Outline :

oi Exponential function

dip Logarithmic function

-

¥5 Trigonometric function and inverse

Itoi Exponential function
Definitions An exponential function is a

function of the form

fc✗)=
where a is a positive constant .

t① fcx ) = 2×
✗ ✗
2-
gcx)
(g)
: =
case a=1

NY

1
Y=1×= y

> ✗
0

Iim fox )
Df
=

|
=

✗ b

t.im fcx) =
Rf=
✗→ ox
-

fox > = f is continuous on

Iim
a
✗ →
case a> I

^ Y
y=a× EI y=2×

1
> ✗
0

a× Df

|
Iim
=
=

✗→ b

✗ Rg =

him a =

✗→ •
✗
fi , continuous on

a
Iim =

a
✗→ -
case a <o

NY ✗

y=a× EI y
= 2-

;
-

Iim at = Df =

✗→ b

Iim of =
Rf =

✗→ - o

f is continuous on

1in a× =

✗ → a
basicproperti.es?@.&-
If n is positive integer ,
then

an
a-anÉpies
=

8- aras =

8- ar =

a-s
r
Ios
. a- =

°
Has a =
EID
1. Iim 2× =

✗→ a

Iim 1-
2.
2X
=

✗→a

3. Iim 2✗ =

✗→ - o

4. Iim
✗→ - N
d- ✗
=
 Evaluate the following limit .

✗
1) him 2- -
I

✗ → a

solving
 2 ✗

lim
2)
✗→ a
÷
3 + 1

solving
3) Iim É sin ¥
✗→ n

south
Definition of the Number e
●
Definition of the Number e:
h
e −1
e is the number such that lim =1 .
h0 h
●
The derivative of the Natural exponential function

d x x
 e  =e .
dx

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--7

let u be a function of ✗ .

"
F CU ) = e .

"
Then d e =

d-✗
F

1
and
Jeu du
y
=

×
 Student note
1. Differentiate the function y = etan x.

santy

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--8

Student note
3. Find the domain of each function
1 1 x
f 1  x= x
f 2  x= x
f 3  x=  1−2
•
1e 1−e

satyr

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--11

Student note
4. Differentiate the function
x
e
f 4  x=x 2 e x , f 5  x= , f 6  x=  x e x .
1x

santy

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--12

 0-0

EDC Estimate the value of e. !

soling
Student note
2
x y
6. Find y' if e =x y .

soling

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--14

 "
Find y
'
and y
"
if e×+ =
✗ 2+42+1
" ( 90 ) .

go1I
?⃝
?⃝
 e)
✗

ETU Find
day C e + ✗

5oÑWn
Student note
7. If f(x) = e2x, find a formula for f (n)(x).

soling

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--15

Student note
8. Find f(x) if f ''(x) = 3ex + 5 sin x, f(0) = 1, f '(0) = 2.

soling

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--16

LIDE Evaluate f×ed×

soÑWn
Eth Evaluate
fe¥ dx

5oÑWn
Éy× Evaluate
§@egzd×
5oÑWn
Hoi function
Logarithmic
4.2. Logarithmic function
●
If a > 0 and a ≠ 1, the exponential function f(x) = ax is
either increasing or decreasing and so it is one-to-one. The
inverse is called the logarithmic function with base a,
denoted by loga.
f-1(x) = y ↔ f(y) = x
logax = y ↔ ay = x
log a x
a =x
●
Note that
loga(ax) = x

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--17

 "
""

y =
logax = fcxg

I
Egri a = 2

|¥÷
^
y =
log , ✗

..
.
Case Y =
logax

i.IE
a> i

Iim fox,

|
=

Df
=

✗→ b

Rf t.im tix ,
=
=

✗→ Ot
f is continuous on
him fcx) =

✗ → a
the natural logarithm :

In × =
log ex
 basic properties

log ad 4) =

loyalty )=

log acxr )
=

log ✗ =

toga a =
 Student note
9. Evaluate log381, log255 and log100.0001.

solving

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--18

Derivative of logarithmic function
●
The derivative of the natural logarithm is
d 1
 ln x  = ✗ C- ( 0,0 )
dx x
●
Properties

d 1 du d g '  x
 ln u  = ,  ln g  x  =
dx u dx dx g  x

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--25

thy day lnlxl = ?
,

{
if ✗ so
lnlxi =

if ✗ = 0

if ✗ < 0

{
qtlnlx / =
if ✗ so

if ✗ = 0

if ✗ < 0
Therefore,

"
day In 1×1 =

¥
and dx In 1×1 d
f I
=
+

{
" if n -1--1
Notice that
fx dx =

if n= -
I
 Student note
14. Differentiate y = ln(x3 + 1), f(x) = ln(sin x), g(x) = ln x .

solving

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--26

DEX S
¥
,,
dx

soling
3ft Seen ✗
dx
1
I
sty
Toft f tan ✗ dx

Scotty
 real number
In general ,
if a is any positive ,

dios
- d of =
oilna
Ix

Io
S a✗dx=
Notice that

In
log ax = ✗
-

Tna

Therefore
,

log ax =
TEX 5 i' dx
°

if
 Student note
27. Evaluate the integral
5 4 2 2 2
x 3 4u t
2
x
∫ 2 dx , dx ,
∫ x ∫ u3 du , ∫ 10 dt , ∫ dx
x 2
0 2 1 1

South

Chapter 4:Integral C04--43

Mft S is in Csi , dx

Santy
Logarithmic formula
d
 a b  =0
dx
d b b−1
 f  x =b  f  x  f '  x
dx
d g  x g  x
 a  =a ln a g '  x
dx
●
The number e as a limit,
n
1
e=lim 1
n ∞ n  
Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--30
 Student note
18. Differentiate the following functions
2 1ln x 5
f 1  x=ln  x 10 f 2  x= f 3  x=  ln x
1−ln x
5011361

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--32

 Student note
19. Differentiate the following functions
5
f 4  x=cosln x f 5  x=  x ln x f 6  x=ln  x

South

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--33

 Student note
20. Find y' if y = ln(x2 + y2).

501734

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--34

 Student note
21. Find y' if x y = y x.

Santy

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--35

Logarithmic differentiation
●
We can simplify the derivatives of complicated functions
involving products, quotients or powers using the
logarithms, called logarithmic differentiation.
●
Steps
– Take logarithms of both sides, y = f(x)
– Differentiate implicitly with respect to x.
– Solve the resulting equation for y'.

●
The power rule: If f(x) = xn then
f '(x) = n xn-1.

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--28

 Student note
3

x  x 21
4
16. Differentiate y= 5
.
3 x2

South

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--29

 Student note
17. Differentiate y= x  x .

5011761

Chapter 4:Transcendental functions C04--31

Tei s
sincl×n dx

Santy
 "
Toei
{ Fem
,
dx

SAID
Dei Estimate Incl . 017 .

south
Dei s
s;;÷→×d×
Santy
atoi Trigonometric function and inverse
 The derivative formulas :

1. d Sinn = cos u -
n' cx)
d-✗
since n'cx)
djxcosu
-
-
=
2.

Seiu n'Cx )
d
-

3. tann
=

Tix

d Cota = cos edu .

U'cx )
4.
-

ax
seen secutanu -
'c×,
u
day
=
5.
,

cosecucotu U'cx )
6.
day
-

cosecu = -
 > "" ×

3ft Let y
=
e .
Find
dy .

Tds
solid
ETU let fcx > =
sin 2C 2×1 .
Find
'
f- Cx ) and df .

satyr
④ If 2-ise.ca/y7--e' +24 Find
¥ / -

, ✗=,

sorts
EID fsecx DX

Scotty
 Integral formulas :

1. Ssinx d×= d Stan ✗ dx In 1sec ✗ Itt

d)
-
cos ✗ + 7 . =

2. Scosxdx = sin ✗ + d
= - In lcosxltd

3. fsectxdx = tan ✗ + d " "" " ✗ = - " " """ ""

a. scoseixdx = - cot ✗ + = In lsinxltd

5. fsecxtanxdx =
secxtd 9 .
fsecxdx = lnlsecxttanxltc
6. fcosecxcotxdx = -
cosecxtd 10 .

fcosecxdx =
lnlcosecx cotxtc
-
EIN 5×2 see (2×3-1) DX

santy
big S et tan Ci + E) dx

Santy
ED s
;¥Ed×
south
Table of derivatives of inverse
trigonometric function
d 1 d 1
arcsin x= arccos x=−
dx  1−x 2 dx  1−x 2

d 1 d 1
arctan x= arccsc x=−
dx 1x 2 dx 2
x  x −1
d 1 d 1
arcsec x= arccot x=− 2
dx 2
x  x −1 dx 1 x

Chapter 4:Integral C04--44

Eid let fcx? =
arcs in [ 2×1 .
Find f- Ex)

soÑhW
ExJsfLety-e@rctanaxjearctanax.Findy '

solid
Eff if arctan (2×+4) -
e.
×

? find
day /
.

, ✗=,

soÑW
Inverse Trigonometric function
●
The two most useful integration formulae are
1
∫ 2
dx=arcsin xC
 1−x
1
∫ x21 dx=arctan xC
d
S×¥y
= arcsecx +

Chapter 4:Integral C04--45

 Student note
1
4
1
28. Find∫ 2
dx
0  1−4 x
satyr

Chapter 4:Integral C04--46

 Student note
1 x
29. Evaluate ∫ 2 2 dx , ∫ 4 dx
 a −x x 9

satyr

Chapter 4:Integral C04--47

 Student note
30. Evaluate the integral
1 2
4 1 arctan x t
∫ t 21 dt ,∫ 2
dt ,∫
1 x
2
dx ,∫ 6
dt
0  1−4 t  t−t
Santy

Chapter 4:Integral C04--48

 EFG f
•¥g×d×
solid
 re
EID dx
{ Feeny
,

soling
EEG
§ ÷d×
solving