DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MODULE 3: RURAL DEVELOPMENT CLASS EXERCISES MARKING SCHEMES

 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(b) Describe three negative aspects of rural life
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The negative aspect of rural life is dependence poor agricultural production due to
Module 3: Rural Development overworked soils and poor farming methods.
- The negative aspect of rural life is that poverty is common
Class Exercise 1: Marking Scheme - The negative aspect of rural life is that of high cost of goods
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of fear of witchcraft
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of less job opportunities
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of lack of recreational facilities
1 (a) What is rural development? - The negative aspect of rural life is that of shortage of market
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of lack of variety of goods to choose from.
- Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or the - The negative aspect of rural life is that of poor educational facilities
countryside - The negative aspect of rural life is that of poor roads
- The negative aspect of rural life is that of lack of access to health facilities
- Rural development is improving the standard of living or quality of life or status of - The negative aspect of rural life is that of deforestation because people use trees for
people in villages or remote areas or the country side. firewood

(b) Describe three positive aspects of rural life 3 (a) What are agricultural communities?

- The positive aspect of rural life is that life is cheap as people depend on agricultural - Agricultural communities are societies that depend on cultivating crops and rearing
products that they produced for themselves. livestock.

- There is less pollution in rural areas as there are few industries. - Agricultural communities are groups of people or societies that depend on arable
and pastoral farming.
- There is still the spirit of communal co-operation in rural areas, for example, people
help each other during events such as weddings and funerals
(b) Suggest three ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-
- The positive aspect of rural life is that of cultural bondage / familiarity with other gatherer societies.
people from the same village / kinship ties
- The way in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer societies is
- The positive aspect of rural life is that of extended family structure which brings that agricultural communities get food from domestic animals and plants while
social security hunter-gatherers get food from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables.

2(a) What is meant by hunter and gatherer societies? - Agricultural communities live in permanent settlement while hunter-gatherers are
nomadic or built temporary structures as shelter.
- Hunter-gatherer societies are communities that lived directly from their natural
environment, which provided wild plants and animals for food. - Agricultural communities use sophisticated technology, for example, iron tools while
hunter-gatherers use simple technology.
- Hunter and gathering societies is a group of people that lived a nomadic lifestyle
in search of food from environment.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
4 (a) What is subsistence farming?

- Subsistence agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock

for family consumption.

(b) Describe three disadvantages of subsistence farming.

- Subsistence farming is cheap due to the use of simple technology.

- Subsistence farming helps poor farmers sustain themselves and their

families.

- Subsistence farming requires semi-skill, hence can be done by almost

anyone.

- Subsistence farming is less destruction to the environment due to the use of

simple technology.

5 (a) What is commercial farming?

- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for

sale.

(b) Describe three benefits of commercial farming.

- The benefit of commercial farming is that it creates employment as labour is

provided by paid workers.

- Commercial farming produces high quality goods due to use of complex technology.

- Commercial farming is a source of foreign exchange as products are usually for

export.

- The benefit of commercial farming is that productivity tends to be high due to use of
machinery and division of labour.

- Commercial farming enhances self- sufficiency in food production.

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- Commercial farming allows for production to take place throughout the year with the
help of better methods of farming like irrigation.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 (a) Name One country that in 1914 was: (d) Suggest three reasons for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists

(i) Colonised by Portugal - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for infrastructural
development, for example, construction of tarred roads and railway lines
- Mozambique
- Angola - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to carryout
mining activities
(ii) Not colonised
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for agricultural
production, for example, plantations and ranching
- Empire of Ethiopia
- Liberia
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for permanent
settlement of Europeans population
(b) Identify the two most dominant European powers in Africa in 1914.

- Britain /British - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for extraction of
- France/French raw materials

(c) State three positive effects of colonialism on the traditional African - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for expansion of
societies. colonial influence/ political power

- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is improved - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to establish
technology markets
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is modern
clothing - The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for strategic
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is reasons, for example, road to the north/ protection of trade routes
Infrastructural development, for example built roads and railway lines
- Introduction of western or modern education
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is introduction
of commercial farming/large scale farming/introduction of cash crops/improved
technology/new methods of farming/hybrid seeds
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is political and
economic unity/unity brought many tribes together
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is that of
market linkages/linked some African countries to the ports for export
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is introduction
of Christianity which lead to abolition of barbaric practices, for example,
throwing of twins in the forest
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is introduction
of modern health systems to cure killer diseases such as polio and measles.
- The positive effects of colonialism on traditional African societies is introduction

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of cash economy/change from barter system to money system

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (b) Give three problems faced by arable farmers.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The problem faced by arable farmers is of poor management strategies.

Module 3: Rural Development - The problem faced by arable farmers is of overstocking and overgrazing.

Class Exercise 2: Marking Scheme - The problem faced by arable farmers is of shortage of water.

1 (a) What is meant by arable farming? - The problem faced by arable farmers is of outbreak of parasites and diseases, for
example, foot and mouth.
- Arable farming refers to growing of crops only.
(b) State three problems faced by arable farmers. - The problem faced by arable farmers is of resistance to change, with some refusing
to sell even during drought.

- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of poor storage facilities with most of 3 (a) What is colonialism?
the harvest being lost to pests.
- Colonialism is when a country is ruled or controlled or dominated by another or a
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of shortage of labour due to rural- foreign country.
urban migration.
- Colonialism is a policy or system of rule or control in which a more powerful
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of pests and diseases that destroy country takes complete or full control over a less powerful one.
crops.
(b) Describe three ways by which a country may benefit economically from
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of drought and low and unreliable being colonised.
rainfall.
- The way by which a country may benefit economically from being colonised is
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of communal ownership of land
that of having organized markets.
which prevent/hinder farmers from effecting meaningful developments.
- The country benefited economically from being colonised by having large scale
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of soil erosion.
farming or plantation agriculture or ranching.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of a young and more educated nation
- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having
that shuns hard agricultural work.
commerce or trade or cash economy or use of money or cash cropping.
- The arable farmers are faced with the problem of poor and infertile soils.
- The economic benefit of a country being colonised was of having paid
employment.
2 (a) What is meant by pastoral farming? - The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having
technological advancement or skills development.
- Pastoral farming refers to keeping of livestock only.
- The country may benefit economically from being colonised by having resource

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development, for example, mining.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
4 (a) What is meant by land dispossession? (b) Describe three social causes of rural poverty in Botswana.

- Land dispossession is the taking over/away of the natural resources found on the - The social cause of rural poverty in Botswana is high illiteracy rate.
earth surface from people
- The rural poverty in Botswana is caused by having large families/population
pressure.
(b) Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial period.
- The social cause of rural poverty in Botswana is traditional beliefs such as fear of
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for infrastructural witchcraft.
development, for example, construction of tarred roads and railway lines
- The rural poverty in Botswana is caused by migration to towns and cities of able
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to carryout bodied people/breadwinners
mining activities
- The rural poverty in Botswana is caused by government policies that encourage
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for agricultural laziness.
production, for example, plantations and ranching
- The social cause of rural poverty in Botswana is diseases/ill-health/death of
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for permanent breadwinners, for example, HIV/AIDS and Covid-19.
settlement of Europeans population

- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for extraction of Section B
raw materials
6. Study the fig.6 below and answer the questions that follow
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for expansion of A Farmers’ Cooperative System
colonial influence/ political power

- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was to establish Purchase of products from
Sale of inputs to farmers
markets farmers
- The reason for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists was for strategic Cooperative
reasons, for example, road to the north/ protection of trade routes.
Bank
5(a) What is meant by rural poverty? Tractor & other
implements Farmers’ Veterinary Service
- Rural poverty is inability of people in the countryside to fend for themselves Cooperatives

- Rural poverty is a state of lack of/insufficient basic needs for survival by people Supply of fuel
in the country side/villages/cattle posts/lands/remote areas Storage Depot

Advice & training for

farmers Transport

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Fig.6

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 - The positive effect of rural development is that of access to educational facilities
(a) State one input that farmers may get from a cooperative for their crops which increased literacy rate/increased school enrolment

- Seeds; machinery; advice and training - The positive effect of rural development is reduction of rural-urban migration

(b) Give two advantages to farmers of selling their produce through a - There is an increase in agricultural production/commercial production
cooperative - There is variety of goods to choose from/prices of goods may go down due to
different goods to choose from
- The advantage to farmers of selling their produce through co-operative is of
saving on marketing costs - The positive effect of rural development is that of reduced gap between the rich
and the poor
- The farmers produce is preserved in storage depots
- The positive effect of rural development increases in production of raw materials
for industries
(c) Explain two ways how a cooperative bank can help farmers
- There is development of other industries: multiplier effect/ provide alternative
- The way a cooperative bank can help farmers is to deposit or save their money in source of income
the bank earn interest

- They farmers can get loans from the bank at low interest from cooperative bank.
(e) Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry

(d) Describe three positive effects of rural development

- Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the other
- The positive effect of rural development is that employment creation by
encouraging investors to set up businesses in villages.
- Power is needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc.
- The positive effect of rural development is empowerment of people in villages by
giving them financial assistance to start businesses.

- The positive effect of rural development is that of reduced rural - Telecommunications is needed to communicate with suppliers etc.
poverty/alleviation of rural poverty

- The positive effect of rural development is having access to health care facilities
- Buildings are needed to store goods and operate business from / offer services
- The positive effect of rural development is provision of clean drinking water
from
- The positive effect of rural development is sewage facilities to reduce spread of
diseases

- The positive effect of rural development is increased life expectancy

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
- The duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES development process females headed households, for example, Mothers,
grandmothers and wives.
Module 3: Rural Development
- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
Class Exercise 3: Marking Scheme of the development process because of child headed families.

1 (a) Define the term family. 2 (a) Define poverty.

- Family is a group of people related through blood, marriages, assimilation and - Poverty is the inability to fend for oneself
adoption living together.
- Poverty is having insufficient basic needs for survival
(b) Suggest three ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have
changed as a result of the development process.
(b) Describe three problems associated with rural poverty.
- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result - The problem associated with rural poverty is soil degradation and erosion.
of the development process females look after large livestock, for example,
Grandmothers, mothers, wives and daughters. - The problem associated with rural poverty is deforestation as people in villages
cut trees for firewood.
- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
of the development process females do paid work/jobs, for example, - The water pollution and scarcity is associated with rural poverty.
Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is wastage and rubbish disposal.
- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
of the development process males babysit/look after children, for example, - The problem associated with rural poverty is rural-urban migration as
Husbands, sons, grandfathers and fathers. breadwinners leave countryside to look for jobs.

- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result - The problem associated with rural poverty is increase in women fertility leading
of the development process females make decisions, for example, Grandmothers, to high population growth putting pressure on natural resources.
mothers and wives.
- The problem associated with rural poverty is loss of animal species.
- The duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process because Children attend school. - The problem associated with rural poverty is poor pastures / poor food production

- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
of the development process males grow food crops, for example, Grandfathers, 3 (a) Define rural integrated development.
fathers and husbands.
- Integrated Rural Development is a strategy that aims to improve all aspects of
the lives of people living in villages.
- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result

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of the development process as Husbands do household chores.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 - The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
(b) Describe three changes brought by Rural Integrated Development. construction of dams such as Ntimbale dam, Lotsane dam, Dikgatlong dam and
drilling of boreholes.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
- The change brought by rural integrated development is improvement in roads and that of recreational or entertainment facilities, for example, stadia such as Masunga
transport infrastructure Sports Complex and Molepolole Sports Complex.
- The change brought by rural integrated development is introduction of cash crops - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
- The change brought by rural integrated development is provision of social that of rural industries.
services, for example, schools and clinics - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
- The rural integrated development has brought change through farm that of clinics and hospitals.
modernisation - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
- The change brought by rural integrated development is establishment of that modern houses.
cooperatives - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
- The change brought by rural integrated development is training of locals to that of airports and airstrips.
continue development
- The rural integrated development lead to setting up of industries
- The change brought by rural integrated development is introduction of credit 5 (a)What are rural credit scheme?
schemes
- Rural credit scheme are ways through which the government in developing
countries try to develop remote areas/villages/country side.
(a) Define infrastructure.

- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to support

(b)Give three reasons why rural development scheme often fail in Botswana
production - The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is due to severe and
persistent drought.
(b) Describe three infrastructural changes that have taken place in many rural
areas in Botswana. - The dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the government to
provide them with everything.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is
that of rural electrification. - The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most of the
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of piped grants were used for non-agricultural activities.
water.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of tarred - The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because they mostly benefited
roads and bridges. the rich and literate farmers.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
telecommunications networks. - The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most farmers did
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is not co-operate.
that of construction of schools.
- The in change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of - The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because some farmers were
construction of market centres such as Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board resistant to change.
(BAMB), Cooperatives and cattle ranches.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through
improvement of transport facilities
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Drought
relief programme to help with job creation
Module 3: Rural Development - The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Food ration
for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitute/HIV/AIDS patients.
Class Exercise 4; Marking Scheme

1 (a) Define rural poverty. 2 (a) Define colonialism.

- Rural poverty is inability of people in the countryside to fend for themselves - Colonialism is when a country is ruled / controlled by a foreign country

- Rural poverty is a state of lack of/insufficient basic needs for survival by people - Colonialism is a policy/system of rule or control in which a more powerful country
in the country side/villages/cattle posts/lands/remote areas takes complete/full control over a less powerful one.

(b) Describe three problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the
(b) Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people rural areas in countries in Southern Africa? (Negative impacts / effects of
in rural areas to solve their problems colonialism)

Describe three ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve problems - The problem colonialism caused for people in rural areas in countries in Southern
of rural poverty. Africa is that of low agricultural production due to land dispossession.

- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through provision of - The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is loss of culture
health facilities such as clinics
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Old-age - Colonialism lead to exploitation through cheap labour in rural areas
pension
- Rural industrialisation - The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of sex imbalance due to more
- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through women than men in rural areas
provision of extension services, for example, training/advice to farmers by
agriculture Demonstrators - The African raw materials were exported cheaply to the developed countries during
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through provision of colonialism for rural areas.
farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised fertilizers/tools/ machinery
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through financial - The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of loss of craftsmanship
assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for example, Citizen
Entrepreneurial Development Agency. - The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of Tax enforcement leading
- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through labour migration
redistribution of land to help the landless own land.
- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through - The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is that of family breakdown
provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water - The problem colonialism caused for people in rural areas in countries in Southern
- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana to reduce Africa is that of increased workload for women / women as heads of families
poverty by encouraging family planning - The problem caused by colonialism in rural areas is of resistance by some tribes, for

9
example, liberation struggles
- The dikgosi lost their powers during colonialism in Southern African countries.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
3 (a) What is a farmers’ cooperative? (b) Describe three services provided by cooperatives.

- Farmers’ co-operatives are enterprises formed by people with a common goal - The services provided by cooperatives is sales of agricultural equipment
who bring together some of their resources such as money, tools, labour and - The government extension services can be provided by cooperatives.
equipment in order to reduce production costs. - The cooperatives can provide credit schemes/loans services
- The services provided by cooperatives is that of marketing and selling of produce
- Famer’s cooperative is a group of individuals that grow crops and rear livestock, - The cooperative provide storage of produce for its members.
who own resources together and who make decisions together about what to - The services provided by cooperatives is that of purchasing and supply of fuel, and
produce, how to market it, buying materials and capital goods. inputs
- The maintenance of vehicles service can be provided by cooperative.
(b) Describe three advantages of joining a farmers’ cooperative. - The cooperatives buy produce from farmers

- The advantage of joining a farmers’ co-operative is that members may buy inputs
such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk and cheaper / collective purchase of 5 (a) Define the term infrastructure.
farm inputs
- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to support
- The farmers may come together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or truck production
and share its use
(b) Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since
- The members of a farming co-operative may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather
independence
than each having to pay for their own
- The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence is
- The farmers’ co-operative members may market their produce together and save on
that of rural electrification
transport and other costs
- The change taken place in rural areas of Botswana is provision of piped water
- The members of farmers’ co-operative may get and be able to share expert advice on
farming methods
- The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence tarred
roads
- They members may obtain loans/credit through the cooperative
- The change taken place in rural areas of Botswana is provision of
- The members may share communal tasks thus spreading the labour / collectively
Telecommunications networks.
work on irrigation, dam building etc.
- The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence is
- The members of a co-operative may share profit and loan repayment allocation of land by land boards

4 (a) What is meant by extension services? - The change that has taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence is
that of designated land use
- Extension services is providing training and advice to farmers on better - The commercialisation of agriculture is change taken in rural areas in Botswana
methods of farming by agriculture Demonstrators. since independence.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (ii) Describe the major impacts of poverty on people and the natural environment
in rural areas.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The problem associated with rural poverty is soil degradation and erosion.
Module 3: Rural Development - The problem associated with rural poverty is deforestation as people in villages
cut trees for firewood.
Class Exercise 5: Marking Scheme - The water pollution and scarcity is associated with rural poverty.
1 Study Fig.1 and use it to answer question 1(a)(i) and (ii) below - The problem associated with rural poverty is wastage and rubbish disposal.

- The problem associated with rural poverty is rural-urban migration as

breadwinners leave countryside to look for jobs.

- The problem associated with rural poverty is increase in women fertility leading
to high population growth putting pressure on natural resources.

- The problem associated with rural poverty is loss of animal species.

- The problem associated with rural poverty is poor pastures / poor food production

(b)(i) Explain how women contribute to rural development in Botswana.

Fig.1 - The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by been active in
community projects, for example, Home Based Care.
(a)(i) Describe the causes of rural poverty in developing countries. - The women are involved in fundraising activities as their contribution to rural
development in Botswana.
- The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is that of population pressure
leading to less resource not for everyone. - The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by been active in
- The rural poverty in developing countries is caused by unemployment because of community based organisations (CBOs), for example, village Development
having few industries Committees (VDCs).
- The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is lack of skills and technology.
- The developing countries lack of alternative sources of income to use it to invest in - The women start income generating activities as their contribution to rural
rural areas or to start businesses development in Botswana, for example, tuckshop
- The unequal access to land cause rural poverty in developing countries.
- The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is lack of money for investment - The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by getting involved in
because most of the people are credit unworthiness decision making, for example, attending kgotla meetings
- The rural poverty in developing countries is caused by dependence on poor farming - The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by taking care of
methods, for example, broadcasting method instead of raw planting method. elderly, orphans and sick members of society.
- The rural poverty is caused by conservatism because some people do not what to - The women form cooperatives as a way of contributing to rural development in
change how they do things or are afraid of change.

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Botswana.
- The cause of rural poverty in developing countries is that of weak and inappropriate - The women contribute to rural development in Botswana by providing health
representation by the authorities. education.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
(ii) How is the government attempting to solve the problems of rural poverty in MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
Botswana?
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through provision of
health facilities such as clinics. Module 3: Rural Development

Class Exercise 6: Marking Scheme

- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through Old-age
pension
1(a) What is rural development?
- The government attempt to solve problem of rural poverty in Botswana through
rural industrialisation to create employment. - Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or the
countryside
- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through - Rural development is improving the standard of living or quality of life or status of
provision of extension services, for example, training/advice to farmers by people in villages or remote areas or the country side.
agriculture Demonstrators.
- Rural development is the improvement of the quality of life of people living in
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through provision of villages/country side/remote areas
farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised fertilizers/tools/ machinery.
- Rural development is up-lifting the living standard of people living in the country
- The government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas through financial side/ villages/ remote areas
assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for example, Citizen
Entrepreneurial Development Agency. (b) Describe three positive effects of rural development.
- The way government try to solve problem of rural poverty is through - The positive effect of rural development is that of creation of employment.
redistribution of land to help the landless own land.
- The rural development have positive effect by trying to reduce/alleviation of rural
- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana through poverty.
provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water.
- The rural development helps people have access to health care facilities.
- The people in rural areas can be assisted by government of Botswana to reduce
poverty by encouraging family planning - The positive effect of rural development is that of access to educational facilities
which increased literacy rate.

- The rural development helps reduces rural-urban migration.

- The positive of rural development is that of an increase in agricultural production

- The rural development helps people have variety of goods to choose from as
prices of goods may go down due to different goods to choose from
- The positive effect of rural development is that of reduced gap between the rich

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and the poor
- The rural development helps with increase in production of raw materials for
industries

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
2 (a) What is commercial farming? 3 (a) What is meant by labour migration?
- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale/to - Labour migration is when people move from one place to another to look for
make money employment.

- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and domestication of livestock for (b) Give three problems caused by labour migration on rural areas development in
sale/for selling/for profit Botswana.
- The problem caused by labour migration on rural areas in Botswana is of
(b) Describe three negative effects of colonialism on women. breakdown of marriages.

- The problem of labour migration on rural areas development in Botswana is that

of disruption of division of labour as young able bodied people went away to
- The negative effect of colonialism is that women’s work increased or tripled due look for jobs.
to migration of men
- The problem caused by labour migration on rural areas development in Botswana
- The colonialism had negative effect on women because were employed in less is sexually transmitted diseases brought by migrants.
paying jobs, for example, cashiers and maids
- The labour migration lead to sex imbalance in rural areas in Botswana.
- The negative effect of colonialism is that women earned less than men though
doing the same job - The women’s work increased in rural areas in Botswana due to labour migration
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that it lead to female headed
households increased due to labour migration 4(a) Define land reform.
- Land reforms is redistribution of land to help landless people or deals with helping
- Colonialism had negative effect on women as it caused sex imbalances in rural people to have access to land.
areas [more women than men found in rural areas due to labour migration]

- The negative effect of colonialism is that of low agricultural production. (b) Describe three ways in which modernising farming can help to promote
development in rural areas.
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that migrant labour brought
diseases [STDs]
- The way in which modernising farming can help to promote development in rural
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that of social problems like areas by providing training to farmers on new methods.
breakdown of marriages.
- The modernising of farming can help to promote development in rural areas
- The negative effect of colonialism on women is that decision making was through provision of new technology that will improve agricultural production.
delayed waiting for men to come back from where they are working
- The modernising of farming can help to promote development in rural areas
- Disciplinary problem increased [especially from boy child] through introducing credit schemes to help farmers improve agricultural
production.

13
- The modernising of farming can help to promote development in rural areas
through provision of extension services, for example, farmers will be given
advices on how to improve their agricultural production.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
5(a) What are rural credit schemes? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
- Rural credit scheme are ways through which the government in developing
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
countries try to develop remote villages through provision of financial assistance.
Module 3: Rural Development
(b) Give three reasons why rural development schemes often fail in Botswana.
Class Exercise 7: Marking Scheme

- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is due to severe and 1(a) What is a family?
persistent drought.
- Family is a group of people related through blood, marriages, assimilation and
- The dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the government to
adoption living together
provide them with everything.

- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most of the (b) Describe three changing family roles in rural areas.
grants were used for non-agricultural activities.
- The role of family in rural areas have changed as a result of the development
- The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because they mostly benefited process whereby females look after large livestock, for example, Grandmothers,
the rich and literate farmers. mothers, wives and daughters.

- The reason rural development scheme often fail in Botswana is that most farmers did - The family role in rural areas has changed as females nowadays do paid work/jobs,
not co-operate. for example, Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters.

- The rural development scheme often fail in Botswana because some farmers were - The duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
resistant to change. development process as males nowadays babysit/look after children, for example,
Husbands, sons, grandfathers and fathers.

- The family member’s role in rural areas have changed since females make decisions
in absence of men, for example, Grandmothers, mothers and wives.

- The role of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process because Children attend school.

- The role of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process since males also grow food crops, for example, Grandfathers,
fathers and husbands.

- The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
of the development process as husbands do household chores.

14
Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
2(a) What is meant by nomadic pastoralist? - The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that of high cost of food.
- Nomadic pastoralists refers to group of people rearing livestock only
moving from one place to another in search of grazing pastures and - The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
water. that of commercialisation of life.

(b) Describe three obstacles to rural areas development in Botswana. - The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that mobility of people increases and this could encourage spread of diseases, for
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is shortage of land. example, HIV/AIDS.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is

- Most of the people in rural areas are credit unworthiness.
that of pollution.
- There is lack of markets in rural areas.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that of deforestation and soil erosion.
- There is shortage of labour in rural areas.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is poor managerial and market
that of low production in agriculture.
skills.
4(a) What is meant by water resource management?
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is natural disasters.
- Water resource management deals with helping rural people to construct small
- The obstacle of rural development in Botswana is poverty. dams or providing safe water to the people.

(b) Describe three challenges that the government of Botswana faces when trying
3(a) What is meant by modernising farming?
to provide safe water in rural areas.
- Modernising farming is providing extension services to improve agricultural
production.
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe
water in rural areas is that it is expensive or of lack of funds, for example, dam
(b) Describe three problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as construction or piping is expensive.
- There are few big rivers in Botswana which make difficult for the government to
development occurs. provide water in rural areas.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is - The unreliable rainfall makes it difficult for the government of Botswana to provide
that of loss of culture due to modernisation. safe water in rural areas.
- Scattered settlements making it difficult to take advantages of economies of scale so
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that it becomes cheap for government in Botswana to provide safe water in rural
that of increase in crime. areas.
- The vandalism by rural people and livestock of water pipes makes it difficult for
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is government of Botswana to provide safe water in villages.
that people may be forced to relocate to give way to industries and other - The relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be unwelcomed by people.

15
infrastructure, for example, construction of tarred roads, schools and dams. - The culture/ traditional beliefs may block government efforts in providing water to
people living in rural areas.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
5(a) What is meant by rural development projects? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
- Rural development projects are programmes that helps to improve living DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
standard of people found in the countryside or villages.
Module 3: Rural Development
(b) Explain the importance of any three rural development projects in Botswana.
Class Exercise 8: Marking Scheme

- The importance of rural development project of road construction helps to improve 1. Study Fig. 1, which shows the ‘Scramble for Africa’ by European nations
transport network which colonised African countries.

- The borehole drilling is carried out to supply clean water in rural areas.

- The connection of water pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to supply clean
water.

- The markets stalls in villages helps to provide shelter for small scale businesses
operations.

- The dam construction to supply clean water for both people and livestock in rural
areas.

- The bus shelter erection to protect travellers from harsh weather conditions.

- The construction of Kgotla buildings to protect people from harsh weather

conditions

- The construction of community halls to provide venues for activities in rural areas.

- The construction of educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to assist

learners to qualify for upper levels of education

- The construction of health facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to improve
people’s health.

- The construction of houses by Village Development Committees to provide

accommodation for public servants or officers.

- The rural electrification to provide power in homes, government offices and

businesses Fig.1

16
Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
(a)(i) Give reasons why European nations colonised Africa. (b)(i) Describe the factors which force people to move from rural to urban areas
in developing countries.
- The reason European nations colonised Africa was to get minerals and other
natural resources, for example, copper, gold and diamonds. - The factor which force people to move from rural to urban areas in developing
- The European nations colonised Africa to exploit cheap labour. countries is of lack of employment.
- The European nations colonised Africa to set up plantations for industries in - The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries due to lack of
entertainment.
Europe.
- The movement of people from rural to urban areas in developing countries is
- The European nations colonised Africa to give land to European settlers. caused by shortage of social services, for example, schools and clinics.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand their markets. - The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries because of
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand political influence. rural poverty.
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries due to fear of
(ii) Describe the negative effects of colonialism on people in rural areas in witchcraft.
African countries. - The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries because of
drought.
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is - The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries because of
that of introduction of hut tax resulting in migration of labour. traditional life.
- The people move from rural to urban areas in developing countries due to
- Colonialism lead to decline in food production in rural areas in developing countries expensive goods and services.
due to introduction of cash crops, for example, cotton
(ii) Describe the negative effects of rural-urban migration to towns and
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is cities in developing countries.
that of land dispossession or Africans lost their land.
- The negative effect of rural-urban migration to towns and cities in developing
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is countries is caused by high unemployment rate.
that of family breakdown due to labour migration or migrant labour. - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
countries due to overcrowding of people which lead to spread of diseases.
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
that of introduction of unhealthy diets, for example, alcoholic beverages. countries The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in
developing countries of shortage of accommodation which might lead to
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is development of shanty areas.
that of abolition of initiation schools - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is countries as it leads to pollution, for example, air pollution, land pollution and
that Dikgosi lost their authority or their powers water pollution.
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
loss of culture countries by causing traffic congestion.
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is - The rural-urban migration have negative effect to towns and cities in developing
that increased workload for women due labour migration as women were not countries by causing poor sanitation or unhygienic conditions.
-

17
allowed to join their husbands who worked in South African mines The negative effect of rural-urban migration to towns and cities in developing
- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is countries is that of loss of culture or culture distortion .
loss of property such as cattle.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - Modernising farming deals with teaching people new methods of growing crops
and raising livestock or introducing credit schemes to help farmers improve their
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES activities or to improve agricultural production.

Module 3: Rural Development - Water resource management deals with helping rural people to construct small
dams or providing safe water to the people.
Class Exercise 9: Marking Scheme
- Storage and markets helps with the establishment of selling points for farm
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows element of integrated rural development. produce and buildings for keeping farm produce, for example, grain silos and
Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB).

- Rural industries is the setting up factories in the countryside to create employment

or jobs.

- The provision of social services deals with building of schools and clinics to
improve the education and health of people in rural areas

(ii) Explain the problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as
development occurs.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is

that of loss of culture due to modernisation.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that of increase in crime.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that people may be forced to relocate to give way to industries and other
infrastructure, for example, construction of tarred roads, schools and dams.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that of high cost of food.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
Fig.1 that of commercialisation of life.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that mobility of people increases and this could encourage spread of diseases, for
(a)(i) Describe each element of integrated rural development shown in Fig. 3. example, HIV/AIDS.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that of pollution.
- The element of integrated rural development which is land reforms deals with - The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
redistribution of land to help landless people or deals with helping people to have
that of deforestation and soil erosion.
access to land.

18
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is
that of low production in agriculture.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 (b)(i) Explain the challenges that the government of Botswana faces when MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
trying to provide safe water in rural areas.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe
water in rural areas is that it is expensive or of lack of funds, for example, dam Module 3: Rural Development
construction or piping is expensive.
Class Exercise 10: Marking Scheme
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe
water in rural areas is that there are few big rivers
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe 1. Study Fig. 1, which is an extract on rural development.
water in rural areas is that of unreliable rainfall Since Botswana’s independence in 1966, the major challenges facing the country has been rural
development, and the critical issue that needed urgent attention has been, and still is, poverty
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe alleviation. In an effort to achieve rapid social and economic development, as well as promote social
water in rural areas is that of scattered settlements making it difficult to take justice, various policies, programmes and strategies have been formulated to address development
advantages of economies of scale. issues in the country.
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe
water in rural areas is that of vandalism by the rural people/ people vandalising pipe
work or livestock
Fig.1
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe
water in rural areas is that of relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be (a)(i) Describe how rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence.
unwelcomed by people.
- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe - The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as wide tarred roads
water in rural areas is that of culture/ traditional beliefs may block government have been constructed
efforts. - The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as more schools
have been built
(ii) Suggest ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in - The more health services have been provided/clinics/health centres/hospitals built
rural areas to improve their standard of living. since independence in Botswana.
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to increased
agricultural extension service
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as due to increased
to improve their standard of living is through fund income generating activities or
livestock and crop production/ improved agricultural infrastructure
provide capital for people to start businesses.
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due provision of
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
agricultural marketing centres, for example Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board,
to improve their standard of living is by employing rural people in projects.
Botswana Meat Commission
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to establishment
to improve their standard of living by providing training to people on practical skills
of rural industries/shops in rural areas
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence as rural
to improve their standard of living by buying rural products or crafts
electrification, improved/modern housing has taken place
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas
- The rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence due to improved
to improve their standard of living by provide basic needs to the needy, for example,
telecommunications networks
food and shelter
- Provision of piped water
- Teach people to utilize local natural resources or veld products
- Agricultural disease control
- Promote environmental awareness

19
- Sewage system connection and landfills
- Advocate for human rights
- Establishment of service centres, for example, Omang, Registration of birth and
- Improve infrastructure, for example, roads.
deaths, water utilities, power and community hall.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
(ii)Explain the importance of any three rural development projects in Botswana. - The challenges which result from development in rural areas is deforestation due to
infrastructural development/ industrialisation process
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is road construction to - The challenges which result from development in rural areas is complexity of life as
improve transport opposed to the simple traditional life
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is borehole drilling to - The challenges which result from development in rural areas is pollution [allow
supply clean water to people and livestock example]
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is connection of water - The challenges which result from development in rural areas is poor
pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to supply clean water sanitation/hygiene
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is markets stalls to
provide shelter for small scale businesses operations (ii)Suggest ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is dam construction to as a result of the development process.
supply clean water
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is bus shelter erection to - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
protect travellers from harsh weather conditions of the development process females look after large livestock, for example,
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of Kgotla Grandmothers, mothers, wives and daughters.
buildings to protect people/attendants from harsh weather
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
community halls to provide venues for activities of the development process females do paid work/jobs, for example,
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters.
educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to assist learners to qualify for
upper levels of education - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of health of the development process males babysit/look after children, for example,
facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to improve people’s health Husbands, sons, grandfathers and fathers.
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is construction of houses
by Village Development Committees to provide accommodation - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
- The importance of rural development project in Botswana is rural electrification to of the development process females make decisions, for example, Grandmothers,
provide power mothers and wives.

- The duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
(b)(i) Describe challenges which result from development in rural areas. development process because Children attend school.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is loss of culture, for
example, changes in diet - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is increased population of the development process males grow food crops, for example, Grandfathers,
due to migration fathers and husbands.
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is overharvesting of
natural resources
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is increased crime - The way by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is commercialisation of of the development process as Husbands do household chores.
life/ increased cost of living
- The challenges which result from development in rural areas is that of people living

20
in heterogeneous groups instead of homogeneous groups thereby decreasing unity/
understanding

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(ii) Explain how government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES crop farmers in Botswana.
Module 3: Rural Development
- The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
Botswana is providing funding , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development
Class Exercise 11: Marking Scheme
Agency(CEDA) and National Development Bank(NDB)
- The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
1(a)(i) Describe the main features of subsistence crop farming.
Botswana is providing Trading / information / research , for example, Sebele,
Impala
- It is practised on small scale. - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- Labour is provided by the family members. Botswana is introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. Rural
- Simple technology is used. Innovation Industries Centre (RIIC) , Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC)
- There is production of low yields. - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- Sometimes it uses primitive methods for production. Botswana is providing storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure
- The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
(ii) Describe the main feature of commercial crop farming. Botswana is providing marketing of products, for example, Botswana Agricultural
- It is practised on large scale. Marketing Board (BAMB) , Botswana Meat Commission (BMC)
- Labour is provided by paid workers. - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- Division of labour is practised. Botswana is control of diseases, for example, foot and mouth, cattle lung disease
- It uses capital intensive mode of production. - The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- Owners are companies or rich individual farmers who run the farm for profit. Botswana is providing Extension service through Agriculture Demonstrators and
- Finance often comes from foreign companies. Veterinary Officers
- The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
(b)(i) What problems are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana? Botswana is providing protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable
products
- The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of unserviced land
Botswana is provision of Inputs, for example, ALDEP
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of poor soils
- The government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial crop farmers in
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of pests
Botswana is control of pests , for example, quelea birds
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of diseases
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of poor infrastructure
such as storage and roads.
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of natural disasters,
for example, drought, floods and unreliable rainfall
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is that of expensive
farm inputs and lack of funds.
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is lack of skilled
labour/lack of skills and knowledge
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is shortage of

21
market/lack of processing industries
- The problem are faced by commercial farmers in Botswana is of foreign
competition for market

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Class Exercises Marking Scheme Module 3