PART A

PREPARE A MODEL AND COLLECT TECHNO-COMMERCIAL DATA

ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAMP AVILABLE IN MARKET
Aims/Benefits of the micro project:-
Aims:-
1. Illuminate Diverse Environments:- Provide suitable lighting
solutions for various applications including residential,
commercial, and industrial environments.

2. Enhance Efficiency: Offer energy-efficient options that reduce

electricity consumption and operational costs.

3. Improve Light Quality: Ensure high-quality light output with

good color rendering and brightness.

4. Extend Lamp Life: Implement designs and components that

enhance the longevity of lighting systems.

5. Ensure Reliable Operation: Utilize components like ballasts

and ignitors to stabilize and facilitate the operation of lamps.
Benefits:-
1. Energy Efficiency: Many lamps, such as CFLs and high-
pressure sodium vapour lamps, offer significant energy savings
compared to traditional incandescent lamps.

2. Longevity: Advanced lamps and ballasts contribute to longer

service life, reducing the frequency of replacements.

3. High-Quality Illumination: Lamps like metal halide and

halogen provide bright, clear light suitable for various high-
demand applications.

4. Operational Stability: Ballasts regulate lamp performance

and prevent issues like flickering, while ignitors ensure reliable
lamp ignition.

5. Cost-Effectiveness: Energy-efficient lamps and long-lasting

components lead to lower overall costs for lighting systems.
Course Outcomes Addrssed:-
1.Illumination Design and Application:- Analyze and design
effective illumination systems for diverse environments by
evaluating the characteristics of various lamps.

2. Electrical System Integration:- Integrate lighting solutions

within electrical systems, considering the roles of ballasts and
ignitors for optimal performance.

3. Energy Efficiency and Optimization:- Assess and enhance the

energy efficiency of lighting systems to achieve cost-effective
and sustainable solutions.

4. Performance Analysis:- Evaluate the performance

characteristics of different lighting technologies to determine
their suitability for specific applications.

5. Technical and Safety Standards:- Apply industry standards

and safety regulations to the design and implementation of
lighting systems.

6. Problem Solving in Lighting Design:- Identify and solve

engineering problems related to lighting and electrical systems
to ensure effective operation and reliability.
Proposed Methodology:-
1.Research and Data Collection:- Begin with a thorough review
of literature on different lamp types (high-pressure mercury
vapour, high-pressure sodium vapour, metal halide, halogen,
incandescent, CFL) and their components (ballasts and ignitors).
Gather technical data and specifications from reliable sources.
2. Analysis:- Compare the characteristics of each lamp type,
including light output, efficiency, lifespan, and cost. Evaluate the
function of ballasts and ignitors in maintaining lamp
performance and stability.
3. Practical Evaluation:- Analyze case studies and real-world
applications to understand the practical implementation of each
lamp and component. Assess their performance in different
scenarios and identify any operational challenges.
4. Synthesis:- Summarize the findings to provide insights into
the advantages and limitations of each lamp type and
component. Develop recommendations based on energy
efficiency, performance, and cost considerations.
5. Review and Finalization:- Review the presentation for
accuracy and clarity, and finalize the report based on feedback
and additional insights.
Action Plan:-
Name of
Planned Planned Finesh Responsible
Sr.no Details of Activity
Team
Start date date Members
1 To discuss and get the All
topic of micro project.
2 Start planning on topof All
micro project
3 Collect information All
about our topic.
4 Distribute works within All
group members.
5 Collect different All
information about
micro project.
6 Initiate different views All
about micro project
7 Editing process mustbe All
done before hard
copy
8 Check softcopyproperly All
before
preparing of hardcopy.
9 To start creating All
copyproperly.

10 Checking the information All

from
monitor.
11 Check the soft copy.
All

12 Represent the hardcopy of All

main micro
project
 Resourse Required:-
SR. NAME OF Specifications Cost Qyt
NO RESOURCE/
MAKE/
MANUFACTURER
MATERIAL
1 SODIUM CROMPTON 70W 180/- 01
VAPOUR LAMP
2 METAL HALIDE CROMPTON 70W 300/- 01
LAMP
3 MERCURY CROMPTON 80W 140/- 01
VAPOUR LAMP
3 HALOGEN BAJAJ 500W,230V 35/- 01
LAMP
4 INCANDESCENT BAJAJ 60W,230V 15/- 01
LAMP
5 LED LAMP PHILIPS 2.7W230V,250L 60/- 01
M
6 CFL LAMP PHILIPS 14W,240V,720LM 130/- 01
7 BALLAST CROMPTON 70W,0.98A,230V, 700/- 01
50HZ
8 IGNITOR CROMPTON 50W- 90/- 01
400W,230V,50HZ
9 CAPACITOR ELMECK 3.15UF,440V 40/- 01
10 SWITCH JASON 230V,6A 10/- 07
Total cost (Including 18% GST) (316/- GST) 2076/- -
 Names of Team Members with Roll no.:-
SR. NAME OF STUDENT ROLL ENROLLMENT
NO NO. NO.
1 YASH WAGH 29 2201320250
2 HARSHAL KHANDAR 30 2201320261
3 ANKUSH PATODE 31 2201320264
4 AYUSH GUJAR 32 2201320269
5 KUNAL THAKUR 47 2201320455
6 RITIK PATHADE 48 23310250313
7 AKASH DESHMUKH 49 23310250314
8 AJAY YELKE 50 23310250316
9 ANIKET DHORMARE 51 23310250317
10 SUMIT INGLE 52 23310250318
11 SAKSHI WASANKAR 53 23310250329
12 AKASH KADWE 56 2201320004
13 BHUSHAN MANKAR 59 2201320191
14 SWARAJ SURKAR 60 2201320258
15 MAYANK KHILOSIYA 61 2201320270
16 SAKSHI HONADE 62 2201320271
17 KHUSHI CHARODE 63 2201320279
18 ROHIT BHIMKE 65 2201320300
19 RENUKA MULE 67 2201320303
20 AKIB AHMAD 69 2201320449
 PART B
PREPARE A MODEL AND COLLECT TECHNO-COMMERCIAL DATA
ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAMP AVILABLE IN MARKET
Rational:-
This project evaluates various lamp types and their components
to understand their efficiency, performance, and suitability for
different applications. By analyzing these aspects, the project
aims to provide practical recommendations for optimizing
lighting systems, balancing cost, energy efficiency, and
illumination quality to meet diverse needs.

Aims And Benefits Of the Microproject:-

Aims:-
Evaluate Lamp Types:- Assess different types of lamps for their
performance, efficiency, and applications.
Analyze Components:- Understand the roles of ballasts and
ignitors in enhancing lamp operation.
Recommend Solutions:- Provide recommendations for
optimizing lighting systems based on practical insights.
Benefits:-
Enhanced Efficiency:- Identify energy-efficient lighting solutions
to reduce costs and environmental impact.
Improved Performance:- Ensure optimal performance and
longevity of lighting systems.
Informed Decisions:- Aid in selecting the best lighting options
for specific needs based on detailed analysis.
Course Outcomes:-
Illumination Design and Application:- Analyze and design
effective illumination systems for various environments.
Electrical System Integration:- Integrate lighting solutions
within electrical systems, considering the roles of ballasts and
ignitors.
Energy Efficiency and Optimization:- Assess and enhance the
energy efficiency of lighting systems.
Performance Analysis:- Evaluate the performance
characteristics of different lighting technologies.
Technical and Safety Standards:- Apply industry standards and
safety regulations to lighting systems.
Problem Solving in Lighting Design:- Identify and solve
engineering problems related to lighting and electrical systems.
Literaturere Review:-
The literature review covers various lamp technologies,
including high-pressure mercury vapour, high-pressure sodium
vapour, metal halide, halogen, incandescent, and compact
fluorescent lamps (CFLs). It highlights their operational
principles, efficiency, and applications. High-pressure mercury
and sodium vapour lamps offer high illumination but lower
color rendering. Metal halide lamps provide better color quality
and efficiency. Halogen lamps are more efficient than
incandescent but less than CFLs, which are compact and
energy-efficient. Ballasts and ignitors play crucial roles in
regulating lamp performance and stability. This review provides
a foundation for understanding the advantages and limitations
of each lamp type and component.
Actual Methodology Followed:-
Data Collection:- Gather technical specifications and
performance data for each lamp type and component from
reliable sources.

Comparative Analysis:- Analyze and compare the efficiency,

light quality, and lifespan of different lamps and the impact of
ballasts and ignitors on their performance.

Case Studies:- Review real-world applications to assess practical

use and identify common issues and solutions.

Synthesis of Findings:- Summarize insights to recommend

optimal lighting solutions based on efficiency, cost, and
application needs.

Review and Revision:- Review the report and presentation for

accuracy, clarity, and completeness, and make necessary
revisions based on feedback.

Report Preparation:- Draft a detailed report summarizing the

research findings, comparative analysis, and recommendations.
SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
Construction:-
 Envelope: Made of high-strength glass or ceramic, capable
of withstanding high temperatures and pressures.
 Electrodes: Positioned inside the envelope, used to create
an arc between them.
 Arc Tube: Contains sodium, mercury, and an inert gas. It is
the central component where the light is generated.
 Outer Bulb: Often coated with phosphor to improve light
quality and protect the arc tube.
Working:
 Starting: An electric current is passed through the arc tube,
ionizing the gases and creating an arc between the
electrodes.
 Operation: The arc heats the sodium and mercury, causing
them to vaporize. Sodium vapor emits a bright yellow light
when ionized.
 Ballast: Regulates the current and voltage to maintain
stable operation and ensure the lamp’s proper functioning.
Applications:
 Street Lighting: Commonly used for street and highway
illumination due to its high efficiency and brightness.
 Industrial Lighting: Suitable for large industrial areas and
warehouses.
 Security Lighting: Used in outdoor areas for security and
surveillance.
Advantages:
 High Efficiency: Provides high lumen output per watt of
electricity, making it energy-efficient.
 Long Life: Extended operational life compared to
incandescent lamps, reducing maintenance and
replacement costs.
 Good Visibility: Effective in foggy and misty conditions due
to its bright, intense light.
Disadvantages:
 Color Rendering: Poor color rendering index (CRI), resulting
in less accurate color representation.
 Warm-Up Time: Requires a warm-up period to reach full
brightness after being turned on.
 Light Pollution: The intense yellow light can contribute to
light pollution, affecting visibility and aesthetics.
Connection Scheme for High-Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) :
LampComponents:
 HPSV Lamp (Arc Tube)
 Ballast: Regulates current and voltage.
 Ignitor: Provides the initial spark to start the lamp.
 Power Supply: AC source, usually 120V or 240V depending
on the system.
Connection Scheme:
 Power Supply: Connect the AC power source to the ballast.
Ensure that the voltage and current ratings match the
ballast specifications.
 Ballast:
o Input Terminals: Connect the ballast input terminals to the
AC power source.
o Output Terminals: Connect the ballast output terminals to
the lamp and ignitor.
 Ignitor:
o Connection: Connect the ignitor to the ballast. The ignitor
is typically wired in series with the lamp to provide the
initial high voltage necessary to ignite the arc.
 Lamp:
o Connection: Connect the lamp terminals to the output of
the ballast and the ignitor. The lamp typically has two
connections for the high-voltage arc.
METAL HALIDE LAMP
Construction:
 Envelope: Made of high-strength quartz or ceramic, which
can withstand high temperatures and pressures.
 Arc Tube: Contains a mixture of mercury and metal halides.
It is where the light is generated.
 Electrodes: Positioned inside the arc tube to create an
electric arc.
 Outer Bulb: Often coated with a phosphor to enhance light
quality and protect the arc tube.

Working:
 Starting: An electric current is passed through the arc tube,
ionizing the gases and metal halides to create an arc.
 Operation: The arc heats the metal halides and mercury,
causing them to vaporize and emit a bright, white light.
 Ballast: Regulates the current and voltage to ensure stable
operation of the lamp.

Applications:
 Commercial Lighting: Common in retail stores and
showrooms for its excellent color rendering.
 Sports Lighting: Used in stadiums and arenas for bright,
clear illumination.
 Industrial Lighting: Suitable for large warehouses and
factories.
Advantages:
 High Light Quality: Superior color rendering index (CRI)
compared to other high-intensity lamps.
 Bright Light: Provides intense illumination, making it ideal
for large areas.
 Efficiency: Offers good energy efficiency and long
operational life.

Disadvantages:
 Warm-Up Time: Requires several minutes to reach full
brightness after being turned on.
 Cost: Higher initial cost compared to some other lamp
types.
 Maintenance: Requires periodic replacement of the arc
tube and ballast maintenance.

Connection Scheme for Metal Halide Lamp:-

Components:
 MH Lamp (Arc Tube)
 Ballast: Regulates current and voltage.
 Ignitor: Provides the initial high voltage needed to start the
lamp.
 Power Supply: AC source, typically 120V or 240V.

Connection Scheme:
 Power Supply: Connect the AC power source to the
ballast. Ensure that the voltage and current ratings are
compatible with the ballast specifications.
 Ballast:
o Input Terminals: Connect the input terminals of the ballast
to the AC power supply.
o Output Terminals: Connect the output terminals of the
ballast to the lamp and ignitor.
 Ignitor:
o Connection: Connect the ignitor to the ballast, usually
wired in series with the lamp to deliver the high voltage
needed for ignition.

 MH Lamp:
o Connection: Connect the lamp terminals to the output of
the ballast and ignitor. The lamp typically has two
connections for the arc.
MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
Construction:
 Envelope: Made of high-strength glass, often coated with a
phosphor to enhance light quality.
 Arc Tube: Contains mercury vapor and an inert gas. It’s the
core component where light is generated.
 Electrodes: Positioned inside the arc tube to create an
electric arc.
 Outer Bulb: Helps protect the arc tube and improve light
diffusion.
Working:
 Starting: An electric current is passed through the arc tube,
ionizing the mercury vapor to create an electric arc.
 Operation: The arc heats the mercury, causing it to
vaporize. The vapor emits a blue-green light when ionized.
 Ballast: Regulates the current and voltage to ensure the
stable operation of the lamp.

Applications:
 Street Lighting: Commonly used for street and highway
lighting due to its high intensity.
 Industrial Lighting: Suitable for large industrial spaces and
warehouses.
 Outdoor Lighting: Used for general outdoor illumination
where bright light is needed.
Advantages:
 High Intensity: Provides a strong, intense light suitable for
large areas.
 Long Life: Longer operational life compared to
incandescent lamps, reducing maintenance costs.
 Cost-Effective: Generally lower initial cost compared to
some high-intensity discharge lamps.
Disadvantages:
 Color Rendering: Poor color rendering index (CRI), resulting
in less accurate color representation.
 Warm-Up Time: Requires several minutes to reach full
brightness after being turned on.
 Environmental Impact: Contains mercury, which requires
careful disposal to avoid environmental contamination.
Connection Scheme for Mercury Vapour Lamp:-

Components:
  MV Lamp (Arc Tube)
 Ballast(Choke): Regulates current and voltage.
 Power Supply: AC source, typically 120V or 240V.

Connection Scheme:

 Power Supply: Connect the AC power source to the ballast.

Ensure the power supply matches the ballast
specifications.
 Ballast(Choke):-
o Input Terminals: Connect the input terminals of the ballast
to the AC power supply.
o Output Terminals: Connect the output terminals of the
ballast to the lamp and ignitor.
 MV Lamp:
o Connection: Connect the lamp terminals to the output of
the ballast . The lamp typically has two terminals for the
arc.
HALOGEN LAMP
Construction:
 Bulb: Made of quartz glass, which can withstand high
temperatures and pressure.
 Filament: Typically tungsten, enclosed within the bulb. It
produces light when heated.
 Halogen Gas: Contains halogen gas (such as iodine or
bromine) that helps maintain the filament and prolong its
life.
Working:
 Operation: An electric current passes through the tungsten
filament, heating it until it glows and emits light. The
halogen gas reacts with the tungsten filament,
redepositing evaporated tungsten back onto the filament,
thus extending its life.
 Efficiency: The halogen cycle improves light output and
efficiency by recycling tungsten and reducing filament
blackening.
Applications:
 Residential Lighting: Commonly used in spotlights,
downlights, and desk lamps due to its bright, white light
and compact size.
 Commercial Lighting: Used in display lighting and
architectural applications for its high-quality light and
dimmability.
 Automotive Lighting: Often used in car headlights for its
bright and focused beam.
Advantages:
 High Brightness: Provides a bright, crisp light with excellent
color rendering.
 Compact Design: Smaller and more focused than
traditional incandescent lamps.
 Longer Life: Compared to standard incandescent lamps,
halogen lamps have a longer lifespan and better light
quality.

Disadvantages:
 Heat Output: Emits significant heat, which can be a
concern in enclosed or sensitive areas.
 Energy Efficiency: Less efficient compared to modern
alternatives like CFLs or LEDs.
 Cost: Generally more expensive than traditional
incandescent lamps.
Incandescent lamps
Construction:
 Bulb: Made of glass, which encloses the filament and the
inert gas (usually argon or nitrogen) that prevents filament
oxidation.
 Filament: Typically tungsten, which produces light when an
electric current passes through it and heats it to a high
temperature.
 Base: Connects the lamp to the light fixture and provides
electrical contacts.
Working:
 Operation: Electric current flows through the tungsten
filament, heating it to produce visible light. The filament
glows due to its high temperature.
 Efficiency: Incandescent lamps convert a significant portion
of electrical energy into heat rather than light, making
them less energy-efficient compared to modern lighting
technologies.
Applications:
 Residential Lighting: Common in household fixtures such
as lamps, ceiling lights, and chandeliers for its warm,
pleasing light.
 Commercial Lighting: Used in some commercial settings for
specific lighting effects or in fixtures where color rendering
is crucial.
 Specialty Uses: Employed in applications requiring
dimmable light and in older fixtures not designed for
newer lamp types.
Advantages:
 Warm Light: Provides a warm, pleasant light that closely
resembles natural sunlight.
 Good Color Rendering: Excellent color rendering index
(CRI), which means it displays colors more accurately.
 Dimmability: Can be easily dimmed using standard dimmer
switches.

Disadvantages:
 Low Efficiency: Converts only about 10% of electrical
energy into light, with the rest lost as heat, leading to
higher energy consumption.
 Short Lifespan: Shorter operational life compared to
modern lighting technologies such as LEDs and CFLs.
 Heat Output: Emits a lot of heat, which can be a safety
concern and increase cooling costs.
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
Construction:
 Bulb: Made of glass, usually in a spiral or compact shape,
containing a small amount of mercury vapor and a
phosphor coating inside.
 Electrodes: Located at each end of the bulb to create an
electric arc.
 Ballast: Integrated into the base or as a separate
component, regulating current and voltage.
Working:
 Starting: An electric current is passed through the
electrodes, ionizing the mercury vapor and creating an
electric arc.
 Operation: The arc excites the mercury vapor, which emits
ultraviolet (UV) light. The UV light then strikes the
phosphor coating inside the bulb, which fluoresces to
produce visible light.
 Efficiency: CFLs convert a higher percentage of electrical
energy into light compared to incandescent lamps, making
them more energy-efficient.
Applications:
 Residential Lighting: Commonly used in home lighting
fixtures as a more energy-efficient alternative to
incandescent bulbs.
 Commercial Lighting: Used in offices, retail spaces, and
other commercial settings for its efficiency and long
lifespan.
Advantages:
 Energy Efficiency: Consumes less electricity compared to
incandescent lamps for the same light output.
 Long Life: Longer operational life compared to
incandescent lamps, reducing maintenance and
replacement costs.
 Cost Savings: Provides savings on energy bills over time
due to lower energy consumption.

Disadvantages:
 Warm-Up Time: Takes a few seconds to reach full
brightness after being turned on.
 Color Rendering: Generally lower CRI compared to
incandescent lamps, though some high-quality CFLs
perform better.
 Mercury Content: Contains a small amount of mercury,
requiring proper disposal to avoid environmental
contamination.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamp
Construction:
 LED Chips: Consist of semiconductor materials that emit
light when an electric current passes through them.
 Lens/Optics: Directs and diffuses the light emitted from the
LED chips to improve light distribution and efficiency.
 Heat Sink: Absorbs and dissipates heat generated by the
LED chips to prolong lamp life and maintain performance.
 Driver: Regulates the electrical power supplied to the LED
chips, ensuring proper operation.
Working:
 Operation: When electrical current flows through the LED
chips, electrons recombine with holes in the
semiconductor material, releasing energy in the form of
light.
 Efficiency: LEDs are highly energy-efficient, converting
most of the electrical energy into light rather than heat.
Applications:
 Residential Lighting: Used in a variety of home lighting
fixtures including ceiling lights, downlights, and bulbs.
 Commercial Lighting: Ideal for offices, retail spaces, and
industrial environments due to their efficiency and long
lifespan.
 Outdoor Lighting: Common in street lights, garden lights,
and security lighting due to their durability and low energy
consumption.
Advantages:
 High Efficiency: Provides superior energy efficiency
compared to incandescent, halogen, and CFL lamps,
resulting in lower electricity bills.
 Long Lifespan: Extremely long operational life, often
exceeding 25,000 hours, reducing maintenance and
replacement costs.
 Durability: Robust and resistant to shocks and vibrations,
making them suitable for various environments.
 Instant Light: Provides full brightness instantly without
warm-up time.

Disadvantages:
 Initial Cost: Higher upfront cost compared to traditional
lighting technologies, although this is offset by lower
energy and maintenance costs over time.
 Color Temperature: Some LED lamps may have a limited
range of color temperatures or color rendering, though
this is improving with newer technologies.
 Dimming Compatibility: Not all LED lamps are compatible
with existing dimmer switches, though many newer
models include dimmable features.
 Actual Resources Used:-

SR. NAME OF Specifications Cost Qyt

NO RESOURCE/
MAKE/
MANUFACTURER
MATERIAL
1 SODIUM CROMPTON 70W 180/- 01
VAPOUR LAMP
2 METAL HALIDE CROMPTON 70W 300/- 01
LAMP
3 MERCURY CROMPTON 80W 140/- 01
VAPOUR LAMP
3 HALOGEN BAJAJ 500W,230V 35/- 01
LAMP
4 INCANDESCENT BAJAJ 60W,230V 15/- 01
LAMP
5 LED LAMP PHILIPS 2.7W230V,250L 60/- 01
M
6 CFL LAMP PHILIPS 14W,240V,720LM 130/- 01
7 BALLAST CROMPTON 70W,0.98A,230V, 700/- 01
50HZ
8 IGNITOR CROMPTON 50W- 90/- 01
400W,230V,50HZ
9 CAPACITOR ELMECK 3.15UF,440V 40/- 01
10 SWITCH JASON 230V,6A 10/- 07
Total cost (Including 18% GST) (316/- GST) 2076/- -
Outputs of the micro project:-
Skill Developed/Learning Outcomes of this
microproject:-
 Technical Knowledge: Understanding of the construction,
operation, and applications of various lamp types (HPSV,
MH, MV, Halogen, Incandescent, CFL, LED).
 Analysis: Ability to compare and evaluate different lighting
technologies based on performance metrics and practical
considerations.
 Connection Schemes: Proficiency in designing and
understanding electrical connection schemes for different
types of lamps.
 Report Writing: Skills in drafting detailed technical reports
and summarizing complex information.
 Presentation Skills Experience in creating and delivering
effective presentations using visual aids such as diagrams
and charts.
 Problem-Solving: Enhanced problem-solving skills related
to lighting efficiency, installation, and application in various
environments.
Application of the Microproject:-
 Lighting Design: Informs selection of appropriate lighting
solutions for various environments.
 Energy Efficiency: Guides the adoption of energy-efficient
lighting technologies.
 Maintenance: Assists in scheduling maintenance and
replacements.
 Education: Serves as a learning resource for students and
professionals.
 Product Development: Supports development and
improvement of lighting products.
 Regulatory Compliance: Helps meet lighting standards and
regulations.