The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦

𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎) .
𝑎
 The Definite Integral
Examples
6

4 𝑑𝑥 = 4 6 − 2 = 16
2

8
82 42
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − = 32 − 8 = 24
2 2
4

5
53 33 125 27 98
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = − = − = = 32.67
3 3 3 3 3
3

4 4 4 4
43 33 42 32
𝑥2 + 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = − +3 − − 2 4−3 =
3 3 2 2
3 3 3 3

64 27 16 9
− +3 − − 2 1 = 20.83
3 3 2 2
Formulae
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Examples

2𝜋
3 2𝜋
3 2𝜋 𝜋 1 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠 = − − − − = 0.866
𝜋 𝜋 3 6 2 2
6 6
 The Definite Integral
Difference between the Value of a Definite Integral and Total Area
Evaluate the definite integral for the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 over the interval 0, 2𝜋

Total Area
2𝜋

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0
𝜋 2𝜋

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
Value of the Definite Integral −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2𝜋 2𝜋 0 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
0 0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋

−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = − −1 − −1 − − 1 − 1 =
4
− 1 − −1 = 0
Copyright  2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Definite Integral
 The Definite Integral

Example:
 Area of a Region
Between Two Curves
 f f

g
= - g

Area of region
between f and g
= Area of region
under f(x) - Area of region
under g(x)

b b b

  f (x)  g(x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

a a a
 x2

A   [(top curve)  (bottom curve)] dx

x1
 Ex. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
of f(x) = x2 + 2, g(x) = -x, x = 0, and x = 1 .

Area = Top curve – bottom curve

f(x) = x2 + 2
b
A   f (x)  g(x)dx 
a
1
g(x) = -x    2)  (x)dx 
(x 2

  3 2

1
1 1 17
x x
   2 x  3  2  2  6


3 2 0
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of
f(x) = 2 – x2 and g(x) = x

First, set f(x) = g(x) to

find their points of
intersection.

2 – x2 = x

0 = x2 + x - 2

0 = (x + 2)(x – 1)

x = -2 and x = 1

 2  x  
1
9
2
 x dx 
2
2
Find the area of the region between the graphs of
f(x) = 3x3 – x2 – 10x and g(x) = -x2 + 2x

Again, set f(x) = g(x)

to find their points of
intersection.

3x3 – x2 – 10x = -x2 + 2x

3x3 – 12x = 0

3x(x2 – 4) = 0

x = 0 , -2 , 2

Note that the two graphs switch at the origin.

 Now, set up the two integrals and solve.

0 2

  f (x)  g(x)dx   g(x) f (x)dx

2 0
0 2

 (3x 3
12x)dx   (3x 3
 12x)dx 
2 0

 24
 x2

A   [(top curve)  (bottom curve)] dx

x1
 x2

A   [(top curve)  (bottom curve)] dx

x1

y2

A   [(right curve)  (le f t curve)] dy

y1
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
of x = 3 – y2 and y = x - 1

Area = Right - Left

1
9
A  (3  y 2
)  (y  1)dy 
2 2
Practice Questions:
Exercise 5.3
Q. 9-54.
Exercise 5.4
Q. 1 -46.
Exercise 5.6
Q. 1 -70.

Note: Don’t do all of these questions, try to do the difficult ones.