Intensity (average power per unit area) of an electromagnetic wave in free space
2 ⃗ 2 ⃗ 1 ∇ 2⃗ E ⃗ − 2 2 = 0 ∇ 2⃗ B ⃗ − 2 2 = 0 1 ∂ E 1 ∂ B Wave equations c= c ∂t c ∂t μ0ϵ0
Plane-wave ⃗ ⃗ E = E 0e i( k ⋅⃗ r−ωt) ⃗ = E 0⃗ e i(kz−ωt) If we assume that the EM wave is solutions B ⃗ = B 0⃗ e i( k ⋅⃗ r−ωt) ⃗ ⃗ = B 0e i(kz−ωt) propagating along z ̂ direction
• k is same for both E ⃗ and B ⃗ → Same velocity
• ω is same for both E ⃗ and B ⃗ → Same frequency
What about amplitudes?
E 0⃗ = E0x x ̂ + E0y ŷ + E0zz ̂ B 0⃗ = B0x x ̂ + B0y ŷ + B0zz ̂
These are planes waves propagating along z ̂ direction
∇ ⃗ ⋅ E ⃗ = 0 and ∇ ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0 elds are divergence-less ⇒ Eoz = 0 = Boz fi (i) ∇ ⃗ ⋅ E ⃗ = ρ ⃗ E (x, t) = [E0x x ̂ + E0y y]̂ e i(kz−ωt) ϵ0 =0
These solutions must obey (ii) ∇ ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0
⃗ t) = B x ̂ + B ŷ e i(kz−ωt) B (x, [ 0x 0y ] ⃗ (iii) ∇ ⃗ × E ⃗ = − the Maxwell’s equations ∂ B ∂t ⃗ ⃗ (iv) ∇ ⃗ × B ⃗ = μ0 J ⃗ + μ0ϵ0 ∂ E ∂ E = μ0ϵ0 ∂t ∂t
⇒ B 0⃗ = (z ̂ × E 0⃗ ) k Electric and magnetic elds are mutually perpendicular and ω there is no phase di erence between them ff fi ω ω = 2πn ⇒ n = Electrostatic energy density 2π (stored in the EM eld) 1 1 2 ω 2π u = (ϵ0E + B ) 2 k= ⇒λ= 2 μ0 2λ k ω For monochromatic plane Wave velocity: v = nλ = = c (in free space) waves k 2 1 2 2 B = 2 E = μ0ϵ0E k 1 c B0 = E0 = E0 ω c u= 2 2 ϵ0E0 cos (kz − ωt)
Solutions (real part): ⃗ t) = E cos(kz − ωt) x ̂
E (z, 0
⃗ B (z, t) = E0 cos(kz − ωt) ŷ c Poynting vector: ⃗ = ( E ⃗ × B )⃗ = 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 E0 cos (kz − ωt)z ̂ = cϵ0E0 cos (kz − ωt)z ̂ ⃗ = cuz ̂ μ0 μ0 c 𝒫 𝒫 fi T 1 2π 1 T ∫0 2 Use cos (kz − t)dt = T 2
Averages: 1 uav = ϵ0E02 ⃗ = cϵ E 2 z ̂ 1 av 0 0 2 2
Intensity (average power per unit
I≡| ⃗ | = cϵ E 2 = cu 1 av 0 0 av area transported by the EM wave): 2 𝒫 𝒫 Problem on electrostatic boundary conditions
1 × sin θ1 × sin θ1
× sin 60 3 × 2 × 0.866
× 0.866
x ≈ 0.27 Problem on magnetostatic boundary conditions
