Globalization and Public

Administration
Globalization and its Impact: The Changing Nature of Public
Administration
Course Outline
A. Globalization and its Impact: The Changing Nature of Public
Administration
B. Technological Advancements and E-Government
C. Diversity and Inclusion in Public Service
D. Environmental Sustainability in Public Administration
The Concept of a Nation-State and the Global Governance
 NATION-STATE
State: distinctive political community with
its own set of rules and practices and that is
more or less separate from other
communities: four elements; people,
territory, government and sovereignty.

Nation: refers to people rather than any

kind of formal territorial boundaries or
institutions: it is a collective identity
grounded on a notion of shared history and
culture
Understanding the nation-state
• If we talk about Philippine as a state, we may refer to Philippine
government, the Philippine territory, and its internal and external
sovereignty. While Philippine as a nation, we refer to our shared
collective notion of democracy, our history, and our collective
identity. In other words, the state is a political concept while a
nation is a cultural concept.
• The concept of the nation-state is a territorially bounded sovereign
institution that governs individuals sharing a collective history,
identity and culture.
✓The sum of laws, norms, policies, and institutions that
define, constitute, and mediate trans-border relations
between states, cultures, citizens, intergovernmental and
non-governmental organizations, and the market.
✓The way in which global affairs are managed. As there is no
global government, global governance typically involves a
range of actors including states, as well as regional and
international organizations.
✓The dynamics of governance do not play out solely within
the boundaries of nation-states. Countries today face an
interconnected, globalized world characterized by a high
velocity and magnitude of flows of capital, trade, ideas,
technology, and people.
Global Governance
Reasons for emergence of the Global Governance
1. Declining power of the nation-states
2. The vast flows of all sort of things that run into and often
right through the borders of the nation-states (e.g. the flow
of digital information of all sorts through the Internet)
3. Mass migration of people, often illegally, into the various
nation-states
4. Horrendous events with nation-states that the states
themselves either foment and carry out, or are unable to
control (e.g. war)
5. Global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to
tackle on their own (e.g. global financial crises and pandemic)
A. Globalization and its Impact
The Changing Nature of Public Administration
Changing Perspective of Public Administration
• ‘Governance’, as a model of public administration, cannot be understood
without reference to the context in which it has been conceptualized. There is
no doubt that ‘globalization’ provides significant inputs to its epistemological
articulation. Depending on the specific perspective taken, the theme of
globalization along with its varied ramifications has been the subject of
conflicting interpretations.
• Traditionally, public administration has been concerned with the policies and
actions of a country’s formal governmental machineries, including their
organizational structures, decisional processes, and behavioral dimensions.
• Globalization, as it is being currently perceived, has considerable implications
for the management of a country’s public affairs contextually as well as
substantively. The purpose of the present discussion is to clearly bring out
these implications by placing public administration within the framework of
contemporary globalization process and discourse.
• There is almost universal recognition today of the urgent need for realignment of a
country’s public administrative system, but the direction and contents of reform are
far from clear. Globalization has been defined in various ways and its newness has
also not gone unchallenged.
• Economic and market integration of the countries of the world through increased
flow of goods, services, investment and capital fund flows, and labor mobility has
been the common marker of ‘globalization’. It might sound over-economistic, yet at
the heart of contemporary globalization discourse is the central fact of increase in
international transactions, particularly international trade in markets for goods,
services, and some factors of production.
• Along with this noticeable trend, there is remarkable growth and expanded scope of
many institutions that transcend national boundaries including multinational firms,
international institutions, and NGOs operating globally. There has also been
expansion and international exchange in many other fields such as foreign direct
investment (FDI), role of multinational corporations (MNCs), and integration of world
capital markets.
• At the national or domestic level, the extra-territorial reach of
government policies has been quite common in many areas of
concern such as trade, international investments negotiation, and
even social development policies in vital sectors like health,
education, and poverty reduction.
• In the process, governments are facing constraints on their
functioning because of their subjection to certain rules and
regulations framed and ‘imposed’ by a number of international
institutions (WTO, for instance) of which they are members.
Governance and Nation State
• The concept of governance is inextricably linked with the working of the
nation-state as it involves all those activities of social, political, and
administrative actors which can be seen as purposeful efforts to guide, steer,
control, or manage societies.
• The weedy growth of nation states in the decolonized Third World in the
twentieth century, primarily because of the growth of its commitment and
activities, combined with a perception of its limited or diminishing
effectiveness, has led in the 1980s to a global crisis of confidence in the state.
• The crisis was prompted by the dismal performance of states in sub-Saharan
Africa, statist failures in the Soviet bloc and deteriorations elsewhere. These
concerns have thereby brought into focus the states’ governing capacity. That
states in the Third World are unable to govern themselves contributes to
‘misgovernance’—a term that has gained currency simultaneously with ‘good’
governance.
• If assessed superficially, governance is just another mode of public administration.
But if one locates governance in the global neoliberal thrust for social, economic, and
political homogenization, the concept acquires completely different connotations.
This becomes a mode articulating the neoliberal agenda and seeking to fulfil the
neoliberal goal.
• Anchored in specific theoretical reasoning, governance is not, at all, an innocent
construction of administrative practices. Instead, it is loaded with specific ideological
preferences, supported by the so-called uni-polar world drawing on ‘neoliberalism’.
• The neoliberal thought found favor with the Western donor agencies, such as the
World Bank and IMF that were engaged in the funding of the development projects of
the ‘debt-ridden’ Third World.
• The convergence of thought in regard to change, reached its apogee in the newly
emergent phenomenon of globalization, facilitated by the free flow of funds, goods,
and services as dictated by the new conditionalities, laid down by the WTO, and by
the new IT revolution (internet, fax, and web-based communication).
• In the context of globalization, the traditional bureaucratic model drawn heavily on
hierarchical theory of organization appears to have lost its significance because of the
growing importance of the non-state actors in administration. The institutional
Weberian view of administration does not, therefore, appear to be tenable for
reasons connected with the ‘pluralization of state’.
• Given the increasing role of transnational forces in domestic administration, the state-
centred theories of bureaucracy seem to be inadequate in addressing the radical
metamorphosis in public governance, both in developed and developing countries.
• Thus, once can safely argue that while the twentieth century was the age of
organization where bureaucracy symbolized the core values of governance, the
twenty-first century has ushered in an era of ‘network-based’ organization, drawn on
neoliberal values. As evident, the complex socioeconomic and political circumstances
have raised issues that cannot be grasped within the traditional boundary-conscious
social sciences. It requires an interdisciplinary interaction.
Three Basic Points Relating to Governance
1. Government is to ‘steer’ and not ‘row’. Government is an enabler;
not doer. Government acts as a regulator outsourcing services
that traditionally belong to the government.
2. Government is conceptualized as a corporate house seeking to
re-orient its functions. Privatization is the mantra, seeking to re-
orient the government accordingly.
3. Redefine the relationship between state and citizen. The citizen is
client or a customer—you have to pay the price to for the
services you use.
• Therefore, governance is a mechanical act, governed not by any
political ideal, but by the market where the satisfaction of the
client is, always prior to any other considerations.
• Public administration in the new dispensation is just a mechanism
of the delivery of public services efficiently and with a smile to the
individual customers rejecting the role of ‘political ideals’ in its
distribution.
• Politics lies in choosing ‘what services to deliver, but implies
nothing about how to deliver it’ (Salskov-Iversen, Hansen, and
Bislev 2000: 196).
B. Technological Advancements
and E-Government
Digital/e-Governance
• In the context of globalization, the recent conceptualization of ‘e-governance
or digital governance’ is of significance in administrative reforms. Drawn on
the latest ICT, the aim of e-governance is to open up government processes
and enable greater public access to information. Both digital and e-
governance are of recent origin and there is hardly any universally acceptable
definition.
• Digital/e-governance refers to the use of the emerging ICT like the internet,
web page, and mobile phones to deliver information and services to citizens. It
can include publication of information about government services on web
sites and citizens can download the application forms for these services.
• It can also deliver services, such as filling of a tax form, renewal of licence, and
processing on-line payments as well. The purpose of digital government is to
create ‘super counters in [the government departments] and eliminate the
endless maze citizens have to negotiate in going from door to door, floor to
floor, to obtain service’ (Kapoor 2000: 394).
• Appropriate use of various techniques of ICT will usher in a new era
in public administration by seeking to make the governmental
functioning and processes more transparent and accessible.
• So e-governance through a technological innovation ‘has changed
the basic character of governance—its operational methodology,
functional style, ideological orientation, even the spirit, heart and
soul’ (Dey 2000: 306). In the developed countries, e-governance is
a well-established mode in which governmental services are made
available to the citizens through online portals. In India, digital
governance has been legalized by the Information Technology Act
of 2000.
• Drawn on the ICT, e-governance articulates public administration in a refreshingly new
way. However, its application is considerably limited in the public sector simply
because e-governance threatens mass retrenchment of workers involved in
government. So, the public sector cannot opt for e-governance to replace people for
two reasons.
• First, access to internet is still limited even in the developed countries. Thus, while
transactions through ICT cost less than they are by conventional devices, the
government has to maintain both the old and new systems to sustain its ‘public’
character; otherwise, a large portion of the ‘people’ will remain outside governmental
transactions.
• Second, downsizing and reducing public sector employment in many countries result
in economic hardship of those losing jobs, which, for obvious reasons, has severe
political repercussions. Thus, for the leadership, this is not a desirable option unless
there is no option available. In other words, given the obvious adverse consequences
of e-governance both in developed and developing countries, its applicability is both
uncertain and limited.
The Challenges of E-Governance in Public Administration
Improvement in Efficiency
• The process of globalization has intensified competition between various
actors, both domestic and international. In parallel, the privatization
movement has placed greater demands on the public sector to improve
efficiency. One of their major challenges is how to improve the efficiency of
public services through the use of ICT. There is an increasing trend toward the
machine automation of routine tasks. The main features of “ICT that, in our
view, are candidates for affecting governance in society are a significantly
increased ability to send, receive, store and analyze data, and the ability to do
so at much less cost than only a few years ago” (McIntyre and Murphy 2012,
p. 616).
• Electronic service delivery has caused the modernization of traditional
bureaucracies in many countries around the world. E-governance has
improved government efficiency by reducing the time to deliver and process
the services. This has benefited both the clients and the principals in terms of
receiving and delivering services.
Transparency and Accountability
• E-governance has improved both transparency and accountability
in the government. All the information is wide open to the public to
access for their purposes. E-governance has enabled information to
be available to any interested person by providing wider publicity.
• Public officials realize that their information can now be viewed by
anybody with an internet connection. As a result, they realize the
necessity of being accountable to the public. Transparency and
accountability are the major elements for democratic governments
and these values can be strengthened by e-governance.
Participation and E-Democracy
• Participation in public policies is an essential prerequisite for
democracy. There is a wider opportunity for participation by the
public in government affairs as a result of the increased use of the
internet and communication technology. E-governance provides
the tool for people to be involved and to express their concerns. E-
governance facilitates participation through online debates and
plebiscites (Teicher et al. 2002).
• Moreover, in this context, “e-democracy” involves processes and
structures including all forms of electronic communication
between government and the citizen, such as information, voting,
polling, or discussion enabling citizens to participate in the
government’s policymaking (Gronlund 2001).
Flexi-Time/Flexi-Place
• E-governance has added to the convenience of the clients, and,
simultaneously, it provides flexibility for the way in which administrators
conduct their jobs. E-governance allows for flexible time and flexible
place by allowing employees to take care of the business at any
convenient time and place. It allows for greater satisfaction on the part
of employees by allowing them to take care of personal and family
business and then take care of employment. This new flexibility allows
them to do their jobs from anywhere in the world.
• However, flexible time and place can pose challenges for the tasks that
are interdependent, and needs coordination across different agencies.
Government tasks are becoming increasingly complex because they are
not limited to a particular agency. Indeed, many agencies have
overlapping jurisdictions and there is, therefore, a high degree of
interdependence.
Reduction of Paperwork
• The reduction in the amount of paperwork is one of the major benefits
of e-governance. E-governance is beneficial from the point of
environmental sustainability because it would eliminate the use of the
tons of papers. It would save the trees and other materials used for
paper products. The reduction in paperwork saves time and effort. The
required forms and information for services must be easily accessible for
the reduction in paperwork.
• However, public administrators face the problem of being overwhelmed
by the requests from the clients for their services since clients have the
opportunity to send inquiries about any issue with just a single click of a
mouse. This has added to the pressures on public administrators
because clients do not see the tasks the administrators have to perform.
Reduction of Costs
• E-governance has caused a reduction in the costs of administration through
reducing the necessity for office spaces and other facilities since employees
can conduct their business from home. The organizations no longer need to
maintain their huge public offices with their associated costs such as heating,
lighting and business rates. It can be of immense benefit to the society at large
by eliminating transportation costs. We can well imagine the benefits
associated with the reduction of driving needs and consumption of energy
sources. The savings of money can be used for the benefits and welfare of the
employees.
• However, the government has the responsibility to provide the computers and
other technology so that employees can perform their jobs considering the
saving of costs associated with the reduction of office spaces, and other
related expenses. The saved money can then be reinvested to provide salaries
and benefits to the employees.
Security
• The difficult challenge in e-governance is to provide the security from
the intrusion of hackers and cyberterrorists. The stakes are high for the
breach of information in public sector because any information leaked
out can have serious consequences.
• For instance, in developing countries, the use of credit cards is not
widespread, meaning that the danger of the loss of private information
is not as serious as in the developing world. Nevertheless, developing
countries have to ensure the security of the banks and other
institutions.
• The transfer of money from the Bangladesh Bank to a fraudulent
institution in the Philippines highlights the vulnerability of finances in a
developing country.
Privacy of Information
• One of the greatest challenges in e-governance is how to ensure
the privacy of the information. The governments are responsible
for ensuring the privacy of the individuals. But the privacy of
individuals may conflict with the need for preventing crimes and
terrorism.
• The public administrators must ensure that all the information
provided by the individuals whether filing an application for jobs or
receiving benefits kept private.
Bureaucracy
• E-governance can reduce the size of the government by reducing
the unnecessary regulations. Proponents of New Public
Management advocate the reduction of regulations as means to
streamline the bureaucracy promoting efficiency. E-governance can
reduce government red tape by eliminating the involvement of
different agencies and paperwork.
• However, the challenge is to ensure proper procedures in the
delivery of services. Any violation of the due process can open up a
plethora of complaints from the public.
Human Connections
• One of the concerns about the use of ICT is the lack of human connection as
one encounter in face-to-face interactions. Despite the opportunity to connect
with government, the issue of face-to-face interactions cannot be resolved by
the development of e-governance (D’Agostino et al. 2011). The lack of human
connections in e-governance can lead to the abolition of personal
relationships that characterize traditional interactions.
• However, with the advent of video technology, human connections can be
established. But it cannot replace the human connections of earlier times
based on face-to-face relations. Traditional interaction can help to establish an
understanding of the complexities of the situation in which a person finds
themselves, his/her background, and their motivation.
• As an implication, e-governance can lead to a robotic culture, diminishing the
human feelings such as caring, empathy, and concern for others. People can
be converted into machines lacking any human characteristics.
Must Be Citizen Centered
• One of the main problems of e-governance is that it is oriented toward
educated young and computer-savvy people. Therefore, one of the
major challenges is to make e-governance citizenship-oriented, reaching
out to all the people rather than the privileged few.
• In terms of internet use, there is a digital divide. The poor, the elderly
and the less educated still lag behind the wealthy, young, and educated
in terms of computer use. At the same time, poor developing countries
lag behind the developed world in Internet use. However, “the digital
divide may turn out to be only a “transition effect” disappearing if
computer and Web access becomes as universal as telephones, radio,
and television have become. At the moment, though, the divide is very
real and poses a difficult dilemma for governments” (Clayton and Streib
2005, p. 259).
Social Media
• Social media include popular networking applications such as
Facebook, Google, Twitter, Instagram, as well as wikis, and media-
sharing sites such as YouTube and Flickr. According to Bertot et al.
(2010), social media has four major potential strengths:
collaboration, participation, empowerment, and time.
• Social media have provided opportunities for both collaboration
and participation (Magro 2012). Government is increasingly using
social media to connect with the citizens both for the delivery and
the improvement of services. Government can invest in social
media technology to connect with people.
• Dadashzadeh (2010) identifies the necessary steps for the strategic use
of social media in government:
1. Outcomes-Based Focus—Focusing on improvements in the social and
economic conditions of the citizens.
2. Balanced to Ensure Fairness—Serving the public by allowing access to
all government decision-making.
3. Engagement to Co-Produce Public Value—Engaging the citizens to
improve the quality of life by their cooperation in public value.
4. Improving Government Accountability—Increasing transparency in
government activities by providing citizens the opportunity to criticize
when governments fail to deliver expected public value.
The Challenges of Local Government
• One of the major challenges of e-governance is faced by local governments,
who lack the resources to develop the technology. The local governments play
a crucial role in the delivery of the services. However, local governments in
many countries are ill-equipped to implement e-governance.
• Streib and Willoughby (2005) identify the problems facing local government;
the stable environment, slack resources, and the lack of knowledgeable
leadership, skilled and supportive staff, and good communication. On the
other hand, Symonds (2000) claims that, as monopoly suppliers, local
governments may lack the incentives needed to pursue e-governance
vigorously.
• Further, local governments do not have the expertise to deal with the
complex problems, which involve privacy, security, ensuring equitable access,
hardware/software savvy, changing the relationship between staff and
citizens, and generating and maintaining public interest (Streib and
Willoughby 2005).
The Reduction of Corruption
• E-governance is advocated to reduce corruption because of the
openness and transparency. E-governance, through reducing the
level of personal contact, can decrease the chances of corruption.
E-government can also help to reduce the level of human
involvement in government operations (Popescu 2015a, b, c).
Further, e-governance, through eliminating red tape, can bring
another opportunity to eliminate the bribes and other types of
corruption.
• The promotion of e-governance can diminish levels of corruption
and reduce the level of corrupt activities by controlling employee
conduct (Popescu 2015a, b, and c).
C. Diversity and Inclusion in
Public Service
Cultural Imperialism
• One of the other challenges, especially for the countries of the
Global South, is cultural domination by the countries of the North
which will lead to the destruction of their traditional culture and
values.
• The Internet and movies have penetrated into remote places,
influencing their young people to adopt western culture.
• It is not to assume that western culture is harmful, of course. It is
simply to point out that homogeneity in culture threatens the
world’s rich cultural diversity.
Cultural Imperialism
• Cultural penetration “is leading to the linguicide or linguistic, cultural
and traditional genocide. There has been significant de-localization that
needs individuals to be more tolerant since face-to-face interaction is no
more the order of the day. One American is trying to sort out his billing
issue of his mobile phone with an Indian who is not a direct employee of
the service provider” (Ganguli 2007, p. 11/27).
• At the same time, as a result of increased immigration to western
countries, there is a reverse cultural penetration. Western culture has
been influenced by the immigrants, who bring their unique culture to
the host countries. Governments are pressured to maintain their own
identities, and, simultaneously, to preserve the diversities of cultures
Diversity and Multiculturalism
in Organizations
• Beyond their strict definitions, diversity and multiculturalism
essentially relate to differences among people. Therefore, because
organizations (including the government) today are becoming
more diverse and multicultural, it is important that all managers
and administrators understand the major trends and dimensions of
diversity and multiculturalism.
• Diversity exists in a community of people when its members differ
from one another along one or more important dimensions.
• Multiculturalism is reflected when the people comprising an
organization represent different cultures and have different values,
beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes.
Trends in Diversity and Multiculturalism
Diversity and Inclusion in Public Service
• Diversity and inclusion can contribute to trust, democracy and
innovation when the public service workforce represents the society it
serves. Different perspectives and experiences within the government
workforce can help to limit groupthink and cultivate a culture where
new ideas can surface. In addition, it can increase public service quality
by providing public services that reflect and satisfy the specific needs of
minority communities.
• Strategies to promote diversity and inclusion can also strengthen trust
by demonstrating the government´s commitment to core public values
such as fairness, transparency and impartiality, and ensuring
representation of society. This may increase employee engagement
leading to greater efficiency and productivity.
• Increased diversity and inclusion in the public service workforce
has emerged as a priority for governments across the OECD in
recent years. A more diverse workforce can enhance people’s trust,
strengthen democracy and bring public sector innovation, as
different perspectives and skill sets contribute to designing
solutions to policy challenges (Nolan-Flecha, 2019).
• Effective diversity and inclusion strategies require a foundation of
merit-based employment policies, open recruitment systems and
robust legal protection from discrimination. Building on this, many
countries go further by identifying gaps in workforce
representation to develop policies to attract and recruit employees
from under-represented groups.
• Diversity and inclusion strategies often focus on increasing the
number or proportion of public servants from diverse background
and on cultivating an organizational culture of inclusion and
respect for individuals’ differences.
• The OECD works with governments to develop diversity and
inclusion strategies that:
Address persistent behaviors and biases
• Changes in organizational culture cannot be achieved without
seeking to modify attitudes and behaviors at all levels of the
organization. Policy interventions based on behavioral sciences
have aimed to responsibly “nudge” inclusive views and behaviors
in public sector organizations.
Develop inclusive leadership competencies
• Leaders set the tone for a culture of inclusion and establish
psychological safety to empower employees to contribute at their
full potential. Inclusive leadership can be promoted in competency
frameworks, recruitment, performance management, and training
and development programs.
Leveraging data and evidence to inform and
monitor diversity and inclusion strategies
• Data and evidence is essential to monitor the impact of diversity
and inclusion strategies and inform decision-making. This can
include administrative data, data from employee surveys, or
specific analytical tools (i.e. “inclusion indices, diversity trackers,
etc.”) to support benchmarking or examine particular groups or
processes.
Establishing governance mechanisms for more effective
and accountable diversity and inclusion strategies
• Governance mechanisms that balance a top-down with bottom-up
approach help ensure accountability for results while also ensuring
that the concerns of employees are continuously reflected in
policies. This can include establishing diversity committees or
champions to ensure commitment from leadership, while creating
opportunities for employees to provide feedback and access to
recourse mechanisms.
D. Environmental Sustainability
in Public Administration
• Sustainable development can be defined as the environmental,
economic and social well-being for today and tomorrow.
• The term definitively broke the competition between
environmental protection, economic and social development
objectives, offering the possibility that all three could come
together without a trade-off, at least in theory. However, this has
not always held true in practice.
• Even though social and environmental awareness have increased
and there are many good examples of sustainable development at
the small scale, the world has become dangerously more
unsustainable over the past two decades.
• The challenge of sustainable development cannot be
underestimated. It will require a substantial transformation of the
present economic development model, analogous to the transition
economies underwent with the industrial revolution.
• According to the most frequent definition as given by the
Brundtland Report, which defines sustainable development as the
development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. It has two key concepts of needs and the idea of limitations
• A condition of unsustainability occurs when the natural resources are
used up faster than it can be replenished. The long-term result of
environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life and such
degradation on a global scale would result in the extinction of the
humanity
• The history of sustainable development is littered with well-intended but
ill-designed or ill-executed policy initiatives.
• There should be institutional innovations at the local, national and global
levels to facilitate the integration of the three pillars of sustainable
development and better align global, national and local actions.
• The role of public administration discusses the political, managerial and
social challenges of translating the concept of sustainable development
into action.
Environmental Degradation
• The increased trade and associated economic activities have caused
environmental degradation.
• The competition among the developing countries has led to a
diminished emphasis on the protection of the environmental standards.
Increased economic activities have generated a demand for energy
sources causing further environmental degradation.
• As a result, the public administrators are under growing pressure to
regulate the environment. The excessive use of the resources by the
MNCs can eliminate the sustainability for the future generations causing
human tragedy. Therefore, the governments have a responsibility to
regulate the labor laws and the environment
Green Public Administration
• There is a growing consensus about the necessary transition to a
sustainable development model and low carbon-emission economy in
order to be able to tackle and mitigate the impact of climate change on
the longer run, including with regard to the prevention of future global
and transnational crises of an unprecedented scale.
• Public administration can lead the way to promote and enforce the
reduction of carbon emissions, protection of the environment, and
better management of natural resources. Decisive action on the part of
the public administration in turn will encourage individuals,
organizations, and businesses to play their part.
• Turning public administration green also means formulating a vision to
be shared with and by the population and upholding a commitment to
find a balance between short-term (economic) and long-term
sustainability interests.
References
• Haroon A. Khan. Globalization and the Challenges of Public Administration.
Henderson State University Arkadelphia, Arkansas, USA. Springer
International Publishing AG Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
• Aldama, PK.R., (2018). The contemporary world. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St.,
Sampaloc Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
• Brundtland Report. (1987), Our Common Future, Report of the World
Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations.
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/39207/1/Unit-2.pdf
• OECD (2021), "Diversity and inclusion in the public service", in Government at a
Glance 2021, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/1d754cfc-en.
• Council of Europe (2023), ‘Green Public Administration’, Avenue de l'Europe F-
67075 Strasbourg Cedex, France, https://www.coe.int/en/web/good-
governance/green-public-administration