7HERMAL MACHINES

Heat Engine i
Any machine which aderives
beat ene
fuel and
fom tbe combustion of
converts Part of this
in to nechanical woskK is known
eneg?
beat
egine.
clasitiation af Hat Engine
O1) EtesnaU combustios enihes.
02) Inferna ConbUSh

Extesna Combustm Engine.

In these engine!, the Combus fio
af tuel
fel takes place dtside the
gindeT. 76ese are generauy ured
o triving Locomotives, shias, geneaia
of leCtri Power. Ln these
fst the beat af ombustiaD
egines
ronsterred to the woking uld
and then sid i's xponded to
develoP the Powes.
9:- Hot i ines. Stam tusbine,
Closed Yde gs tubine.
 Com 6ushia Egibe
Ioternal Combshn of fue
In theSe enines
takes plae inside
with MHPED ond PIOdut of
ConbPer.
the Gyündes. directy act
Comblstra
ober. 7hese Qre
to derelop the vebiclae,
ComnDly wed

Petyol
giner. diesel egine.

clossihatin of IC. Erpiner.

A) Acosding to Cyde of ODerat
o1) 7vo Shoke yde engine.
76exe Ohé Porer ghroke
in
every tvo OKe or ne XOttio
af Cromksbaft.

O27 Fous Stsoke Cyde

7herse sis Oneergine.
Power sfsoke
 Page 02

8> ACCoding to cyde af apeTaias

o1) oTTO cycde :
CombuSH) at conston t volume
O2 Diese yde
Combus Hian at Constont PsessuYe
a3> Duel cobwta OR Sei desel yle
Aorty t o S t t volu
and oSty at Constant presSUSe.
C> Accordig to Metiod af Zpoitin.
o) Sposk Inihn egine.
o2> CampreaiD TgoiHD eie.
D> ACCOTing to Fuel used.
Petrol egne
Diesel egioe
03) Gao engihe.
E> Acordig to Speed
Low sped egipe
02) Melum SAeed engioe
03) tigs Speed engihe.
 E) According to we se
o) Auomobile engioe
02) Por tabe engiñe
Masine engtne
04) Aero enghe
statiaay ogine
G> Accosding to Number o
Gjindr eyioe.
H)
Sinder agine.
0)
ACCOY
-
to Method o
engine
watcs - Cooied
bgioe
ol) APpicatia
Air Coayt
2> Locootive
a3> Pumping set
O4>
05 SeverT IndustriaJ
Boats, Ships. appicatia)s
ConstruChi
Eraie
Injects
cyUncdes 'Exhaust vaUre
Head
Iot cyindra
Vayre Pist
TOCE
Combugion
p(ston Ping
Space
BDC

Rocd

(ase
o1) CyUnder : The maUn bort.
Cansidered as
in which Pist
It is
Oj the egine to develop the Powe,
TeipooCates Vey hie
to withstand
It has ba and tenmp about 220d
about 70 be Surk
matesia) ShOld
Theregore Can retain good
streg at
that it
Showld be
temp, Should "onduc
beat and shoud regist to
Sapid Weax
and tear therecipoy
Pasts.

02> Cyinder Head

bouses thbe Inlet and Ebaust
It
valves thxdugh Which the horge
der and
is taken ibsde the yinderto the
buxned are exhtus tcd
tmosphere from the
Matexia)- cast Ixon.
ginder.
03> Pisto and Pistoo Ringi the
Plston secipotate in Te
Cyinder. The tunchia is t0 the
Corspress
Corn pressi thep
charge dusirg
Stoke,
tansmi
toahsmit
and
 the gas foYce to the connecting
Tod ànd tben
Power Stroke.
to COoMk
during
Mateial - Cast iYon
gver gs
Pistos sig pis tghtindes
sitting betwees the ta and
to
and revents the leakoge op hgs
Pres sure gaSeg.

O4> Connecting Rod:

I Connats the Píst to
Cmkshast though csnk.
the seisocaing moti
convedting
oh Pistr
into sotaxy motih o Csonkahast
05> Csonkshast:
It the backbane Oh the
gine. LL is Totasing weuber jsom whi
th power is
is given to
csawH trrrs rghe whic
the wheal.
O6> Ilet valve :
This Valve Contos the aduisio
in to petol engne
Sttion
ait i to
Stsoke.
diegel
ergne duing
 valve :
07)
Exhaust xemoval oh eshaust
The WoK n The pist
ases htcr doingthe vave.
is Cas lled

Coank Case
t is the which bold
base
and cmk shyt
the indes the sump tos
also Oserve!
the lubricating ail.
Tetms Connected itb I. C. EngiDe.
Intara Monilola JeorOna Vlume
sttokeT.D.C.
Pista

yindr
B.D.c

BORE
 cdassmate
Date
Page O5

Tesms Related with I C.

o1) Bore
Ergine i
The inside diam eter oh the
gnder bore.

Stroke -
The maimum distance
txaveled by the pisto in the
in One disction is knoWn aU Sttoke
and it is equal to twice the
adius COonK.

a3> Top Dead cer tse. TDC

The etsee Positin oh the
Písto t the top oh The cyinder
iS Caleo T.D- c.

o4 Bottom Dead centre:- BDC

The etseme pasitins Oh the
Pisto at the
is caWed B. D.
bottom tbe
Oh the Gyinde
05) Cleoramce Volume :- Vc
The olume Contained i the
yivder above the top oh the piston
wben the píst at T D.C. ís
Volume.
 OnSTant Volume Cur
0TIO CYCLE OR
T

PV=C
Rerel V=c

2
4 2
4
1

Tora vone
as it was
This Cyde is SO amed
Concoved by
tbis
de petol oy otto, r
Wosk.
Point 1 in
engins
the qusc
that is ut o scpresents
volumeyindes
V1 Pre ssoTe with
ternp T1. Pi. ond absoute
 Adiab ati c- Usng adiabathc paas e
Intomesnot norgy du Sutstanca
Date

docg
Line
not.
aenalh Cast.

1-2i- Adiabatic
Page O6

compreSs i
Oh auY do to which
Pi, Vi, TI chmges to Pa,va, T2
Line 2-3 Supply Op heat to the
aiY at Constamt volume
Sothat P2 amd Ta hoges
to P3 and Ta.
Sanme as VeJ
being
Line 3-4 i- RepTeSents adiabatic
Spmsin Oh the air. Dusing
e p M s i iP8,:Vg, T3:
to P4, V4, T4. charge?
Line 4-1 i- The sejectin O heat
at constomt volume
OoigiNaJ state Point 1 xeOcher.
Heat Suppied at constt
Constant volume
=CVCT3-Ta)
Heat Rejettd at Constat volume
= VC T4- T)
 Heat 6upp4cd- Heat.
Woxk done =
Rys
- Cv( T3- Ta)- Cv(T4- T1))
WOxKdone
Etticency Heat Suppied
= Cv(T3-T) - Cv(T4-Ti)
CvCT3-T2)
= 1 - (T4-T1)
(T3- T2)

DIESEL CYCLE OR
CONSTANT PREssUR
CYCLE.

2. 3

AdiaLotc
2 4
4

1 1
Hedt sLpPiedat z c CPC T3-Ta)
Heat Rjettd at vC classmate
Date
w.O. = p(Tt3-T2)-(VC T-T) Page

YCTa-h).
This cycle was introdu ced by
Ds. R. Diesel in 1897. It diffes t¡r
otto Cyde, in: th at Hedt is suppied
at C¡nstont PressUre insteod a
Constont volume.

Lise 1-2 Adiabatic Compressian

Line 2-3 Additi o) Heot at

Constat PreSsUre.
Line 3-4 Adiabatic epaiar
Line 4-1 RejeeHo oh Heat
at onstant-volume.

Point 1' repeSents that the yünde

is tel Oh air, Let P,V, T be tbe
Corespon
temp. The
ding Pre ssUre, volume and
piston then Compre sseg
the
the
adiabaialy
vaues
e.
becomes
P2,V2, Ta P2,
a Constat PressUTe.
This Cyde was in tso duced oy Rudolph dice
/n 1983
 ENGINE
4- STROKE PETROL

StxoKe Cyle
ompleted in
In
two reve
cycle
is C and
Ak the Each s txoke strokey
Qre perfosned.
18o
CONSist
CKmK shst TOtatia
ConsisL Oh 72o°
Thocjore cqcleSotati: IL
Otto
S.P. S.P. S.P.

LV. E.V. .V. E.V.

Gases

E.C.

C.R.

KSuction
Etroke
yalve, Compressi
stroke on Working
E.,=Exhaust valve, E.C. =Engine stroke
Exhaust
stroke
cylinder, C.R. = Connectina rod
 Dare2

Page

Pressure

Exhaust Atmospheric
5 line
Suction

Volume
Fig. 33. Actual p-V diagram of a four-stroke Otto cycle engine.

Suhio StsoKe:
Suctia stxoke stasts when
the Piston at Top dead certre
and about to OOve downward.
the Ucti stxoke Iolet vale
Dusing
is Open and
and Exaust Valve
losed. Due to LoW Pressure CYeated
by the motia o Pist towords the
bottarn dead Cestre, the Choge
with tuel is dsawn
CorsistinA °)
in to inder. At the end Suchim
strokethe inlet Valo
valve closeg.
 Staoke +
Compre ssim Compressim stxoke the
DUzig doad
moves om bottom COntr
Piston dead this
to
Coutre. puxi^g
and Ehaugt. Valve
top both Iblet and
Stroke
Chsed Chosge [Ait + Fuet7
is ompressd up to the Jearaca
the cormpletia
Just
Volume. Just be} ore SPoik is
O opre ssia Stxoke

spork pug and jual is

iven by
gnitcd.
/Powes / WOrKing Stroke:
Expans i on
Due to high Pressure tbe
gases torces the Pistao towod
burnt Cente Both the
the bßttorrn dead
Vare& Aosed. Th Power
is Obtained duirg epaMiD O)
buot gages.
Ehaust StSOKe
At the end
Stzoke the Vale OpenS)
losed on
the inlet Vawe Demains TD.C.
Pist rmoveg fro B.0. C. to
Buxnd 2ases tho yindar
pelod
 Date
Page g

DIESEL ENGNE
4 - STROKE

Diesel ergiDe Woks n Diesel

Cycle. In iesel engine tuol
gited in jectirg it in toCopregsed
the
engine inder otinirg
Siuicieoty higth to ite the sue!
nita
which is
spray ed
F.J. r.i. ,F.I. Exhaust
,F..
gases
Air>

L.V. E.V. I.V. E.V.

i E.C.

G.R.

Suction Compression
stroke stroke
Working Exhaust
stroke stroke
Fl. = Fuel injector L.V, = Inlet valve E.V. = Exhaust valve
 Suctin StoOKe
this
Stoke
the
o tron TDC to Bo
Pisto moves dxaw in toto yind,
the iÝ e haust
ny inlt Vale. The
throug
e m i n s closed.

Compessjon StooKe
this tooke the
BDC to TDC.
Pisto
8oth the Vuves
emaing losed. The
ais whib is Sucked duiyy the
Suctia StOke
the Pistoo DOVe in upWord dice
The sise in temp and
ait espnsible tor the
Conbushan o huel. At the end o
Carpress i) Fuo injected.
Exponsin|powex/ Woskjng Stxoke
stsoKe i
Duxing tbis stsoke both
inlet and ehdust Valve emains
losed ard Pisto horcad to
towoda BDC. The heat ene
Teleaged ay the Co buLstin o tuely
 Ointe

sesut in the i s e in

This high pre ssure gse die

Pistoy to downwarrd direct therhy
produi2 Sme sEk wK
ExhuLSt stoOke i
DUsing ehauLIt strOke bto
BDC to TOC. The fnui
Vave semain osed where as
ezbuuet Vave is OPened. The
upwasd movement os the pistor
pusbeg the buint gases ot
tbe Cyin der through exhawt J
 2-stoke Petol Engine

ransfes p

Chnk

(e) (4)
Fiy 74 Working of twy strke petrol engine,

Inerc UTDe Power Stroke

One cyde le. two stsokee.
In this ergine the Suctn and
ehauet stdkes eliminated.

O1> EIRST STROKE :

At the start Oh tixst
StpOKe Piston is Boc. Tbe
th
arorgeent the Poxts
 Paga

two opesatims
Pist Pestosm Pisto Stasts
the As the
Simetaneouly. doses the
foom BDC, t
E h a L t Poxt.
and
Trcmsfes poxt CFye +Ai) which is
Tbe hoge
the cyindes is
tese in co).
alreody
Comprtsed
Shown iD H
time with the upwosd
At the Sare
the
Pisto, Vaccym is
move ment Oh CS¡nk ase. As
Cscated in the uncOvestd
POxt iS
the inlet Sucked ín the
is
the treib hoge is cotinued
COamk Cade.
the The cha
CoankCase S led At
A
Pist
this Stxoke
the erd oh
to TDC.
reaheg

SECOND STROKE :+ Pistoo

this stooke
O2)
mOves
DUsi
ho
to BDC sug*g
the
the oplotinthe
Oh Compregsed
bejpoe
Compsessia) Stsoke i me
igoited by exested
hosga Písta
spore bead a d
the piton beod
 Page

in dowWOTd
directia
wosK.
Sone weJ the pisto
Producing movemest
DowwO
Wil) tixst Joses the UnleUread,
Post
omprese the Choe
and
SUcked

Petsol Ergine Diese) Engine

AiÝ PetoP neite Ony Air
01>
is Sucked dñxinA Sutteo dusing
Sucho Store Suhan styo
Employs an
Used Injectos
aR Ponwes is pOduCod Powes is Prvdue
by copYess iO
by spork Ifrihan ioihs.
O4) Thermal ThexmaU Etieo
is 25 ! Ebpicieoy fs 407.
o5)
05 Ocupíeg Less Ocupica MOe
oHo
Spacu Dicsel

Cyce Cyde
o2) Light in Weight
Hoavy
motor ycee veliles, ileaclin
buses, heavy
 4-stOke cy de 2- stxOke c le
Engine Engine
O) cyce is completed ol) Cyda is omp(oted
in in twO
Pisto OS wo
Strokol Oh
Piston
seVolution oh Csank One evolutia oh

shast
02> BeaUse oh oNe
CSoTk shaj
2> Be Cause oh e
Powes Stxoke tos Powes Stroke ps
two eVgluttne Oe sevoluti
Powers PsocuCad Paves Poo duCad
or Same Size
engine
e
dereloped powes
Sanne
fpo Roaw
|Vongine is TWica

engine.
O3 Huto Initia Cost O3> Low iDiba cast
04) Votywetxic gy Voluwnetic
is ore iS Low.
Os) Appicatien |Os Lown woves,
Cars, busel, tuck SCOoteo.
aNoplane