5 Three Phase Induction Machine
5.1 Three Phase induction Motor
Construction
Figure :Construction of Induction Machine
i) Stator
ii) Rotor
a. Squirrel cage rotor
b. Phase wound Rotor or slip ring rotor
iii) Yoke
Operating Principle , Rotating Magnetic Field, Synchronous Speed, Slip, Induced EMF, Rotor
Current and its frequency, Torque Equation
When Three phase stator winding is supplied by the three phase balance voltage source, three phase
current will flow through stator winding. These three phase current will magnetise the stator core.
Rotating Magnetic Field
Torque Production
Alternately
Torque Equation
Analysis of standstill condition
- Instant of starting
- Rotor speed is zero
- Relative speed Max, (Ns-N) max
Ns N
- Slip is maximum, s 1
Ns
- Maximum emf will be induced rotor circuit
- Frequency of induced voltage is same as supply voltage
Ns P
f Hz
120
- Equivalent circuit for induction motor at standstill is similar to transformer with secondary
shorted. Primary winding is analogous to the primary winding of the transformer and rotor
circuit is analogous to secondary winding of transformer.
Figure. Equivalent Circuit per phase of three phase Induction Motor at Standstill Condition
Here,
V1 Supply voltage to statorwinding per phase
I1 Stator current per phase
I 0 No-load stator current per phase
E1 Stator emf per phase
E2 Rotor emf per phase
R1 Stator resistance per phase
X 1 Stator Leakage reactance per phase
R2 Rotor Resistance per phase
X 2 Rotor leakage reactance per phase at standstill
I 2 Rotor circuit currrent
- Rotor emf per phase at standstill E2 is given by,
N2
E2 E1
N1
- Rotor current per phase at standstill condition
E2
I2
R22 X 22
- This current lags E2 by 2 angle
R2
cos 2
R22 X 22
- At standstill torque developed by rotor is proportional to stator flux per pole and active
component of I 2
Ts K1I 2 cos 2
- Where, is stator flux per pole
- Now
E2 R2
TS K1
R X2
2
2
2 R X 22
2
2
- We have that E2
E2 R2
Hence, TS K1 E2
R22 X 22 R22 X 22
K1 E22 R2
TS
R22 X 22
Analysis of running condition:
-Rotor rotates, relative speed decreases, Rate of flux cutting decreases, Rotor emf decrease
We have E2 N S
and ER N S N
E2 NS
Now
ER N S N
ER sE2
- Frequency of Induced emf also decreass with compare to standstill. f R at any speed
f r sf
- Since reactance also depends upon frequency
X R sX 2
- Equivalent per phase circuit at running condition is as follows
- Rotor Current at running condition
ER sE2
I2
R X R22 sX 2
2 2 2
2 R
- Again This current lags ER by R angle
R2
cos R
R22 sX 2
2
- Torque developed by rotor
sE2 R2
TR K1E2
R22 sX 2 R22 sX 2
2 2
K1sE22 R2
TR
R22 sX 2
2
Torque-slip Characteristics
- This is the curve showing the torque developed by rotor at various speed and slip
- Torque equation
K1sE22 R2
TR
R22 s 2 X 22
- Since E2 and R2 are constant torque developed by motor depend upon the slip ‘s’
- ‘s’ change with speed then torque will also change with speed
- Speed increases, Slip Decreases and Torque will increase
- But there is limit after particular value of speed, the motor will not be able to produce more
torque
- The speed at which torque is maximum can be determined as follows:
- Since torque depends upon slip, the maximum torque will occur when
dTR
0
ds
- Now,
dTR d K1sE22 R2
ds ds R22 s 2 X 22
or , 0
R2
2 s 2 X 22 K1 E22 R2 K1sE22 R2 0 2sX 22
R s 2 X 22
2 2
2
or , R22 s 2 X 22 K1 E22 R2 K1sE22 R2 0 2sX 22 0
or , R22 s 2 X 22 K1 E22 R2 2 K1s 2 E22 R2 X 22
or , R22 s 2 X 22 2 s 2 X 22
or , s 2 X 22 R22
R2
s
X2
- Hence this is the condition when torque is maximum
- Now maximum torque is,
R2
K1 E22 R2
X2 K1 E22 R22
Tm
X 2 R22 R22
2
R22 2 X2
R
2
X2
K1 E22
Tm
2X2
- If the motor is overloaded so that speed goes below this value, the motor will not be able to
develop more torque to overcome the increase load
- A typical torque-speed/slip characteristics of an three phase induction motor is shown in
following figure
NS N
- Point A, N=Ns, s 0 , TR 0
NS
- At normal working speed N N S , ‘s’ is very small. Hence, s 2 X 22 R22
- The equation of torque for this range
K1sE22 R2
TR
R22
K1sE22
or , TR
R2
s
TR
R2
If R2 is constant, then TR s
- Torque proportionally increase with increase in slip (or decrease in speed). This part is given
by AB on the curve.
R2
- TR goes increasing till the speed reach vlue corresponding to s
X2
- If speed decrease further (due to overload) ‘s’ will be no more small.
2 2 2
- At this condition R2 is negligible as compared to s X 2 . Hence,
K1sE22 R2
TR
s 2 X 22
K1 E22 R2
or , TR
sX 22
R2
TR
s
1
If R2 is constant, then TR
s
- Therefore beyond the point of maximum torque any further decrease in speed will result in
decrease in torque developed by rotor.
- The motor slows down and stops. This part is represented by BC on the curve.
- When motor stops (N=0,s=1), the torque developed by the motor can be found out by setting
s=1 in the general torque equation.
K1 E22 R2
- TS 2
R2 X 22
- This torque is known as starting torque which is not enough to drive the load on the motor.
Effect of resistance
s
At normal running condition TR
R2
R2
At starting TS
s
If R is added in series with rotor winding, starting torque increases, running torque will decrease.
Following figure how the effect of rotor resistance on T-S characteristics of induction motor.
At particular speed N1, OT1 is running torque when rotor resistance is R2.
At same speed, OT2 running torque is only OT2 , when rotor resistance is 2R2.
OC is starting torque with R2
OP is starting torque with 2R2, higher than previous case.
Hence, external rotor resistance are used where high starting torque is required.
When motor has picked up to its normal operating speed (N), the external resistance is removed to
improve the running torque.
Torque ratios
a) Full load torque and maximum torque ratio
sE22 R2
T
R22 sX 2
2
Let at s s f s f is full load slip the motor will produce full load torque
s f E22 R2
Full load Torque T fl
R22 s f X 2
2
And sm slip for maximum torque
sm E22 R2 R2
Hence, Tm , where, sm
R22 sm X 2
2
X2
R22 sm X 2
2
T fl s f E22 R2
R22 s f X 2
2
Tm sm E22 R2
R2 s X 2
T fl
2
m 2
sf
or ,
Tm sm R 2 s X 2
2 f 2
Dividing both numerator and denominator by X 22
T fl
R2 / X 2 sm
2
sf 2 2
2 2
R2 / X 2 s f
2
Tm sm
R
Since, sm 2
X2
T fl sf 2 sm2
Tm sm sm2 s 2f
T fl 2 s f sm
Tm sm2 s 2f
b) Starting torque and Maximum torque
If starting torque Tst and
Maximum torque Tm
Then
Tst will occur when s 1 and
Tm will occur when s sm R2
X2
We have,
sE22 R2
Tst
R22 sX 2
2
E22 R2
Tst
R22 X 2
2
And
sm E22 R2
Tm
R22 sm X 2
2
Hence,
R 2 sm X 2
2
Tst E2R
22 22 2
Tm R2 X 2 sm E22 R2
R2 s X
2
T
or , st 2 2 m 2 2
Tm sm R2 X 2
Taking X 22 common
R22
s 2
Tst X 22 m
Tm R2
sm 2 2 1
X2
T s s
2 2
2sm2
or st m 2 m
Tm sm sm 1 sm sm2 1
Tst 2s
2 m
Tm sm 1
A 746kW,3 ,50Hz,16 pole induction motor has a rotor impedance of 0.02 j 0.15 at standstill,
full load torque is obtained at 360 RPM. Calculate
i) Ratio of maximum to full load torque
ii) Speed at maximum torque
iii) Rotor resistance to be added to get maximum starting torque
iv) Ratio of maximum torque to starting torque
Relationship between Rotor copper loss and rotor input
