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November 24, 2024

AMBO UNIVERSITY-WOLISO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG

Engineering Mechanics II
(Dynamics)
1
C INTRODUCTION TO BASIC
CONCEPTS Of DYNAMICS

BY: Inst. TESFAYE SEIFU

November 24, 2024 2

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, you should be able to

 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN KINEMATICS AND KINETICS

 CLASSIFY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOTION

 UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABSOLUTE

MOTION AND RELATIVE MOTION

 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PARTICLE DYNAMICS AND

RIGID BODY DYNAMICS

November 24, 2024 By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] 3

INTRODUCTION
Engineering mechanics is divided into Statics and Dynamics.

1. STATICS deals with the forces and their effects when they are

acting on the stationary bodies.

2. DYNAMICS concerned with the motion of bodies and how this

motion and the forces causing the motion are correlative.

Dynamics may be further divided into two parts

a. Kinematics deals without referring to the forces that causes
the motion

b. Kinetic deals with the forces that causing the motion

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KINEMATICS AND KINETICS

Kinematics study the relationships between
displacement, velocity, acceleration and time of a
given motion. Examples:
 A moving car,
 water flowing in a river and
 a freely falling body

 only concerned in describing

their movement (ex. Position,
velocity, displacement etc.,)
without considering the forces.
By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] November 24, 2024 5

KINEMATICS AND KINETICS

Kinetics study of motion of bodies by considering the
forces causing the motion.

 study the relationships between forces, mass and

motion of the bodies.

Examples:
 A bullet fired from a gun,
 impact of two objects and
 truck moving on inclined road

By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] November 24, 2024

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MOTION
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its
position with respect to a reference point.

Types of motion

shifts from one point to another moves in a concentric circle combination of the motions
all particles move uniformly in the particles maintain parallel paths in the  Bodies travels equal
same line or direction plane of rotation distance in equal time
Translational Rotational General Plane
/Uniform Motion

Curved path
straight line path of particle
Rectilinear Curvilinear

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ABSOLUTE MOTION AND RELATIVE MOTION

ABSOLUTE MOTION If the motion of a particle is described with
respect to a fixed reference frame.
RELATIVE MOTION motion of a particle wrt
a moving reference frame (coordinate system).
PARTICLE is a point mass that has no physical dimension
• when body’s motion is in translation and dimensions are not
significant. i.e whose size can be neglected
RIGID BODY a body that has a shape and physical dimensions.
• Shape of a rigid body will not change under application of forces
i.e distance between any two points not change.
• size and shape of the body is utmost important in analyzing
• may undergo both translation and rotational motion

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AMBO UNIVERSITY-WOLISO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG

Engineering Mechanics II
(Dynamics)
2
C Kinematics of Particle

BY: Inst. TESFAYE SEIFU

November 24, 2024

11

Kinematics of Particle
CHAPTER OUTLINE

2/1 Introduction
2/2 Rectilinear Motion
2/3 Plane Curvilinear Motion
2/4 Rectangular Coordinates (x-y)
2/5 Normal and Tangential Coordinates (n-t)
2/6 Polar Coordinates (r-q)
2/7 Space Curvilinear Motion

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Kinematics of Particle
Classical dynamics studies the motion of bodies using the
principles established by Newton and Euler.*
Subdivisions of classical dynamics

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Kinematics of Particle
 A particle is a mass point; it possesses a mass but has no
size but it is not mean small size.
 The particle is an approximate model of a body whose
dimensions are negligible in comparison with all other
dimensions that appear in the formulation of the
problem.
 For example, in studying the motion of the earth around
the sun, it is permissible to consider the earth as a
particle, because its diameter is much smaller than the
dimensions of its orbit.
 If all the parts (particles) of an object moves exactly the same
way i.e translate, then it can be treated as a particle.
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Kinematics of Particle
 motion parameters like velocity, acceleration and
displacement of each particle will be same as that of the
other.
 Thus, considering a particle instead of whole body and
describing its motion, we describe the motion of the
entire body.
• Motion is mathematically described by the terms distance,
displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration etc.,
• Position: location of a particle relative to some reference
point.

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Kinematics of Particle
• Distance: is the actual path travelled by the body
• Displacement: is the minimum distance travelled by a
body from a starting point to the end point along a
straight line.
• Speed: describes how fast moving.

• Velocity: is speed in a given direction.

Is rate of change of displacement with respect to time

• Acceleration: is rate of change of velocity with respect

to time
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Kinematics of Particle : Rectangular Coordinates

Kinematics divided into absolute and relative motion.

• Absolute motion fixed reference frame (coordinate system).
• Relative motion, motion wrt a moving coordinate system

Position of particle P at any time t

can be described by

rectangular coordinates (x, y, z)

cylindrical coordinates (r, q , z)
spherical coordinates (R, q, f)
Normal and tangent (n-t)
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Instantaneous (time-dependent) s-v-a

MOTION WITH VARYING ACCELERATION
• A particle may not maintain a constant acceleration during its
entire motion. i.e, rate at which the velocity is changing is not
uniform.
• analyzed by using differential and integral equations of motion.
Particle P at any time t can be described by
Position of particle P
r(t) = xi + yj + zk
velocity of particle P
= vxi + vyj + vzk= 𝑥i+𝑦j+𝑧𝑘
Acceleration of particle P
= axi + ayj + azk= 𝑣i+𝑣j+𝑣𝑘 = 𝑥i+𝑦j+𝑧𝑘
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EXAMPLES
1. Motion of a particle along a straight line is defined by s=
(a) Find the average acceleration during the fourth second
(b) When particle reverse its direction, what is acceleration.
Solution
(a) We know, v

Acceleration after 3 sec= 2×3=6m/s2

Acceleration after 4 sec=2×4= 8m/s2
Average acceleration during 4th sec= (6+8)/2= 7 m/s2

(b) When the particle reverse its direction, its velocity=0

t=6sec
a=2t=2×6=12m/s2
November 24, 2024
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EXAMPLES
2. The velocity of a particle moving along the X axis is
defined by V=
where v is in m/s, x is in m and k is constant. If k=1;
compute the value of the acceleration when x=2m.

Substitute k=1 and x=2

a= 8m/s2
3. position of a particle that moves along x-axis defined by
, where t is in seconds. For the time interval t = 0 to t = 3 s,
Compute maximum (or minimum) value of x
can be found by setting dx/dt = 0, v = −6t +12 = 0, which gives t = 2 s.
Xmax = −3(2)2 + 12(2) − 6 = 6 m
determine the displacement For the time interval t = 0 to t = 3s, of the particle
= Dr = X(@3)--X(@0) = 9i m
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EXAMPLES
4. The straight-line motion of a particle is defined by
when t=0, s = 2m,and v = -4m/s. Find s at t = 6sec.
SOLUTION
V=Integrated a, At t = 0; v = - 4m/s C = -4

S= Integrated V, At t = 0; s = 2m C1=2

Substitute t = 6 sec

=50m

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EXAMPLES
5. The rectilinear motion of the particle is expressed by the
relation
where “a” is the acceleration in m/s2 and “t” is the time in
seconds. The velocity and displacement of the particle at t =
2 sec is 4.44 and 17.52 respectively. Find the displacement,
velocity and acceleration at time t = 4 sec.
SOLUTION
V=Integrated a, at t = 2 s; v = 4.44 m/s.
C1= - 1.56

S= Integrated V, at t= 2, s = 17.52 m C2= 13.04

At t = 4s,

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WORLD WITHOUT ENGINEERS

November 24, 2024 26

Plane Curvilinear Motion

If a particle undergoes translational motion along a curved path then the motion is said
.to be curvilinear motion.
In curvilinear motion, particle changes its direction at every instant

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Coordinate systems
Categories of motion
1. Rectilinear motion (one coordinate)
2. Plane curvilinear motion (two coordinates)
3. Space curvilinear motion (three coordinates)
we study the curvilinear motion by considering
following coordinate systems.
1.Rectangular (Cartesian) C.S (x-y) and (x-y-z)
2. Normal and tangential C.S(Path coordinate) (n-t)
3. Polar coordinate system (r-q)
4. Cylindrical coordinates (3D – R-q -Z)
5. Spherical coordinates (R-q-f)
November 24, 2024 28

Plane Curvilinear Motion RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

2D (plane curvilinear) motion 3D (space curvilinear) motion
. direction of the velocity
is always tangent to the
path whereas acceleration
not bear any r/ship with
drn of motion.

Position vector
Velocity vector

Acceleration

November 24, 2024 normal component of acceleration is always directed towards the centre of curvature
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. The curvilinear motion of a particle is defined by
Vx=50 -16t and y =100 -4t,2 where Vx is in m/s, y is in m,
and t is in s. also x = 0 when t = 0.
determine its velocity and acceleration when the position
y = 0 is reached.
2
When y = 0, 0 =100 - 4t, so t = 5 s
X-components of velocity and acceleration
Vx = 50 - 16(5) = -30 m/s
Vy = -8(5) = -40 m/s
Y-components of velocity and acceleration

November 24, 2024 31

SAMPLE PROBLEM
3. The motion of a particle moving along a curved path is
given by the equation where x and y are in meters.
Also, its position in ‘x’ direction w. r. t. t is given by the
relation, x = . Determine the position, velocity and
acceleration of the particle along y direction when particle
has position x = 6 m.

Solution Given
At x = 6 m

2.83
=
2.45

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
4. The telescoping rod shown in fig. forces the pin P to move
along the fixed path 9y = x2 where x and y are in cm. At
any time t, the x coordinate of P is given by x = t2 - 5t.
Determine the y coordinate of velocity and acceleration of
P at x = 6 cm
Solution Given

at t = 6 sec

at t = 6 sec
November 24, 2024 34

SAMPLE PROBLEM
4. The telescoping rod shown in fig. forces the pin P to move
along the fixed path 9y = x2 where x and y are in cm. At
any time t, the x coordinate of P is given by x = t2- 5t. At
what rate is the speed of P changing at t=6sec. Solve
without using the value of ay
Solution Given

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Normal and Tangential Coordinates (n-t )

curvilinear motion uses path variables, which
are measurements made along the tangent t
and normal n to the path of the particle.

positive direction for n at any position is always taken

toward center of curvature of the path.
Tangential component of acceleration
Normal component of acceleration
November 24, 2024 36

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. A particle moves a path of 40 m radius so that its
arc distance from a fixed point on the path is given
3
by s=4t – 10t where s is in m and t is in seconds.
Compute the total acceleration at the end of 2 sec.

Solution Given

When t = 2 sec at =48m/s2

V = 38 m/s

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EXERCISE
1. To anticipate the dip and hump in the road, the driver
of a car applies her brakes to produce a uniform
deceleration. Her speed is 27.8 m/s at the bottom A of the
dip and 13.89 m/s at the top C of the hump, which is 120
m along the road from A. If the passengers experience a
total acceleration of 3 m/s at A and if the radius of
curvature
2 of the hump at C is 150 m,
calculate
(a) the radius of curvature r at A,
(b) the acceleration at the inflection point B, and
(c) the total acceleration at C.

November 24, 2024 39

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
=
2𝑠

(a) Condition at A.

(b) Condition at B Since the radius of curvature is infinite at the inflection

point, an = 0 and
a =at =2.41 m/s2
(c) Condition at C

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
The position vector of a particle is given by
where r is in m and t is in seconds. Determine the normal and
tangential components of acceleration and the principal
radius of curvature of the path of the particle at t = 3 sec.

=4.47m/s2

November 24, 2024 41

H.W
1. The velocity of a particle is defined by Vx = 100-t3/2 and
Vy = 100 + 10t + 2t2 where v is in m/s and t is in seconds.
Determine the radius of curvature at the top of its path.
Solution Given

t = 10 sec
2
r=Vx
ay

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Polar Coordinates (r-q)

polar coordinates is the third description of plane
curvilinear motion, where the particle is located by the
radial distance r from a fixed point and by an angular
measurement q to the radial line.
Polar coordinates are particularly useful when a motion is
constrained through the control of a radial distance and an
angular position or when an unconstrained motion is
observed by measurements of a radial distance and an
angular position.

Angular position coordinate q

Angular velocity = =ω
Angular acceleration= = =α

November 24, 2024 43

Polar Coordinates (r-q)

The position vector r of the particle has the magnitude as given

below er is the unit vector

r = re r

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
1.The polar coordinates of a particle is given by
and r = 0.5 + ,
where θ is in radians, r is in meters and t is in
seconds. Calculate the magnitudes of velocity and
acceleration of the particle at t = 2 sec.
Solution =0.86m =1.44rad

=0.36m/s =1.36rad/s

=0.18m/s2 =0.96rad/s2
@t = 2

November 24, 2024 45

Polar Coordinates (r-q)

0
q=1.44*180/𝜋 = 82.5

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SPACE CURVILINEAR (3D CURVILINEAR MOTION)

Cylindrical coordinates (r-θ-z)
Cylindrical coordinate system is an extension of polar
coordinates, where the motion of a particle is
described in x-y-z plane (i.e, three dimensional
motion). In cylindrical coordinate system, the three
coordinates are R and θ (which are polar coordinates)
and axial coordinate z.

= + +

= + +

November 24, 2024 47

SPACE CURVILINEAR (3D CURVILINEAR MOTION)

Cylindrical coordinates (r-θ-z)

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A trunk slides down the spiral staircase which is
given by r =0.3 m, θ = 0.6t3 rad, and z = (3 – 0.3t2 ) m,
where t is in seconds. Determine the magnitudes of
the velocity and acceleration of the box at the instant
θ = 2π rad.

θ = 2π = 0.6t3 t = 2.19 sec

November 24, 2024 49

SAMPLE PROBLEM

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AMBO UNIVERSITY-WOLISO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG

Engineering Mechanics II
(Dynamics)
3
C Kinematics of Rigid
Bodies

The designs of gears, BY: Inst. TESFAYE SEIFU

cams, connecting links,
and many other moving
machine parts are
largely kinematic
problems. November 24, 2024
51

Plane Kinematics of Rigid Bodies

 Rigid-body kinematics describes relationships
between linear and angular motions of bodies
without regard to the forces and moments associated
with such motions.
 On particle kinematics, we developed the
relationships governing the displacement, velocity,
and acceleration of points as they moved along
straight or curved paths.
 In rigid body kinematics motion of a rigid body is
the sum of the translation of the body and rotation of
the body.
 We analyze S, V, and a of the motion to determine the
design geometry of the mechanical parts.
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Rotation(Angular-Motion) about a Fixed Axis

Angular Velocity
Angular Acceleration

angular velocity of the rotating body angular acceleration of the rotating body
November 24, 2024 53

Rotation(Angular-Motion) about a Fixed Axis

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Rotation(Angular-Motion) about a Fixed Axis

The right-angle bar rotates CW with
an angular velocity which is
decreasing at the rate of 4 rad/s.2
Write the vector expressions for the
velocity and acceleration of point A
when = 2 rad/s.

November 24, 2024 55

Rotation(Angular-Motion) about a Fixed Axis

A flywheel rotating freely at 1800 rev/min clockwise is
subjected to a variable counterclockwise torque which is
first applied at time t=0. The torque produces a CCW
angular acceleration a= 4t rad/s, 2
where t is the time in
seconds during which the torque is applied.
Determine
(a) time required for the flywheel to reduce its clockwise
angular speed to 900 rev/min,
(b) time required for the flywheel to reverse its direction of
rotation, and
(c) total number of revolutions, clockwise plus
counterclockwise, turned by the flywheel during the first
14 seconds of torque application.

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Rotation(Angular-Motion) about a Fixed Axis

 = 2t 2 +C1 @t=0 ,  = -60p

C1=-60p
 = 2t 2 -60п
t@  = -30p -900(2p)/60 = -30p rad/s
-30p = 2t2 -60p t=6.86s

t@  =0 0= 2t2 -60p t=9.71s

November 24, 2024 57

Rotation(Angular-Motion) about a Fixed Axis

Number of clockwise turns N1 during the first 9.71 seconds

Number of counterclockwise turns N2 during the remainder of the interval.

Thus, the total number of revolutions turned during the 14 seconds is N = 259 rev
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AMBO UNIVERSITY-WOLISO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG

Engineering Mechanics II
(Dynamics)
4
C Kinetics of Particles

BY: Inst. TESFAYE SEIFU

November 24, 2024

59

CHAPTER OUTLINE
3/1 Introduction
Section A Force, Mass, and Acceleration
3/2 Newton’s Second Law
3/3 Equation of Motion and Solution of Problems
3/4 Rectilinear Motion
3/5 Curvilinear Motion
Section B Work and Energy
3/6 Work and Kinetic Energy
3/7 Potential Energy
Section C Impulse and Momentum
3/8 Introduction
3/9 Linear Impulse and Linear Momentum
3/10 Angular Impulse and Angular Momentum
November 24, 2024 By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] 60

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CHAPTER OUTLINE
Kinetics is that branch of Engineering Mechanics
which deals with the force system which produces
acceleration and resulting motion of bodies.
Kinetics is the study of the relations between
unbalanced forces and the resulting changes in
motion.
In kinetics, forces and masses are taken into
consideration.
The three general approaches to the solution of
kinetics problems are:
(A) direct application of Newton’s second law (called
the force mass-acceleration method),
(B) use of work and energy principles, and
(C) solution by impulse and momentum methods.
November 24, 2024 By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] 61

FORCE, MASS, AND ACCELERATION

According to Newton’s second law “the rate of
change of momentum is directly proportional to the
impressed force and takes place in the direction in
which the force acts.” We know that the momentum
is the product of mass and velocity of the body
whose direction is same as the velocity, then
according to the definition,

It is evident that the proportionality constant is one,

we can write the above equation as
F = ma
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D’ ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE
French mathematician D’Alembert in 1743 developed
a method to convert a dynamic problem into an
equivalent static problem. He has viewed Newton
second law from different perspective.
This is achieved by applying a reverse effective force
to a moving body and can be analyzed using
equations of static equilibrium.
The equation F=ma may be written as F – ma = 0.
The term ‘– ma’ is called as inertia force or reverse
effective force.
If a body is acted upon by a system of forces instead
of a single force F, then this F can be reduced to
resultant force R. Mathematically,
R – ma = 0
November 24, 2024 By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] 63

D’ ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE
It states a moving body having dynamic equilibrium can be
brought to static equilibrium by applying imaginary inertia force
of the same magnitude as of accelerating force but in opposite
direction.

a Motion a
F D’ ALEMBERT’S
ma F
m PRINCIPLE
m

A. Dynamic Equilibrium B. Static Equilibrium

Acc. To NSL ΣFx = 0
F =ma ΣFy = 0
November 24, 2024 By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] 64

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 80-kg block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the
magnitude of the force P required to give the block an
acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 to the right. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and plane is mk = 0.25.

ma
f

ΣFy= 0 ΣFx = 0
N-Psin30-785 =0 PCos30-0.25(Psin30+785)=80*2.5
N=Psin30+785 P = 534.73N
November 24, 2024 65

ASSIGNMENT
A block having a weight 980 N is resting on a plane surface
as shown in the figure. What should be the value of force P,
to move the block with acceleration of 1.9 m/s2 to the right
side? Assume coefficient of friction between the block and
plane is 0.24

P = 380.9 N
A block of weight 100 N is lying on a rough horizontal
surface, whose coefficient of friction is 0.22. It is being
pulled by a force of 60 N as shown in the figure. Determine
the acceleration of the block. Also find the distance
travelled by the block after 4 seconds.
a = 3.58 m/s2 s = ut + ½ at2 = 28.64 m
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Two weights 800 N and 200 N are connected by a thread
and move along a rough horizontal plane under the action
of a force 400 N applied to the first weight of 800 N as
shown in Fig. The co-efficient of friction between the sliding
surfaces of the weights and the plane is 0.3. Determine the
acceleration of the weights and the tension in the thread
using D’ Alembert’s principle.

November 24, 2024 68

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Block A and block B of weight 620 N and 215 N respectively are
connected by a rope and move along a horizontal plane under the
action of 350 N force applied to the block A as shown in the figure.
Apply D’ Alembert’s principle to find the acceleration of two bodies and
tension in the rope. Assume the coefficient of friction between the
blocks and the surface as 0.28

∑ Fy = 0
a = 1.36 m/s2
NB – 215 = 0
NB = 215 N T = 90.45 N

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A passenger of weight 655 N enters into a lift. The acceleration of the
2 Determine the reaction
lift during ascending or descending is 1.25 m/s.
of the floor of the lift on the passenger during ascending and
descending of the lift.

ma ma

R R
∑ Fy = 0 ∑ Fy = 0
R- 655-655*1.25/9.81 R- 655+655*1.25/9.81
R = 738.4 N R = 571.5 N

November 24, 2024 72

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 60-kg woman holds a 9-kg package as she stands within an elevator
which briefly accelerates upward at a rate of g/4. Determine the force
R which the elevator floor exerts on her feet and the lifting force L
which she exerts on the package during the acceleration interval. If
the elevator support cables suddenly and completely fail, what values
would R and L acquire?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A block of weight 254 N is placed on a rough inclined
surface having inclination 12° to the horizontal. It is
pushed down the plane with an initial velocity of 18.4
m/s. What is the distance travelled and time taken by
the block when it comes to rest?
Assume the coefficient of friction as 0.33
∑ Fy = 0
R –254 sin78° = 0
R = 248.45 N

ΣFx = 0
254cos78-ma-0.33(248.45)=0
a = – 1.13 m/s2 (Retardation)
v = u + at t = 16.42 sec
s = ut + ½ at2 s = 151.1 m
November 24, 2024 74

SAMPLE PROBLEM
Block A of weight 1120 is placed on a rough inclined
plane which is pulled up by means of rope passing over
a pulley. The other end of the rope is fixed to another
block of weight 675 N. Determine (i) Tension in the rope
(ii) acceleration of the block A (iii) Distance moved by
block A in 2 sec. Assume coefficient of friction between
the block A and the plane is 0.22

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the friction coefficients μs = 0.25 and μk = 0.20,
calculate the acceleration of each body and the tension
T in the cable.

2
max
November 24, 2024 76

SAMPLE PROBLEM
The two blocks shown start from rest. The horizontal
plane and the pulley are frictionless, and the pulley is
assumed to be of negligible mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block and the tension in the cord.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the accelerations of bodies A and B and the
tension in the cable due to the application of the 250 N
force. Neglect all friction and the masses of the pulleys.

November 24, 2024 78

SAMPLE PROBLEM
The system is released from rest in the position shown. Calculate the
tension T in the cord and the acceleration a of the 30 kg block. The small
pulley attached to the block has negligible mass and friction. (Suggestion:
First establish the kinematic relationship between the accelerations of the
two bodies.)

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a vertical plane.
If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of the bob for the position
shown, find the velocity and acceleration of the bob in that position.

AMBO UNIVERSITY-WOLISO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG

Engineering Mechanics II
(Dynamics)
4
C Kinetics of Particles
Part II-
WORK ENERGY METHOD
BY: Inst. TESFAYE SEIFU

November 24, 2024

81

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, you should be able to

 DEFINE WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

 STATE AND DERIVE WORK ENERGY EQUATION

 DETERMINE THE WORK DONE BY A FORCE OF

GRAVITY AND FORCE OF SPRING

 APPLY THE WORK ENERGY EQUATION FOR

CONNECTED SYSTEM

November 24, 2024 By Ins. Tesfaye S. [Dynamics] 82

WORK –ENERGY PRINCIPLE

ENERGY
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Energy is
the product of power and time. There are many forms of
energies such as heat energy, mechanical energy,
electrical energy and chemical energy.
In engineering mechanics, we are interested in
mechanical energy only. The mechanical energy may be
further categorized into potential energy and kinetic
energy. mg W =Fd W= Fs
i. Potential energy W= mg.h
W=mas
possessed by the body W=PE 2 2
h W=m(v-u)s
by virtue of its position 2S
ii. Kinetic energy 2 2
W=1m(v-u)
possessed by the body 2
by virtue of its motion W=DKE

November 24, 2024 83

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WORK –ENERGY PRINCIPLE

work-energy approach, is another approach to solve kinetic problems
This method is beneficial over D’Alembert’s method when the problem
involves velocities, rather than acceleration
 Work is product of resultant force and distance.
the distance should be in the direction of the Resul. force.
 Is energy transferred by a force
 [unit is Nm=Joule]
Work = Energy
∑Fx*dx = KE=1/2mV
W= F x d Wy*hy = PE=mgh
d

W = F cos θ x d

 If the force is perpendicular to the distance, then the work done will be zero.
November 24, 2024 82

EXAMPLES FIND WORK-DONE

1 2
36.8N 3Kg
3Kg
μs = 0.25 3m
t= ?????sec
W= (F- f)*d =(36.8-0.25*3*9.81)*3= 88.3Nm
3m
DKE = ½mv 2 2
= 0.5*3*(3/t) = 88.3Nm

t =0.391sec

3
W *h = 3*9.81*3= 88.3Nm
36.8N
0
PE= mgh = 3*9.81*3= 88.3Nm
=45
3Kg
W = (Fcos θ –f )*d
μs = 0.25 3m
N+36.8sin45-3*9.81= 0 , N=3.41
W=KE=(36.8cos45-0.25*(3.41))*3= 75.5Nm
November 24, 2024 82

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EXAMPLES FIND WORK-DONE

Work and energy principle is useful where problems
are mainly concerned with displacement
Energy may be defined as Capacity of doing work
Principle of work and energy relates Force,
displacement and velocity parameters
Calculate Work done, if there is no frictional resistance
36.8N
W= F x d = 36.8N*3m = 110.4Nm
3m
36.8N
0
=45
W = F cos θ x d= 36.8cos45*3= 78.06Nm
3m
 If the force is perpendicular to the distance, then the work done will be zero.
November 24, 2024 82

POWER
POWER
is defined as the rate of doing work.
is defined as one Joule of work done in one second
Hence, it can be obtained by dividing the total work
done by time.
Unit of power is Watt (W)

Power = Work
time

November 24, 2024 87

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SAMPLE PROBLEM -1
The two blocks Joined by inextensible cable. if the
system is released from rest. Determine the velocity of
block A after it has moved 2m. Assume that the
coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the
plane is 0.25. the pulley is weightless and frictionless
W=200*9.81=1962N T
Pulley T

f=0.25*1962
=490.5N W=300*9.81=2943N
N=200*9.81=1962N
D
Work done=change KE
For Block- A For Block- D
(T-490.5)2=0.5(200)V2 - (T-2943)2=-0.5(300)V2

2
4905=250V V=4.43m/s
November 24, 2024 88

SAMPLE PROBLEM-2
After the block in figure has moved 3m from rest, the
constant force P is removed. Find the velocity of the
block when it returns to its initial position.

V=5.1m/s

μk

November 24, 2024 90

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SAMPLE PROBLEM-3
The weight 40 N is placed on a rough inclined plane,
while the weight 25 N is hanging free in air. If the angle
of the plane is 15°, and co-efficient of friction between
the weight 40 N and inclined surface is 0.2 determine :
(i) Acceleration of the system, and
(ii) Tension in the string. Take g = 9.80 m/s2,
(iii) Distance moved by weight 25 N in 3 seconds
starting from rest.

40N 25N

a -=1.043 m/s
T= 222.34 N
S=4.6935 m
November 24, 2024 91

SAMPLE PROBLEM-4
An automobile of mass 1500kg is driven down a 5
degree incline at a speed of 27.78m/s when the brakes
are applied, causing a constant total braking force
(applied by the road on the tires) of 8000N. Determine
the distance travelled by the automobile as it comes to
a stop.

8000N

S=86.18m

November 24, 2024 92

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SAMPLE PROBLEM-5
Determine the constant force P that will give the
system of bodies shown in figure a velocity of 3 m/s,
after moving 4.5 m from rest.

Solution Here velocity of all the bodies are same

Total Work done = Change in K.E

November 24, 2024 96

AMBO UNIVERSITY-WOLISO CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENG

Engineering Mechanics II
(Dynamics)
4
C Kinetics of OBJECTS
Part III-
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
PRINCIPLE
BY: Inst. TESFAYE SEIFU

November 24, 2024

101

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Impulse Momentum method

 Momentum the quantity of motion an object has,
mass in motion. Momentum is mass multiplied with
velocity
P=mv 0.057kgegg*move w26m/s= 1.5kgm/s
 it is a vector quantity
 Impulse is product of the force acting on object over
time during which the force acts.
Impulse= FDt if stopping time is high the F will less so, impulse impact is less
 units of impulse is N – Sec and it is a vector quantity
principle of Impulse momentum F=ma a=Dv/Dt
states total impulse acting on a body in a given time
interval is equal to change in momentum of the body
Impulse = Final momentum – Initial momentum
Fx*Dt=m*DVx Fy*Dt=m*Vy
Impulse Momentum method is dealt which is useful for solving the
problems involving force, time and velocity.
November 24, 2024 102

Impulse Momentum method

A 1N baseball is thrown with a velocity of 18 m/s
toward a batter. After being struck by the bat B, the ball
has a velocity of 48 m/s directed as shown in figure.
Find the average force exerted on the ball if impact
lasts for 0.02 sec.

F x t = m (V - u)
m= w/g = 1/9.81 F x 0.02 = 1/9.81 (-41.57-18)
F
u= 18 m/s, Fx= -303.615 N
t= 0.02sec
V= -48 cos 30 = -41.57 m/s Fy =1/9.81(48sin30)/0.02 =122.32N
⸫ F=327.3N
November 24, 2024 103

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Impulse Momentum method

A football of mass 200 gm is at rest. A player kicks the
ball which moves with a velocity of 20 m/s at an angle
of 30° with respect to ground level. Find the force
exerted by the player on the ball if duration of strike is
0.02 seconds.

November 24, 2024 104

Impulse Momentum method

November 24, 2024 105

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Impulse Momentum method

The 800-g baseball is thrown horizontally toward a
batter at 20 m/s. After being struck by the bat A, the
velocity of the ball is 40 m/s in the direction shown.
Determine the magnitude of the average force applied
to the ball by the bat during the 0.02-s contact period

m= 0.8kg m= 0.8kg
F
ux= -20 m/s, uy= 0 m/s,
t= 0.02sec
V= 40cos 40 = 30.64 m/s V= 40sin 40 = 25.71 m/s F= 2271.5 N

November 24, 2024 106

Impulse Momentum method

a ball of mass 125 gm, moving in a horizontal direction
towards a bat with a velocity of 20 m/s. The ball attains
a velocity of 32 m/s at an angle of 30°with respect to x-
axis, when hit by a bat. Find the impulsive force
exerted by the bat on the ball B if duration of strike is
0.025 second.

November 24, 2024 107

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Impulse Momentum method

November 24, 2024 108

Impulse Momentum method

The 60-kg crate is sliding down the inclined plane. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the
plane is 0.2, and the force P applied to the crate is
constant. If the speed of the crate changes from 8 m/s
to zero in 3 seconds, determine P.

P-337.6-96.43 =60(0-8)/3
P=274.03N

November 24, 2024 109

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Impulse Momentum method

The constant 8-N force is pulling the 2-kg crate across
the horizontal surface. If the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the crate and the surface is 0.3,
determine the time required to increase the speed v of
the crate from 3 m/s to 12 m/s.

F x t = m (V - u)
8Cos30- 0.3*2*9.81 = 2 (12-3)/Dt
Dt= 17.27sec

November 24, 2024 111

AMBO UNIVERSITY-WOLISO CAMPUS

DEP’T OF CIVIL ENG

END
Thank you! ‘
November 24, 2024
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