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Electrical Machines ( )
Three-Phase Induction Motors
Year / Semester : 3 / 2

Lecture Notes (4)

Oct. 2019
Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 1

Rotating Magnetic Field

 When three-phase balanced currents are applied to
a three-phase winding, (aa', bb', cc', displaced from
each other by 120 electrical degrees in space), a
rotating magnetic flux is produced.
 The speed at which the
magnetic flux rotates is called
the synchronous speed ns,.

 Where f is the supply frequency and P is the total

number of poles.
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Three-phase Motor Rotating Field

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Three-phase Motor Rotating Field

The principle of a 3-phase, two-pole

stator having three identical windings
placed 120 space degrees apart The flux due to three-phase windings
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Principle of Operation
 If the stator windings are connected to a three-phase supply; a
rotating field will be produced in the air-gap. This field rotates
at synchronous speed Ns. This rotating field induces voltages
in the rotor windings.
 Since the rotor circuit is closed, the induced voltages in the
rotor windings produce rotor currents that interact with the air
gap field to produce torque. The rotor will eventually reach a
steady-state speed N that is less than the synchronous speed
Ns. Sometimes is called the slip speed.

N in rpm
where ω in rad/s

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Definitions of the Terms

 N = The rotor speed (the actual speed N of the rotor)
with respect to stator
 NS = The speed of stator field with respect to stator
or the synchronous speed
 Nr = The speed of rotor field with respect to rotor
 S = The slip
 f = The frequency of the induced voltage in the stator
(stator or supply frequency)
 fr = The rotor circuit frequency or the slip frequency:

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Example # 1
The stator of a 3-Φ induction motor has 3 slots per pole
per phase. If supply frequency is 50 Hz, calculate:
1) number of stator poles produced and total number of
slots on the stator.
2) speed of the rotating stator flux (or magnetic field).
Solution
1) P = 2n = 2 × 3 = 6 poles
Total No. of slots = 3 slots/pole/phase × 6 poles × 3
phases = 54
2) Ns = 120 f/P = 120 × 50/6 = 1000 rpm.
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Example # 2
A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply
whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate :
(i) The speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.
(ii) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04.
(iii) The frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03.
(iv) The frequency of the rotor currents at standstill.
Solution
(i) Stator field revolves at synchronous speed, given by
Ns= 120 f/P = 120 × 50/4 = 1500 rpm.
(ii) Rotor (or motor) speed, N = Ns (1 − s) = 1500(1 − 0.04) = 1440 rpm.
(iii) Frequency of rotor current, f ′ = sf = 0.03 × 50 = 1.5 rps = 90 rpm
(iv) Since at standstill, s = 1, f′ = sf = 1 × f = f = 50Hz

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Induced EMF
 The instantaneous value of the induced
voltage in N turns coil is given by:

The rms value of the induced voltage per phase is

where
Nph is the number of turns in series per phase
f is the frequency
Φp is the flux per pole
Kw is the winding factor
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Equivalent Circuit Per Phase

The Complete Equivalent Circuit per phase

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Example # 3
A 3-phase, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four-pole induction machine
delivers rated output power at a slip of 0.05.
Determine the:
(a) Synchronous speed and motor speed.
(b) Speed of the rotating air gap field.
(c) Frequency of the rotor circuit.
(d) Slip rpm.
(e) Speed of the rotor field relative to the (i) rotor structure.
(ii) Stator structure. (iii) Stator rotating field.
(f) Rotor induced voltage at the operating speed, if the stator-
to-rotor turns ratio is 1 : 0.5
Solution:

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Example # 3, Cont.

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Relation Between Torque and Rotor Power Factor

The torque is proportional to the product of flux per stator
pole and the rotor current. one more factor that has to be
taken into account the power factor of the rotor.

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Starting Torque
The torque developed by the motor at the instant of starting is
called starting torque. In some cases, it is greater than the
normal running torque, whereas in some other cases it is
somewhat less.

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Starting Torque, Cont.

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Starting Torque
Condition for Maximum Starting Torque
It can be proved that starting torque is maximum when rotor resistance equals
rotor reactance.

Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Starting Torque

Clearly, the torque is very sensitive to any changes in the supply voltage.
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Example # 4
A 3-Φ induction motor having a star-connected rotor has an induced emf
of 80 volts between slip-rings at standstill on open-circuit. The rotor has a
resistance and reactance per phase of 1 Ω and 4 Ω respectively. Calculate
current/phase and power factor when (a) slip-rings are short-circuited
(b) slip-rings are connected to a star-connected rheostat of 3 Ω per phase.

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Torque Under Running Conditions

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Torque Under Running Conditions

where k1 is another constant. Its value can be proved to be

equal to 3/2 πNs. Hence, in that case, expression for torque
becomes

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Condition for Maximum Torque Under Running Conditions

The torque of a rotor under running conditions is

The condition for maximum torque may be obtained by differentiating the

above expression with respect to slip s and then putting it equal to zero.
However, it is simpler to put Y = 1 /T and then differentiate it.

Hence, torque under running condition is maximum at that value of the slip s
which makes rotor reactance per phase equal to rotor resistance per phase.
This slip is sometimes written as sb and the maximum torque as Tb.
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Condition for Maximum Torque Under Running Conditions

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Rotor Torque and Breakdown Torque

Rotor Torque and Breakdown Torque:
The rotor torque at any slip s can be
expressed in terms of the maximum (or
breakdown) torque Tb by the following
equation.
Relation Between Torque and Slip:

For low values of slip, the torque/slip curve is approximately a straight line.
The torque will be maximum when This torque is known as
‘pull-out’ or ‘breakdown’ torque Tb.
As the slip further increases (i.e. motor speed falls)
with further increase in motor load, then R2
becomes negligible as compared to (sX2.).
Therefore, for large values of slip
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Effect of Change in Supply Voltage and Frequency on

Torque and Speed
Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Torque and Speed:
Obviously, torque at any speed is proportional
to the square of the applied voltage.

Effect of Changes in supply Frequency on Torque and Speed:

A 50-Hz motor operates well on a 60-Hz line provided its terminal voltage is raised
to 60/50 = 6/5 (i.e. 120%) of the name-plate rating. In that case, the new breakdown
torque becomes equal to the original breakdown torque and the starting torque is
only slightly reduced. However, power factor, efficiency and temperature rise remain
satisfactory.
Similarly, a 60-Hz motor can operate satisfactorily on 50-Hz supply provided its
terminal voltage is reduced to 5/6 (i.e. 80%) of its name-plate rating.
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Full-load Torque and Maximum Torque

Let sf be the slip corresponding to full-load torque, then.

Dividing both the numerator and the denominator by X22, we get.

where a = R2/X2 = resistance/standstill reactance

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Starting Torque and Maximum Torque

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Torque/Speed Curve
The torque developed by a conventional 3-phase motor depends
on its speed but the relation between the two cannot be
represented by a simple equation. It is easier to show the
relationship in the form of a curve. In this diagram, T represents
the nominal full-load torque of the motor. As seen, the starting
torque (at N = 0)
is 1.5 T and the
maximum torque
(also called
breakdown
torque) is 2.5 T.

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Complete Torque/Speed Curve of a Three-Phase Machine

The directions of torque and rotor rotation are in the same direction in the
motor. The motor can be used as an asynchronous generator when driven at a
speed greater than the synchronous speed. In this case, it receives mechanical
energy in the rotor and supplies electrical energy from the stator.
The torque and speed are oppositely-directed

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Induction Motor Operating as a Generator

When run faster than its synchronous speed, an induction motor runs as a
generator called a Induction generator. It converts the mechanical energy
it receives into electrical energy and this energy is released by the stator
(Fig. 34.29). Fig. 34.28 shows an ordinary squirrel-cage motor which is
driven by a petrol engine and is connected to a 3-phase line. As soon as
motor speed exceeds its synchronous speed, it starts delivering active
power P to the 3-phase line. However, for creating its own magnetic field, it
absorbs reactive power Q from the line to which it is connected. As seen, Q
flows in the opposite direction to P.

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Induction Motor Operating as a Generator

The active power is directly proportional to the slip above the synchronous
speed. The reactive power required by the machine can also be supplied by
a group of capacitors connected across its terminals (Fig. 34.30). This
arrangement can be used to supply a 3-phase load without using an
external source. The frequency generated is slightly less than that
corresponding to the speed of rotation.

The terminal voltage increases with capacitance. If capacitance is insufficient, the generator
voltage will not build up. Hence, capacitor bank must be large enough to supply the reactive
power normally drawn by the motor.
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Power Flow or Power Stages in an Induction Motor

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Power Flow

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Torque Developed by an Induction Motor

An induction motor develops gross torque Tg due to gross rotor
output Pm. Its value can be expressed either in terms of rotor input
P2 or rotor gross output Pm as given below.

in terms of rotor output

in terms of rotor output

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Example # 5
A 480 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor is drawing 60 A at 0.85
power factor lagging. The stator copper losses are 2 kW, and the
rotor copper losses are 700 W. The friction and windage losses are
600 W, the core losses are 1800 W. Find the following quantities:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Solution

(a) Pag

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Example # 5, Cont.

(b)

(c)

(d)

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