REVIEWER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

 Personnel Administration is an important area in the study of Public Administration. It is called

by different names such as Personnel Management, Manpower Management, Labor
Management, Labor Relations, Industrial Relations, Employees Relations, Human Resource
Management, etc. this study of Personnel Administration became popular from 1930s. Let us
discuss in this lesson the meaning nature scope of Public Personnel Administration.
 According to Thomas G. Spates, "personnel administration is a code of the ways of organizing
and treating individuals at work so that they will each get the greatest possible realization of
their intrinsic abilities, thus attaining maximum efficiency for themselves and their group and
thereby giving to the enterprise of which they are a part, its' determining competitive advantage
and optimum results."
 Michael Jucius defines personnel administration as "the field of management which has to do
with planning, organizing, and controlling various operative functions of procuring, developing,
maintaining and utilizing a labor force such that the objectives for which the company is
established are attained economically and effectively; ''objectives of all levels of personnel are
served to the highest possible degree; and "objectives of the community are duly considered
and served."
 'Personnel' refers to employees in an organization; it includes all levels of employees (superiors
and subordinates). This Course is about 'Public Personnel Administration' - i.e. the management
of employees in the public (government) sector. It must be noted that 'Personnel
Administration' is now commonly known as 'Human Resource(s) Management' (HRM).

PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION

• "Public Personnel administration" involves, the management of all an agency's human

resources in a manner that assures the best output with the least costly input, while protecting
and enhancing the welfare of the workers (Hanlon & Pickett, 1984).

• Public personnel administration is the establishment and application of policies and

procedures for the procurement, deployment and maintenance of a public organization's work
force (Siegel & Myrtle, 1985)
PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

• Experts in the field of public administration are of the opinion that personnel administration is
entirely a different concept from that of the human resource management
SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

• Personnel administration has to concentrate on various aspects of management like recruitment,

training, promotion, conditions of service, employees welfare, employer employee relations and
processes of morale and motivation. It has to develop links with immediate, intermediate and external
environment to make itself effective and efficient.

CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The civil service system in the Philippines was formally established under Public Law No. 5 ("An Act for
the Establishment and Maintenance of Our Efficient and Honest Civil Service in the Philippine Island") in
1900 by the Second Philippine Commission. A Civil Service Board was created composed of a Chairman,
a Secretary and a Chief Examiner. The Board administered civil service examinations and set standards
for appointment in government service. It was reorganized into a Bureau in 1905.

• The 1935 Philippine Constitution firmly established the merit system as the basis for employment in
government. The following years also witnessed the expansion of the Bureau’s jurisdiction to include the
three branches of government: the national government, local government and government
corporations.

• In 1959, Republic Act 2260, otherwise known as the Civil Service Law, was enacted. This was the first
integral law on the Philippine bureaucracy, superseding the scattered administrative orders relative to
government personnel administration issued since 1900. This Act converted the Bureau of Civil Service
into the Civil Service Commission with department status.

• In 1975, Presidential Decree No. 807 (The Civil Service Decree of the Philippines) redefined the role of
the Commission as the central personnel agency of government. Its present mandate is derived from
Article IX-B of the 1987 Constitution which was given effect through Book V of Executive Order No. 292
(The 1987 Administrative Code). The Code essentially reiterates existing principles and policies in the
administration of the bureaucracy and recognizes, for the first time, the right of government employees
to self-organization and collective negotiations under the framework of the 1987 Constitution.
MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN THE GOVERNMENT

FISCAL ADMINISTRATION

• Fiscal administration is the act of managing incoming and outgoing monetary transactions and budgets
for governments, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and other public service entities.

• For example, local fiscal administration for a town or municipality involves receiving, budgeting, and
dispersing monies to support local infrastructure.

• In terms of governmental administration, fiscal responsibility necessitates numerous departments or

divisions to manage the large task of funding government operations. Each division or department
carries responsibility for different aspects such as budgeting, reporting, collecting revenues in the form
of fees and taxes or purchasing.

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES

• 1956 – 1960 – government expenditure focused more on social development, or the achievement of
self-sufficiency in food production as well as increased employment and income

• 1971 – from social development to economic development, priorities were infrastructure and
agriculture projects

• 1987 – 1992 - Refocused on social developments and agricultural reforms

• Succeeding administrations focused on economic developments such as trade policies.

• President Benigno Aquino focused on economic development, social services, general services and
national defence.

• Lenoner Briones (1996), simplified the activities that are involved in managing the

financial resources of the government:

1. Expenditures - Government expenditure refers to the purchase of goods and services, which include
public consumption and public investment, and transfer payments consisting of income transfers
(pensions, social benefits) and capital transfer.

- Government spending refers to money spent by the public sector on the acquisition of goods and
provision of services such as education, healthcare, social protection, and defense.

2. Revenues Budgeting
Revenues - refer to all cash inflows of the national government treasury which are collected to support
government expenditures. Revenues consist of tax and non-tax collections.

“Government budgeting” - is the critical exercise of allocating revenues and borrowed funds to attain
the economic and social goals of the country. It also entails the management of government
expenditures in such a way that will create the most economic impact from the production and delivery
of goods and services while supporting a healthy fiscal position.

3. Borrowings - refer to funds obtained from repayable sources, such as loans secured by the
government from financial institutions and other sources, both domestic and foreign, to finance various
government projects and activities.

4. Auditing - is the analytical and systematic examination and verification of financial transactions,
operations, accounts and reports of any government agency for the purpose of determining their
accuracy, integrity and authenticity, and satisfying the requirements of law, rules and regulations.

CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN THE PHILIPPINES

REVENUE GENERATION

• Income of the government usually comes from

Tax Revenues

Taxes - a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and
business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions. Taxes are direct and
indirect.

Capital Revenues - Sale of fixed capital assets (government facilities, infrastructure, equipment and
networks) and public domain) as well as gains on the sale of government buildings and other properties
Extra-ordinary Income - Collections derived from the repayment of loans and advances made by the
government as well as income generated by the BSP.

Public Borrowings - debts taken by government or other public institutions, it is resorted to in order to
balance the deficits and fluctuations of the economy

Grants – assistance or voluntary contributions by foreign government or entity in return for past or
future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the entity or to address
specific purposes like government programs and rehabilitation projects.

THE BUDGET PROCESS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Budget Preparation- determination of budget priorities and activities which will serve as guidelines in
formulating the budget of the different government agencies.

Budget Authorization– the operational aspects of budgeting according after it has been authorized by
the legislative department

Budget Execution - process of submitting accountability reports to fiscal agencies of the government
and to Congress as well

Budget Accountability -pertains to the consideration that the legislative department gives to the budget
and approval of the Appropriations Bill

GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

• Government auditing is the analytical and systematic examination and verification of financial
transactions, operations, accounts and reports of any government agency for the purpose of
determining their accuracy, integrity and authenticity, and satisfying the requirements of law, rules and
regulations.

• Government Accounting—Government accounting includes the processes of analyzing, recording,

classifying, summarizing and communicating all transactions involving the receipt and dispositions of
government funds and property, and interpreting the results thereof.

• Objectives of Government Accounting —Government accounting shall aim to produce information

concerning past operations and present conditions; provide a basis for guidance for future operations;
provide for control of the acts of public bodies and officers in the receipt, disposition and utilization of
funds and property; and report on the financial position and the results of operations of government
agencies for the information of all persons concerned.
• State Auditing – is the analytical and systematic examination and verification of financial transactions,
operations, accounts and reports of any government agency for the purpose of determining their
accuracy, integrity, and authenticity, and satisfying the requirements of law, rules, and regulations.

- centers on the promotion of accountability in the government

• Objectives of State Auditing

• Economy

• Efficiency

• Effectiveness

Lima Declaration Guidelines of Auditing Precepts:

• Proper and effective use of public funds

• Development of sound financial management

• Orderly execution of administrative activities

• Communication of information to public authorities and the public through publication of audit
reports

COMMISSION ON AUDIT – COA

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE IX

• SECTION 1 (1). There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and two
Commissioners, who shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their
appointment, at least thirty-five years of age, certified public accountants with not less than ten years of
auditing experience, or members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for
at least ten years, and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections
immediately preceding their appointment. At no time shall all Members of the Commission belong to
the same profession.

• SECTION 1 (2). The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the
consent of the Commission on Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment. Of those
first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven years, one Commissioner for five years, and the
other Commissioner for three years, without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only
for the unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or
designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
• SECTION 2 (1). The Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority, and duty to examine, audit,
and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and
property, owned or held in trust by, or pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions,
agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations with original
charters, and on a post-audit basis: (a) constitutional bodies, commissions and offices that have been
granted fiscal autonomy under this Constitution; (b) autonomous state colleges and universities; (c)
other government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries; and (d) such non-
governmental entities receiving subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or through the
Government, which are required by law or the granting institution to submit to such audit as a condition
of subsidy or equity. However, where the internal control system of the audited agencies is inadequate,
the Commission may adopt such measures, including temporary or special pre-audit, as are necessary
and appropriate to correct the deficiencies. It shall keep the general accounts of the Government and,
for such period as may be provided by law, preserve the vouchers and other supporting papers
pertaining thereto.

• SECTION 2 (2). The Commission shall have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations in this Article,
to define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the techniques and methods required
therefor, and promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations, including those for the
prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable
expenditures, or uses of government funds and properties.

• SECTION 3. No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the Government or its subsidiary in any
guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit.

• SECTION 4. The Commission shall submit to the President and Congress, within the time fixed by law,
an annual report covering the financial condition and operation of the Government, its subdivisions,
agencies, and instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations, and non-
governmental entities subject to its audit, and recommend measures necessary to improve their
effectiveness and efficiency. It shall submit such other reports as may be required by law.

ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE GOVERNMENT

ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY

• Ethics, “the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs”. The
University of Sta. Clara’s academic journal, Issues in Ethics, says that ethics “refers to well-founded
standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights,
obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtue”.

• In the context of Philippine government, the highest standards of ethics are embodied in Republic Act
No. 6713 or the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.
• RA 6713 also bears the eight (8) norms of conduct – commitment to public interest, professionalism,
justness and sincerity, political neutrality, responsiveness to the public, nationalism and patriotism,
commitment to democracy, and simple living.

ACCOUNTABILITY

• It is the degree to which local governments have to explain or justify what they have done or failed to
do. Improved information about local needs and preferences is one of the theoretical advantages of
decentralization, but there is no guarantee that leaders will actually act on these preferences unless
they feel some sort of accountability to citizens.

• Accountability comes in two dimensions: that of government workers to elected officials; and that of
the latter to the citizens who elect them.

VALUES

• Refers to the enduring beliefs that influence the choices we make among available means or ends
(Kernaghan, 2008).

• The core beliefs that among individuals that influence them to direct their actions.

• Individual principles or standards that guide judgment about what is good or proper (Overseas
Economic Cooperation and Development).

• Provide an idea or benchmark against which decisions can be made or acted upon (MacCathaigh,
2008).

OVERSIGHT INSTITUTIONS: MAINTAINING ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY

• The CSC

• COA

• The Ombudsman

THE OMBUDSMAN

• The Ombudsman – or the “Tanodbayan”, checks the government and its employees for any
misbehavior that may be inimical to public interest.

• Its wide ranging concerns necessitate hiring of overall deputies, 3 other deputies for Luzon, Visayas,
and Mindanao, and a separate deputy for the military.
Powers, Functions and Duties of the Ombudsman

• Investigate and prosecute

• Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public officer or employee

• Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the discharge of its
responsibilities

• Publicize matters covered by its investigation

• Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud, and corruption in the
Government and make recommendations for their elimination

• Administer oaths, issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum, and take testimony in any investigation
or inquiry, including the power to examine and have access to bank accounts and records

- investigation, graft prevention, public assistance, prosecution, and administrative adjudication

SANDIGANBAYAN

1973 and 1987 Philippine Constitution

• SEC. 5. The Batasang Pambansa shall create a special court, to be known as Sandiganbayan, which shall
have jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other
offenses committed by public officers and employees, including those in government-owned or
controlled corporations, in relation to their office as may be determined by law. (Art. XIII), 1973
Constitution.

• the Sandiganbayan is presently composed of a Presiding Justice and fourteen (14) Associate Justices
who sit in five (5) Divisions of three Justices each in the trial and determination of cases.

• so long as the offense charged was committed by a public officer, the Sandiganbayan was vested with
jurisdiction. Under RA 8249, to determine whether the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction, lawyers must
look into two (2) criteria, namely:

The nature of the offense and The salary grade of the public official.

• The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides the basis of ethical and accountable behavior in
the public sector.

• Section 1 of Article XI states that: Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at
all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and
efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.
• This provision requires every public official and employee to exhibit and live certain values while in
government service. In addition, the State has been mandated by the Constitution to “maintain honesty
and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption”.

In 1989, the Philippine legislature passed Republic Act No. 6713, a law embodying the Code of Conduct
and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.

• The Code spells out in fine detail the do’s and don’ts for government officials and employees in and
out of the workplace. These do’s and don’ts are encapsulated in the eight norms of conduct to be
observed by all government officials and employees. These norms or standards are:

• Commitment to public interest

• Professionalism

• Justness and sincerity

• Political neutrality

• Responsiveness to the public

• Nationalism and patriotism

• Commitment to democracy

• Simple living

GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN THE GOVERNMENT

• The practice of “graft and corruption is listed as one of the most pervasive “bureauphatology”
practices that are often committed by several individuals working in the government.

• Dysfunctional and irrational aspects of bureaucracy.

• Graft – act of taking advantage of one’s position to gain money, property, or other valuable things
dishonestly

• Corruption – associated with dishonesty, lack of integrity, and bribery

• Both terms are synonymous but Obejas (2007) noted that some experts in the academe insists that
graft is committed individually while corruption is done through the collusion of several individuals.

• Transparency International defines graft and corruption as, involves the behavior on the part of the
officials of the public sector, whether politicians or civil servants , in which they improperly and
unlawfully enrich themselves or those close to them, by the misuse of the power entrusted to them.
3 Distinct Layers of Graft and Corruption”

• Demands that are made during elections when politicians resort to a “carrot and stick” approach to
win the extensive use of the “pork barrel” funds after being elected as payments on the political debts
that are incurred in the course of getting the position in the government.

• Takes the form of questionable decisions and sanctions on erring employees that are charge with
corruption, or may take the form of giving unfair consideration relative to pay and employment of
individuals in the government including the popular procurement system in several government
agencies.

• Takes place within the specific departments or bureaus or different government agencies. Occurs in
the form of “grease money to hasten the delivery of government services.