Life began 3 billion years ago. Examples: Vultures eat dead animals.
Worms and beetles eat
FOSSILS – remains of organisms or bones dead decaying plants. Three domains of Life and their POPULATION - A group of living things that live in the same place characteristics at the same time. Example: many penguins live in the artic; many elephants live in the African Savanna COMMUNITY - When different populations live together in the same habitat and interact with each other. Example: Elephants, giraffes, and zebras all live together in Savanna. ABIOTIC - Any non-living organisms in an ecosystem. BIOTIC – living organisms Food chain - Shows what eats what in an ecosystem. Food web - A food web consists of all the food chains within a particular ecosystem.
Charles Darwin Theory on Origin of Species states that men came from apes Evolution - is a change in the characteristics of living things over time. How quickly bacteria spread or Bacteria doubles every 20 minutes and can reproduce at tremendous speeds. Name some helpful bacteria? a. Lactobacillus – Yakult b. Bifidobacterium How are bacteria spread or how or diseases prevented? - Through water, food, air ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS Different types of infectious agents Ø Mutualism is when two different species have an ecological UNIFYING THINGS: relationship that they both benefit from. 1. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM - has properties/ functions based on the For example, zebras and wild birds in the grasslands of Africa. arrangement and interactions of its parts together, the parts of our Commensalism describes a relationship in which one species benefits body enable us to move but the other is unaffected. 2. The cellular basis of life - All organisms are made of cells For example, clownfish take refuge in sea anemones. Levels of organization: For example, clownfish take refuge in sea anemones. - cell - tissue For example, a tick on a white-tailed deer. Ø Predation is when one organism eats another organism to obtain - organ nutrients. The organism that is eaten is called the prey. - system For example, lion that eats gazelles. - organism Ø Competition is when individuals or populations compete for the same 3. The structure determines function, function reflects structure resource and can occur within or between species. 4. Reproduction and inheritance – DNA For example, lions and hyenas that compete for prey. 5. Environmental interactions - As part of an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment REPRODUCTIOB 6. Energy and life - Sugars, fats and other “fuel-like” molecules in the ASEXUAL – single parent food produce energy SEXUAL – 2 parents 7. Regulation Types of Asexual Reproduction 8. Evolution and diversity BINARY FISSION - It is the simplest form of asexual reproduction and the 9. Scientific inquiry most common among single-celled organisms. 10. science, technology and society • It occurs when one parent splits into two offspring. An ecosystem is a community of living things that interact with each other and with the physical world. PRODUCERS - A living thing that can make its own food. Examples: Plants, Trees, Flowers CONSUMERS - A living thing that gets its food from eating other living things. Example: Polar bear eating a fish. A bird eating a berry. A zebra eating grass. DECOMPOSERS - A living thing that breaks down other living things to get nutrients and energy. BUDDING - A new organism develops from an outgrowth called bud that grows in a specific site in the body of a matured or older species. Artificial Vegetative Propagation - a type of plant reproduction that involves human intervention.
REGENRATION - It occurs when an organism can regrow a lost limb or
can grow a whole other organism on a cut off piece. This occurs in organisms such as the planaria, starfish and corals. • SPORE FORMATION - The reproduction through the formation of spores is called spore formation.
Vegetative Propagation - It occurs when a new plant grows off an
existing part of an old plant. This form of reproduction occurs naturally, or maybe induced artificially. Natural Vegetative Propagation -happens when plants grow and develop naturally without human intervention. Parthenogenesis – is a form of asexual reproduction in which a zygote contains 46 chromosomes: 23 from its mother and 23 from its females produce eggs that develop without fertilization father. ▪ It is common in ; Honey-bees , Ants , Wasps. Problem on chromosome number 21 leads to Down Syndrome Cloning – the modern technology of biological science in which similar copies of genetic material are produced
• 1. OVIPAROUS ANIMALS- lay their egg, with little or no other
embryonic development within the parent. • 2. VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS-bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent
GENETIC ENGINEERING – • Breeding systems aim to improve a single trait or multiple traits. Cloning – copying SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – Transgenic – Transfer of traits FERTILIZATION – UNION on egg cell and spem cells GENE SPLICING - DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another Spem cell – male organism. Egg cell – female Mouth – ingest foods Esophagus – propels food to the stomach Pharynx - Propels food from the oral cavity to the esophagus Stomach - Mixes and churns food with gastric juices to form chyme Small intestine - Absorbs breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, along with vitamins, minerals, and water Large intestine - Further breaks down food residues Rectum Anus
The processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion,
mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). INGESTION - Process of orally taking materials into the body (eating and drinking). The first thing that happens is the food entering the mouth using 1. Mechanical (chewing) and 2. Chemical (saliva and water breaking down food) digestion early on. The tongue then uses its muscles and swallows the chewed food (which is called cud) while we momentarily stop breathing and speaking (ability of epiglottis) ORGANS USED : Mouth (oral cavity) Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic fragments. ABSORPTION: Passage of the end – products (nutrients) of chemical digestion from the digestive tract into blood or lymph for distribution to tissue cells.
EXCRETION In this part, the large intestine (or colon) does a series of absorption of ions and excess water, and release of undigested material through the rectum and anus. In defecation, the final step in digestion, undigested materials are removed from the body as feces.
Circulation – pumping of blood through the entire body by the heart.
