
Example
x = ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
y = id(x)
print(y)
# This value is the memory address of the object and will be different every time you
run the program
Output:
88991544
list() function
➢ The list() function creates a list object.
➢ A list object is a collection which is ordered and changeable.

Example:

x = list(('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'))

print(x)

Output:

['apple', banana', 'cherry']

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map() function

➢ The map() function executes a specified function for each item in an iterable.
➢ The item is sent to the function as a parameter.
Example:
def myfunc(a):
return len(a)
x = map(myfunc, ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'))
print(x)
#convert the map into a list, for readability:
print(list(x))
Output:
<map object at 0x056D44F0>
['5', '6', '6']
max() function
➢ The max() function returns the item with the highest value, or the item with the highest
value in an iterable.
➢ If the values are strings, an alphabetically comparison is done.
Example:
x = max(5, 10)
print(x)
Output:
10
min() function
➢ The min() function returns the item with the lowest value, or the item with the lowest
value in an iterable.
➢ If the values are strings, an alphabetically comparison is done.
Example:
x = min(5, 10)
print(x)
Output:
5
range() function

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 ➢ The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and stops before a specified number.
Example:
x = range(6)
for n in x:
print(n)
Output:
0
1
2
3
4
5

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