Bagaimana menggunakan buku modul ini?

1. Fokus di dalam kelas. Dengar betul-betul semua

penerangan guru anda.
THEME 1 ELEMENTARY PHYSICS 2. Bersikap proaktif di dalam kelas.
CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENT 3. Buat semua aktiviti di dalam kelas seperti
1.1 Physical Quantities 3 eksperimen dan perbincangan.
1.2 Scientific Investigation 5 4. Tanya soalan jika anda tidak faham
5. Sentiasa berfikir untuk menyelesaikan masalah.
THEME 2 NEWTONIAN MECHANICS 6. Catat semua maklumat yang dibincang dalam
modul ini.
CHAPTER 2 FORCE AND MOTION 1 7. Buat soalan Tuturial
2.1 Linear Motion 17 8. Gunakan buku ini sebagai ulangkaji.
2.2 Linear Motion Graphs 28
2.3 Free Fall Motion 37 Lawati blog:
2.4 Inertia 43 http://fizikmozac.blogspot.com
2.5 Momentum 50 http://inspirasimenujusyurga.blogspot.com
2.6 Force 58 LIKE FB: Fizik mozac
2.7 Impulse and Impulsive Force 62 Telegram Channel: Fizik Mozac
2.8 Weight 67 Telegram: @FizikMozac_bot
Test Performance 68
“Menyerlah Jauh Dari Biasa”
CHAPTER 3 GRAVITATION
3.1 Newton’s Universal Law of Cikgu Suriyati Binti Yusoff
Gravitation 71 Mozac 2020
3.2 Kepler’s Laws 80
3.3 Man-made Satelllites 83
SASARAN MARKAH FIZIK UNTUK SPM 2021
THEME 3 HEAT
Peperiksaan OTI AR
CHAPTER 4 HEAT Markah Gred Markah gred
4.1 Thermal Equilibrium 85 Ujian 1
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity 95
4.3 Specific Latent Heat 104 Peperiksaan
4.4 Gas Laws 118 Pertengahan
Test Performance 136 tahun
Ujian 2
THEME 4 WAVES, LIGHT AND OPTICS
Peperiksaan
CHAPTER 5 akhir tahun
5.1 Fundamentals of Waves 149 SPM 2021
5.2 Damping and Resonance 150
5.3 Reflection of Waves 153
5.4 Refraction of Waves 158 IKRAR PELAJAR
5.5 Diffraction of Waves 165
5.6 Interference of Waves 170 Saya berikrar akan berusaha bersungguh-sungguh
5.7 Electromagnetic Waves 181 untuk mencapai sasaran …………….. dalam mata
Test Performance 185 pelajaran Fizik.
CHAPTER 6 LIGHT AND OPTICS Tandatangan Pelajar Tandatangan Guru
6.1 Refraction of Light 188
6.2 Total Internal Reflection 198 ……………………… ……………………….
6.3 Image Formation by Lenses 207 Tarikh: Tarikh:
6.4 Thin Lens Formula 214
6.5 Optical Instruments 217
6.6 Image Formation by 223
Spherical Mirros
Test Performance 230

1
LEARNING STANDARD

1.1 PHYSICAL QUATITIES 1.2 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

1.1.1 Explain physical quantities. 1.2.1 Interpret graph to determine the

relationship between two physical
1.1.2 Explain with examples quantities.
base quantities and 1.2.2. Analyse graph to summarise an
derived quantities. investigation.
1.1.3 Describe derived 1.2.3 Carry out a scientific investigation and
quantities in terms of base write a complete report for the Simple
quantities and their Pendulum Experiment.
corresponding S.I. units.
1.1.4 Explain with examples,
scalar quantities and
vector quantities.

2
 1.1

In learning physics, we need to carry out Activity 2:

investigations. We gather information through Observe the pictures below. List the physic
observations and taking measurement. We measure quantities, measuring instruments and their units.
many types of physical quantities.

What is physics quantity?

Activity 1
Aim: To study base quantity
1. You are given a wooden block. Use a suitable ruler
to determine:

Physics quantity measurement Measuring

Base quantity S.I. Unit
(a) thickness instrument

(b) area

(c) volume

2. Determine the mass of the wooden block. What is

the unit used?

…………………………………………………………………

3. Among the quantities determined:

quantity that can be
measure directly

quantity that can be

determined by calculation.

What are base quantities?

What are derived quantities?

Aktiviti 3/Activity 3:

Tentukan unit bagi kuantiti terbitan berikut.

Determine the derived unit for the following derived

quantities.
1. Area = length x width A = l2

2. Volume = length x width x height V = l3

3
 3. Density = mass ρ=m
Volume V

Define Scalar & Vector quantities

4. Velocity = displacement v=s Scalar quantities Vector quantities

Time t

5. Momentum = mass x velocity p = mv

Activity 1
6. Acceleration = change in velocity a = (v – u) 1. Study the following description of events
Time t carefully and then decide which events require
magnitude, direction or both to specify them.

Description of events Magnitude Direction

Walk 500 m and you’ll
7. Force = mass x acceleration F = ma find the shop
Walk 500 m left from the
junction and you’ll find
the shop
8. Pressure = Force P=F The temperature in the
Area A room is 25 0C
The location of Ayer
Hitam is 60 km to the
north-west of Johor
Bahru
9. Work = Force x displacement The power of the electric
bulb is 80 W

2. Give examples of scalar and vector quantities

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
10. Power = Work P=W
Time t

11. Charge = Current x time Q = It

Exersise 1
1. The extension of an elastic spring is directly
proportional to the stretching force acting on it.
It can be shown by the following formula:
F = kx where F = the force (unit N)
k = spring constant
x = the extension (unit m)
Determine the unit of the spring constant k.

4
 1.2

Interpret graph to determine the relationship

between two physical quantities.

A graph is plotted to interpret shape of graph and

determine relationship between two physical Type of graph:
quantities. Line:…………… through origin: ……. Gradient: ………

Activity 4 Interpret graph:

Aim: Discuss different shape of graphs to show the
relationship between two physical quantities
Type of graph:
line:……………
through origin: …….
gradient: ……….

Interpret graph:

Type of graph:
Type of graph:
line:……………
through origin: …….
gradient: ……….

Interpret graph: Interpret graph:

Type of graph:
line:…………… Type of graph:
through origin: …….
gradient: ……….

Interpret graph:

Interpret graph:

Type of graph:

Interpret graph:

Type of graph:
Line:…………… through origin: ……. Gradient: ………

Interpret graph:

5
 Type of graph: 2. A student carries out an experiment to
investigate the relationship between the heat
absorbed, Q, and temperature change, ϴ of a
fixed mass of water. The result of the experiment
are shown in the graph of Q against ϴ in Diagram
2.
Interpret graph:
(i) State relationship between Q and ϴ.

…………………………………………………………………

Type of graph: (ii) Determine the value of Q when ϴ = 1.25⁰C.

Show on the graph how you determine the
value of Q.

…………………………………………………………………

Interpret graph: (iii) Calculate gradient, k, for graph Q against ϴ.

Show on the graph how you determine the
value of k.

Type of graph:

Interpret graph:

Analyse graph to summarise an investigation.

Activity 5
Aim: Five things to analyse a graph

1. Complete the table with five things to analyse a

graph
3. A student carries out an experiment to
1. investigate the relationship between the depth, h
of a wooden block immersed in liquid and the
mass, m of slotted weight place on the wooden
2. block. The results of this experiment are shown
in the graph of h against m.

3. (i) State the relationship between h and m.

…………………………………………………………………
4.
(ii) Determine the value of h when m = 0.20 kg.
Show on the graph how you determine the
5. value of h.

h = ………………..

6
(iii) Calculate the gradient of k for the graph. Show
on the graph how you determine the value of k.

k = ……………………….

Activity 6 (Text pg 13)

Aim: Plot a graph from given data to analyse a graph

A student carries an experiment with the arrangement

of apparatus as shown in diagram below to
4. A student carries out and experiment to investigate the relationship between force, F with the
investigate the relationship between the extension of a spring,x. The result of the experiment
potential difference, V, and the current, I, of is shown in table below. Help him to make a
three dry cells in parallel conclusion of the investigation of the spring
(a) What happens to V as I increase? experiment through the analisation of the graph.
……………………………………………………………

(i) Determine the value of V when I = 0.1 A

Show on the graph, how you determine the
value of V

V = ………………………………………………

(ii) Calculate the gradient, k, of the graph V

against I. Show on the graph how you calculate
the value of k.

F/N 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

x/cm 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4

1. Plot a graph of F against x.

7
2. Analyse your graph to the items below:
8
 a) State the relationship between F and x. ………………………………………………………….…..

……………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………..…….

……………………………………………………………….. Arrangement of apparatus:

b) Calculate the gradient of the graph, k. Show

on the graph how you determine the value of
k.

c) The equation which relates F and x is F = kx,

where k is the spring constant. Determine the
value of k in SI unit. Prosedure:
Methode to control manipulated variable:

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

d) Area under the graf represents the work done ……………………………………………………………..

to extend the spring. Determine the work
done to extend the spring for 5 cm. Methode to measure responding variable:

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

e) Determine the value of F when x = 3.5 cm. …………………………………………………………….

F = ……..
…………………………………………………………….
f) Predict the value of x when F = 5.0 N.
x = …….. Method of repeating:

……………………………………………………………..
Carry out a scientific investigation and write a
complete report for the Simple Pendulum ……………………………………………………………..

Experiment 1.1 (Text pg 14 Tabulate your data for all values of l,t, T dan T2.

Inference: ………………………………………...……… Length of Time for 20 complete

pendulum oscillation, t/s T/s T2/s2
……………………………………………………………… l /cm t1 t2 taverage
20.0
Hypothesis: ………………………………………………
30.0
………………………………………………………………
40.0
Aim: ………………………………………………….……
50.0
………………………………………………………………
60.0
Manipulated variable: ……………..……………..……
70.0
Responding variable: …………………………………

Fixed variable: …………..…………………………….

Plot graph T against l
Apparatus & material: ………….………………………
Plot graph T2 against l.

9
 ………………………………………………………………..
Conclusion:
State the relationship between T2 and l. 5. Compare the value of g obtained from this
experiment with the standard value of g that is
…………………………………………………………….. 9.81 m s-2. Justify the difference in the values of g.

…………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………….

Precaution:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

Discussion:
1. Determine the gradient, m of the graph of T 2
against l. State the value of m in S.I. unit. Show
clearly how you obtain the answer.

𝒍
2. Given 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 where g is the Earth’s
𝒈
gravitational acceleration. Relate gradient, m to
the value of g and then determine the value of g in
this experiment.

3. Why does the time for 20 complete oscillations

need to be taken in this experiment?

……………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………….

4. Why is the measurement of time taken for 20

complete oscillations repeated?

………………………………………………………………..

10
Graph T against l 11
Graph T2 against l

12
Tutorial 1.2 (c) State the relationship between speed, v and
time, t.
1. Diagram 1 shows a container of chocolate
flavoured ice cream. There is a label showing .....................................................................................
several physical quantities on the container.

3. Hashim carried out an

experiment to investigate
the relationship between
the mass of slotted weights
and the period of
oscillation, T of a spring as
shown in Figure 2.
Hashim measured the time,
t for 20 complete
oscillations for different
masses of slotted
weights. The data obtained
is shown in Table 1.

Physical quantities can be classified as base

quantity and derived quantity.
Jisim
(a) What is the meaning of base quantitiy? pemberat 20 40 60 80 100
m/g
............................................................................. Masa 20
ayunan / 26.0 36.0 44.4 51.0 57.2
.............................................................................. t/s
Tempoh,
(b) Based on Diagram 1, classify all the physical T/
quantities into Table 1.
Base quantity Derived quantity
T2 /

(a) Complete Table 1 by calculating the values of

derived data T and T 2. State the appropriate
units for both the physical quantities.
2. Figure 1 shows a graph of speed, v against
time, t obtained from the speed test of a car. (b) Plot a graph of T 2 against m with appropriate
scales. Draw the best fit line.

(c) Determine the gradient of the graph. Show

clearly how it is done.

(d) If the experiment is done on the Moon, what is

likely to happen to the gradient of the graph?

(a) Determine the gradient of the graph v against t. (e) How can an oscillating spring with slotted
weights be used as a time measuring device
with unit of measurement in seconds?
(T2 = 4π2m)
(b) Determine the y-intercept of the graph when K
t = 0.

13
4. Figure 4 shows the reading on a mechanical 5. Hukum kegravitian Semesta Newton boleh
stopwatch at the start and the end of an dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan berikut:
experiment. The mechanical stopwatch is F = GMm
used to measure the time taken for 20 r2
complete oscillations of a simple pendulum of F = force, G = the gravitational constant
length, l. M, m =mass r = distance between two bodies

(a) Based on the equation, give an example for

each of the following:

(i) Based quantity: ....................................

(ii) Derived quantity: ..............................

(iii) Vector quantity: ...............................

starts of experiment end of experiment (b) Derive the unit of G in terms of S.I. base units.
(a) (i) What is the time taken for the
pendulum to make 20 complete
oscillations?

(ii) Why is it necessary to take the time

for 20 complete oscillations?

....................................................................................

...................................................................................

(iii) Suggest two ways to improve the

experiment.

...................................................................................

..................................................................................

(b) (i) Determine the period of oscillation, T

of this pendulum.

(ii) The relationship between length, l and

period, T, of a simple pendulum is
given by the equation,
l = ( g ) T2
4π2
Using the value of T in (b)(i), calculate
the length of the pendulum, l.
[g = 10 ms-2]

14
15
16
 State the definition of distance and displacement

2.1 Distance

Learning Standard
2.1.1 Describe the type of linear motion of an
object in the following states Dispacement
(i) Stationary (ii) uniform velocity
(iii) non-uniform velocity

2.1.2 Determine:
(i) distance and displacement 2. Diagram below shows the difference between
(ii) speed and velocity distance and displacement.
(iii) acceleration / deceleration

2.1.3 Solve problems involving linear motion

using the following equations:
(i) a = u + at (ii) s = ½ (u + v)t
(iii) s = ut + ½ at2 (iv) v2 = u2 + 2as
*************************************************************
Introduction
Linear motion is a study of moving object in a
………………… = Length of the road
straight line.
………………… = Length of the line AB

How would you describe the motion of the runner

in words? We describe linear motion in terms of
distance, displacement, speed, velocity,
acceleration and deceleration.

Activity 1:
Aim: To study distance and displacement

1. Your task is to put a pencil at point C.

3. Every day Rahim walks from his house to the

junction which is 1.5 km from his house. Then
he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din
which is 0.5 km from his house.
(a) What is Rahim’s displacement from his
house
(i) when he reaches the junction?

2. With a pencil take a ride from position A to B ……………………………………………………

and to the final destination, C. Your total path
of length = …….., this value is known as …… (ii) When he is at warung Pak Din?

3. Repeat step 2 but now from A direct to the ……………………………………….…………

final destination of C. This is your shortest
path to the final destination, C. (b) After breakfast, Rahim walks back to his
Value = ……………. house. When he reaches home,
This value is known …………………. (i) what is the total distance traveled by
Rahim?

…………………………………………………

17
 2. The speedometer reading for a car traveling
(ii) what was Rahim’s total displacement north shows 80 km/hr. Another car traveling
from his house? at 80 km/hr towards south. Is the speed of
both cars same? Is the velocity of both cars
same?
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
4. In a jungle tracking activity, a scout is given a
compass and a map. He starts his journey ………………………………………………………………
from station A and is required to walk to
station B which is located 400 m to the east of 3. Give definition of acceleration and its
station A. When he reached station B, he is formula.
ordered to go to station C which is 400 m north
from station B.

(a) When the scout is at station C,

(i) what is the distance he traveled from 4. Observe the motion of the car in Diagram (a),
station A? Diagram (b) and Diagram (c).

……………………………………………………

(ii) What is the scout’s displacement from Rajah (a)

station A? State the magnitude and
direction of the scout from station A.

……………………………………………………………… Rajah (b)

(b) Why does the answer in (i) and (ii) different?

……………………………………………………………… Rajah (c)

Aktivity 2: Describe the changes in displacement and

Aim: speed, velocity, uniform velocity, non velocity of a car. Is the car accelerate or
uniform velocity, acceleration, deceleration and decelerate?
zero acceleration Diagram Diagram Diagram
(a) (b) (c)
1. Difference between speed and velocity displacement
Speed: Velocity:
Velocity

Acceleration

SI unit: SI unit:
5. A bicyclist starts from rest and increases his
Quantiti: Quantiti: velocity at a constant rate until he reaches a
speed of 4.0 m/s in 5.0 s. What is his average
acceleration?
Formula Formula
(a) state the initial velocity =

(b) state the final velocity =

(c) state the time taken =

(d) calculate acceleration

18
Exercise 1:
1. You walk along a long straight school corridor 4. Figure 2.6 shows Radzi’s run from A to B and
for 55 m, then you turn around and walk 30 m then back to C. The total time taken is 20 s.
in the opposite. Finally, you turn again and Determine the
walk 39 m in the original direction and stop. (a) distance (b) displacement
What is your displacement from your starting
point?

(c) speed (d) velocity

of Radzi’s motion.

2. A boy walks finish the following path AB.

Find:
(a) total distance traveled
5. Muthu moves
from O to B along
the route OAB as
(b) displacement
shown in Figure
2.7. The time
taken is 15 s.
Determine the
(a) distance
3. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Constant speed 10 m/s:
A constant speed of 10 m/s: A distance of
………… is traveled every ………… (b) displacement

(b) Constant velocity 10 m/s:

A steady velocity of 10 m/s: A ………………….
(c) speed (d) velocity
of 10 m is traveled every …………… to the of Muthu’s motion.
right.

(c) Constant velocity – 10 m/s:

A constant velocity of - 10 m/s: A ……………..
of 10 m is traveled every …………. to the left.

(d) Constant acceleration 4 ms-2 :

6. After landing on the runway, a plane slows
Speed ……….……. by 4 m/s every second.
down so that its velocity reduces from 75 m
s–1 to 5 m s–1 in 20 s. What is the acceleration
(e) Constant acceleration 4 ms-2 : of the plane?
A steady deceleration of 4 ms-2 : Speed
…………… by 4 m/s every second.

19
Relating Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration and STEP 4 : Determination of acceleration
Time

Ticker timer:

The first strip: Initial velocity, u at AB = …………..

The last strip: Final velocity, v at DE = …………….

The time interval for, = ……………...t

the change in the velocity

Acceleration, a = ………………………………..

• It is connected to an ……………. current 2. Calculate the acceleration .

power supply of 50 Hz. When it is turned on,
the iron strip will vibrate 50 times per second.

• The time taken to make 50 dots on the ticker

tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval
between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s.

• Give definition of one tick.

……………………………………………………………… 3. A ticker tape below contains 5 ticks for every

interval AB,BC,CD and DE. Calculate the
Activity 2: acceleration.
Aim: Method of calculationn

To investigate motion in laboratory mean to

determine distance / displacement, speed/
velocity, time and acceleration/ deceleration

Making a speed-time graph

Ticker tape gain from the experiment:

STEP 1: Determination of time taken for 1 tick.

(a) Time taken for 50 ticks = …………..

(b) Time taken for 1 tick = …………….

(c) Time taken from A to B = …… ticks = ……. s

STEP 2 : Determination of displacement

The displacement of the object is determined by

measuring the length of the ticker tape that is
pulled through the ticker time

Displacement from A to B = …… cm

STEP 3 : Determination of velocity

Velocity, v = displacement
Time

= ………………… cm/s

20
3. The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart 5. To identify the types of motion
for a moving trolley. The frequency of the
ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each section has Distance between the
10 dots-spacing. dots:

……….................................

Type of motion:

………………………………

Distance between the dot

…………………. Uniformly

The velocity is of the

object is ……………
uniformly
The object is moving at a
(a) What is the time between two dots? uniform ………………….
………………………………………………………
Distance between the
(b) What is the time for one strips.
dots ………………..
uniformly
………………………………………………………
The velocity of the object
(c) What is the initial velocity is ……………… uniformly

The object is
(d) What is the final velocity. experiencing uniform
…………………

(e) What is the time interval to change from Activity 4: To determine displacement, average
initial velocity to final velocity? velocity and acceleration

……………………………………………………….. Apparatus: Ticker timer, trolley, 12 V power

supply, runway, ticker tape, ruler
(f) What is the acceleration of the object?
Procedure:
1. Raise one end of runway to a reasonable
height.
2. Pass the ticker tape through the ticker timer
and attach it to a trolley at the top of the
4. The figure shows a tape chart. runway.
Calculate 3. Switch on the ticker timer and release the
(a) the acceleration trolley.
(b) the average velocity 4. When the trolley comes to a stop, cut the
tape.

5. Mark and cut the tape into 10-tick strips from

the start of the first clear dot

21
6. Paste the 10-tick strips side-by-side on a
paper to make a tape chart.

Find 1st strip Last

strip
The displacement of
the 10-tick

The time covered for

the 10-tick strip

Average velocity
over the 10-tick
Strip

Change in velocity
between the two 10-
tick strip
Time taken for the
change in velocity

Acceleration

Conclusion:

………………………………………………………………

22
Activity 5: 1. A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s.
Aim: Derive linear motion equations and solve Find the acceleration of the car.
problems

First linear motion equation

2. When a racing car passes through on a

straight track, its velocity is 40 ms-1. After 3
seconds, the racing car achieves the speed
50 ms-1. Calculate the displacement travelled.

Second linear motion equation

3. The 100 m men world record holder, Usian

Bolt starts his run from rest and achieved his
maximum velocity after he accelerating
uniformly for 9.58 s. Determine his
acceleration.

Third linear motion equation

4. Maria rides a bicycle at a velocity of 8 m s–1.
She brakes suddenly and stops after a
distance of 2 m. What is the acceleration of
Maria and her bicycle?

5. A car moving along a straight road at a

Fourth linear motion equation
velocity of 30 m s–1 reduces its velocity at a
constant rate until it stops after 5 s. What is
the acceleration of the car?

6. A boy is cycling down a hill. His initial

velocity is 4 ms-1. After he moves 35 m, his
velocity becomes 10 m s-1.
(a) What is the time for the boy to travel at a
v = u + at .(1) Where distance 35 m?

s :………………………
s= u+v t .(2)
2 u :……………………… (b) What it is his acceleration?

s = ut + ½ at2 .(3) v :………………………

a :………………………

v2 = u2 + 2as .(4) t :……………………….

23
7. A car accelerates from rest at 3 ms-2 along a 10. You can determine your reaction time by
straight road. How far has the car traveled catching a ruler between your fingers which
after 4 s? is released. Ready to catch the ruler by
opening your fingers at the ‘zero’ mark of the
ruler. Catch the ruler as soon as it is
released. Mark the position where you catch
the ruler. The ruler falls with
acceleration 10 m s-2, calculate
your reaction time.

8. A car is traveling at 20 m/s along a straight

road. The driver puts the brakes on for 5 s. It
this causes a deceleration of 3 m s-2 , what is
the car’s final velocity?
TUTORIAL 2.1
1. Which physical quantity is equal to
displacement?
Time
A. Speed C. Distance
B. Velocity D. Acceleration

2. The acceleration of a car moving with a

constant velocity will be
A. increased
B. constant
C. zero
D. decreased

9. A car moving with constant velocity of 40 3. Muthu cycles from his house to the shop.
ms-1. The driver saw and obstacle in front While coming back, he stops at Ahmad’s
and he immediately stepped on the brake house.
pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s.
The distance of the obstacle from the car
when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How
far is the obstacle from the car after it stops.

What is his displacement from his house?

A. 300 m
B. 400 m
C. 1 100 m

4. Which of the following is true regarding the

motion of an object having zero acceleration?
A. The object is not moving
B. The object is moving with uniform
velocity
C. The object is at rest or moves with
uniform velocity
D. The object is moving with maximum
velocity.

24
5. A tick from a ticker timer is 10. The diagram below shows a tape chart
A. time interval between two consecutive which is produced by a moving trolley. The
dots on a ticker tape. frequency of the ticker-tape timer is 50 Hz
B. distance between two consecutive dots and each stripe of ticker tape contains 5
on a ticker tape. ticks.
C. frequency of vibration from the ticker
timer
D. velocity of vibration from the ticker timer.

6. Which statement is true about the ticker tape

shown below?

A. Velocity between CD is low.

B. Velocity between DE and velocity
between AB are equal.
C. Frequency between BC is higher than DE Berpakah pecutan troli?
D. Time between AB is equal with the time What is the trolley’s acceleration? (1994)
between DE A. 20 cm s-2
B. 200 cm s-2
7. The diagram shows a ticker tape which is C. 240 cm s-2
pulled by a trolley through a ticker-timer of D. 400 cm s-2
frequency 50 Hz.
11. Diagram below shows the path travelled by
a car from P to S.

The average speed of the trolley’s motion is

A. 0.2 ms-1 C. 0.3 ms-1
B. 0.4 ms-1 D. 0.5 ms-1

8. Average velocity from P to Q in the ticker

tape below is What is the displacement of the car? (2007)
A. 5.0 km
B. 6.8 km
C. 8.2 km
D. 9.0 km

A. 85 cms-1 C. 170 cms-1 12. Diagram 2 shows Ali stands at O. He walks

B. 200 cms-1 D. 240 cms-1 towards A, then moves towards B and stops
at B.
9. Calculate the acceleration.

What is the displacement of Ali? [2012]

A. - 50 ms-2 C. - 500 ms-2 A. 2 m towards west
B. 50 ms-2 D. 500 ms-2 B. 5 m towards east
C. 7 m towards east

25
PAPER 2, SECTION A
1. Question 1: Melaka Mid 08 (a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to
Ali walks to the north for a distance of 300 m. He complete the sentence below.
then turns west and walks for another distance of
400 m to reach Pak Kassim’s stall. The type of current used in the ticker timer is
Diagram 1 shows the path taken by Ali. (direct current, alternating current). [1 mark]

(b) Based on Diagram 1.2,

(i) one tick is represented by the time taken
from point .......... to point ..............
[ 1 mark]

(ii) Compare the distance between PQ and ST.

………………………………………………………………
(a) Distance is a ……… 1 mark]
(iii) State the type of motion of the trolley.
Tick (√) the correct answer in the box
below ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
Scalar quantity
3. SPM 2016
Vector quuantity Diagram 1 shows a ticker tape with 5 ticks
obtained from an experiment.
(b) On Diagram 1, mark an arrow to show the
displacement made by Ali
[1 mark]

(c) What is the total distance travelled by Ali?

[1 mark]
(a) One tick is the time taken from P to ………
...................................................................................... [1 mark]

(d) Ali then walks home for another distance of (b) Complete the following sentence by ticking (√)
500 m. What is the total displacement made the correct answer in the box provided.
by Ali. [1 mark]
The ticker tape can be analysed to determine
......................................................................................
………. Distance and speed of an object

2. SPM 2011 Question 2 ………. Force and momentum of an object

Diagram 1.1 shows a trolley moving down an [1 mark]
inclined plane. The ticker timer vibrates at
frequency 50 Hz. Diagram 1.2 shows the ticker (c) (i) What is the type of motion shown by the
tape produced by the motion of the trolley. ticker tape in Diagram 1?

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in 1(c)(i).

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2

26
4. SPM 2019
Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show two ticker
tapes with different lengths produced by the
motion of two trolleys.

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2

(a) What is the meaning of length?

......................................................................................

......................................................................................
[1 mark]
(b) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2,
compare Diagram 5.3

(i) the number of tickes Based on Diagram 5.3, explain the type of
motion from W to Y.
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(ii) the length of the ticker tapes
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
(iii) average speed
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
[3 marks]
(c) Using your answer in 5(b), state the
relationship between the length of a ticker
tape and average speed.

......................................................................................
[1 mark]

(d) Diagram 5.3 shows a ticker tape chart

produced from the motion of a trolley.

27
 (c) What is the unit of this gradient?

2.2 ………………………………………………………..

(d) What is the physical quantity showed by this

Learning Standard unit?
2.2.1 Interpret types of motion from the following:
(i) displacement- time …………………………………………………………
(ii) velocity-time
(iii) acceleration-time 2. Deduce from the shape of a displacement-time
2.2.2 Analyse displacement-time graph to graph.
determine distance, displacement and
velocity (a) Object at rest
2.2.3 Analyse velocity-time graph to determine
distance, displacement, velocity and Velocity = gradient = ………m/s
acceleration
2.2.4 Convert and sketch:
(i) displacement-time graph to velocity-time
graph and vice-versa (b) Object moving with constant speed
(ii) velocity-time graph to acceleration-time The straight line of the graph has a ……………
graph and vice-versa gradient
2.2.5 Solve problems involving linear motion
graphs Velocity = gradient
*************************************************************
= ______ m/s
From motion graphs, you will get information
about:
(i) how far something has traveled – (distance,
displacement)
(ii) how fast it is moving – (speed, velocity)
(iii) the speed changes with time – (acceleration / (c) Object moving with acceleration
deceleration)
The gradient of the curve …….
Activity 1
Aim: Analysis of displacement-time graph to The velocity is ………………..
determine distance, displacement and velocity.
The object experience …………
1. Plot and interpret displacement-time graph

3. The following figure shows displacement –

time graph of an object.

Based on the graph :

Diagram on the left shows the motion of a car at (a) calculate the velocity of the object between
different time. (i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD
(a) Plot the displacement-time graph for the car.

(b) Calculate the gradient of the graph.

28
 (b) describe the motion of the object between v. What is the physical quantity showed by this
unit?
(i) AB : ........................................................................
……………………………………………………….
(ii) BC : ........................................................................
vi. Calculate the area under the graph. State the
(iii) CD : ........................................................................ unit.

(c) Find:
(i) total distance
vii. What is the physical quantity showed by this
unit.
(ii) total displacement
(d) Calculate: ………………………………………………………
(i) the average speed

Velocity – time graph

• The gradient = acceleration / deceleration
(ii) the average velocity • The area under the graph = displacement

2. Deduce from the shape of a velocity-time

graph
Activity 2
Aim: Analysis of velocity-time graph to determine a) Object at rest
distance, displacement, velocity and acceleration

1. Plot and interpret velocity-time graph

The diagram shows the car moves from rest in a

straight line.
• Gradient = acceleration= ………………….

• Area under the graph = displacement = ………

• Object is at ……………..
i.Calculate the velocity when t = 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 s.
b) Object moving with constant speed
t/s 1 2 3 4 5
s/m 2 8 18 32 50
v/ ms-1

• Gradient = acceleration = ……………

• Area under the graph = …………….

• Displacement = …………….

ii. • Object moves ………………………………

Plot the velocity-time graph.

iii. Calculate the gradient of the graph.

iv. What is the unit of this gradient?

…………………………………….............................

29
c) Object moving with constant acceleration (iv) MN

(b) State the type of motion of the car for:

(i) JK: .........................................................................

• Gradient = constant = ……………………..
(ii) KL : ........................................................................
• Acceleration = ……………………….
(iii) LM : ........................................................................
• Area under the graph = ………………………… (iv) MN : .......................................................................
• Displacement = ………… m (c) Calculate
(i) the total distance for the whole journey
• Object moves: …………………………………….:
d) Object moves with constant deceleration

(ii) the total displacement for the whole journey.

• Gradient of the graph: …………………………….. Activity 3:

Aim: Interpreting and Sketching Graph
• State the motion of the object.
1. complete the table below to show
……………………………………………………………… interpretation the type of motion from graphs.
Graph Displacement Velocity- Acceleration-
3. Determine distance, displacement, velocity time graph time graph time graph
and acceleration from a velocity-time graph
Zero
The following is the velocity-time graph of a car. velocity
Based on the graph,

Constant
velocity

Negative
constant
velocity

Constant
acceleration

(a) Calculate the acceleration of the carfor

(i) JK Constant
deceleration

(ii) KL

(iii) LM

30
 2. A displacement-time graph of an object Masa Sesaran pecutan
moving in linear motion.
0–6s

6 – 10 s

(a) Tentukan halaju pergerakan objek ini bagi Displacement after 10 s: ……………………
t:
(i) 0 – 6 s (ii) 6 – 12 s (iii) 12 – 20 s

(b) Intepret displacement-time graph to sketch a

velocity-time graph.

Displacement-time graph

2. Figure 2.26 shows the velocity-time graph

that is plotted based on the linear motion of a
car driven by Encik Kassim. He drives his car
at a speed of 30 m s–1 and applies the brakes
when he sees an obstruction on the road.
Interpret the velocity-time graph of the
motion of his car and sketch Acceleration-time Graph
(a) displacement-time graph
(b) acceleration-time graph

31
Exercise 1 (a) displacement against time
1. Diagram below shows the displacement-time (b) acceleration against time
graph for the motion of a runner who is Time displacement acceleration
running along a straight line.
0 – 10 s

10 – 30 s

30 – 50 s
2.
Calculate:
(a) Velocity of AB and BC Displacement after 30 s = ……………………………

(b) Total Displacement Displacement after 50 s = ……………………………

Displacement-time Graph

2. Diagram below shows a velocity-time graph

for a toy car.

Calculate:
(a) Acceleration of OA and BC

(b) Total displacement

Acceleration-time Graph
(c) Average velocity

3. Figure 2.31 shows the velocity-time graph of

the linear motion of a car. Interpret the
velocity-time graph and sketch a graph of:

32
4. Based on Figure 2.35, describe the motion of 6. A car is driven from rest and accelerated at 4
the object from O to D. m s–2 for 8 s along a straight road. The car is
driven at the constant velocity for 20 s and
then its brakes are applied. The car reduces
its velocity at the rate of 2 m s–2 till it stops.
Sketch a graph of:
(a) acceleration against time
(b) velocity against time
(c) displacement against time

(i) OA: .........................................................................

(ii) AB : ........................................................................

(iii) BC: ........................................................................

(iv) CD : .......................................................................
TUTORIAL 2.2
5. Figure 2.36 shows Rokiah taking 3 minutes to
walk to the sundry shop located 400 m to the The following graphs show a displacement – time
right of her house. After 1 minute, she buys graph.
an ice cream and walks to the playground
located 300 m from the sundry shop in 2
minutes. She sits and rests on a bench near
the playground for 2 minutes. Then, using a
shortcut to return to her house, Rokiah
reaches her house in 2 minutes.

1. Which graph corresponds to a body at rest?

2. Which graph corresponds to a body moving
with a constant velocity?
3. Which graph corresponds to a body moving
with a constant acceleration?

The following graphs are velocity–time graph.

(a) What is the average velocity of the motion of

Rokiah from
(i) house to the sundry shop?

(ii) sundry shop to the playground?

(iii) playground to the house? 4. Which graph corresponds to a body moving

with constant velocity?
5. Which graph corresponds to a body moving
(b) Calculate Rokiah’s average speed. with constant deceleration?

33
6. The graph shows how the displacement, s of 8. The acceleration-time graph below shows the
an object changes with time, t. movement of an object.

Which velocity-time graph represents the

same motion as the object?
Which velocity-time graph represents the
movement of the object?

7. The following figure shows the velocity, v

against time, t

9. Diagram 2 shows the velocity-time graph of

an object.

Which of the following graphs is its

corresponding acceleration, a against time ,
t graph?
Which acceleration-time graph represents the
same motion as the object? (2008)

34
10. Based on the velocity –time graph below 13. Diagram 2 shows a velocity-time graph for a
calculate the deceleration. motion of an object.

A 60 ms-2
B 30 ms-2
C 2.5 ms-2 What is the total distance travelled by the
D 1.25 ms-2 object in 8 s? (2009)
A. 16 m B 24 m C 32 m D 64 m
11. Based on the velocity –time graph above,
what is the total displacement.,
14. Diagram 8 shows a velocity-time graph for
a motion of a toy car.

A 0m B 5m C 10 m D 20 m

12. Diagram below is a velocity-time graph

showing the motion of an object.

What is the displacement of the car in 6 s?

(2011)
A. 0 m B. 30 m C 45 m D 75 m

PAPER 2, SECTION A
1. SPM 2015, Question 7
Which of the following describes the motion A student is running a 200 m event. Diagram 7
of the object? (2007) shows the distance-time graph to illustrate his
OJ JK running.
A Uniform Decreasing
acceleration acceleration
B Increasing Decreasing
acceleration acceleration
C Increasing Uniform
acceleration acceleration
D Uniform Uniform
acceleration deceleration

35
(a) Tick (√) the correct answer in the box
provided.
2.3
Distance is a
……… Scalar quantitiy
……… Vector quantity
[1 mark] Learning Standard
(b) (i) Based on Diagram 7, calculate the speed 2.3.1 Explain with examples free fall motion and
of the student at section AB. gravitational acceleration
[2 marks] 2.3.2 Experiment to determine the value of
gravitational acceleration.
2.3.3 Solve problems involving the Earth’s
(ii) Compare the speed of the student at OA gravitational acceleration for objects in free
and AB. fall.
**********************************************************
…………………………………………………………… Free Fall Moion and Gravitational Acceleration
[1 mark] Sir Isaac Newton saw an apple
(c) Based on the following aspect, give fall on his head. He said all
suggestions on how the running time for 200 objects are pulled by a force
m event can be shortened. which causes them to fall to the
surface of the earth.
(i) The student’s attire:
An object experiences free fall
……………………………………………………... if the motion of the object is
Reason: affected only by gravitational
force. This implies a free falling object does not
……………………………………………………... experience the action of other forces such as air
[2 marks] resistance or friction.
(ii) The student’s shoe:
Free Fall
………………………………………………..
Reason;

………………………………………………..
[2 marks]

(iii) The equipment used at the starting line.

………………………………………………… The pull of gravity caused an object to fall with

Reason: gravitational acceleration.
………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

Activiti 1:
Aim: To investigate the motion of falling objects

1. Diagram on the right

shows a stroboscopic
photograph of a free
falling ball and its
velocity versus time
graph.

(a) Observe the photo.

Describe the velocity of
the ball.

………………………………………………………………

36
(b) What can we deduce from the gradient of the Repeat with a golf ball and a piece of paper which
v – t graph? is crumpled.
(c) Which object reaches the floor first?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(c) Describe the motion of the ball.
(d) Explain why
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. Hold two stones with
different sizes at the ……………………………………………………………
same height and then
drop both stone 4. A coin and a feather are released from the
simultaneously from same height simultaneously in the laboratory.
the same height.

(a) Describe how the

velocity changes.

……………………………………………………………… Coin

(b) Compare the time taken for the stones to Observation:

reach the floor.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
State and label two forces acted on the coin and
(c) Is the acceleration of the stones influenced feather.
by their masses?
Explanation:
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
Galileo performed the
experiment in the ………………………………………………………………
Leaning Tower of
Pisa. He found that ………………………………………………………………
the two iron balls fell
down at the same The same coin and feather are
time. put into a vacuum tube and
then dropped simultaneously
from the same height

Observation:

………………………………………

Explanation:

………………………………………………………………

Golf ball paper golf ball crumpled paper ………………………………………………………………

3. Hold a golf ball and a piece of paper at the ………………………………………………………………

same height and drop them simultaneously
(a) Which object reaches the floor first? In daily life, why we see that heavy objects fall
and reach the ground faster than light objects.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain why.
In what condition objects of different masses fall
……………………………………………………………… with the same acceleration?

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………

37
Exsperiment 2.1: Discussion:
1. What is the type of motion of the objects as
Aim: …………………………………………………. they fall under the pull of gravity?

Apparatus:……………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… 2. Compare the value of acceleration due to

gravity from this activity with actual value.
……………………………………………………………… Give possible reasons for any difference in
these two values.
Arrangement of apparatus
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

3. The value of gravitational acceleration, g

changes from one place to another. For
example, the value of at the equator is 9.78 m
s–2 while the value of at the Earth’s poles is
9.83 m s–2. Why?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

Prosedur:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… Solving Problems Related to Free Falling Objects

………………………………………………………………
For an object falling with acceleration g, the
following equations apply:
……………………………………………………………… 1. v = u + at
2. s = ut + ½ at2
………………………………………………………………
3. v2 = u2 + 2as
……………………………………………………………… s = displacement
u = initial velocity
Result
v = final velocity
Analyze the tape to determine the value of the t = time
acceleration due to gravity, g. Show how you a = acceleration due to gravity, g
calculate g form the tape
Notes:
1. An object fall: a = g = 10 ms-2 (acceleration)
2. An object is thrown upwards a = - g = - 10 ms-2.
(deceleration)
3. At the highest point, v = 0
4. Downward direction, v is positive
5. Upward direction, v is negative

38
Exercise 1
Assume g = 10 m s-2 and there is no air resistance 5. An object of mass 5 kg is released from a tall
building of height 500 m. What is the time
1. A rock falls from a height of 45 m. taken to reach the ground?
(a) How long does it take to reach the ground?
(b) What is its velocity as it hits the ground?

2. Amir releases a stone into a well. If the

distance between the top of the well and the
water surface is 20 m,
(a) what is the time required for the stone to 6. Sketch the following graph for an object that
reach the surface of the water? is falling freely
(b) What is the velocity of the stone when it
strikes the surface of the water?

3. Amirah threw a ball vertically upwards with an TUTORIAL 2.3:

initial velocity of 10 m s–1. Calculate the:
(a) time for the ball to achieve maximum 1 The diagram shows a
height coconut falling from the tree.
(b) maximum height that can be reached by Which of the following
the ball acceleration–time graphs
Ignore air resistance. [g = 9.81 m s–2] represents the motion of the
coconut?

4. A ball is thrown upwards from the ground with

a velocity of 30 m/s. After how many seconds
will it strike the ground again?

39
2 Two objects P and Q are dropped 5 The diagram below shows two metal
simultaneously from two different heights. spheres, P and Q.

Which of the following statements is true

when P and Q are in free fall?
A. The velocities of P and Q are the same
B. The accelerations of P and Q are the
same
Which velocity-time graph represents the C. The momentum of P and Q are the same
motion of P and Q? The gravitational forces acting on P and
on Q are the same

6 A brick falls from a height of 10 m. Calculate

the time taken for the brick to reach the
ground.
A. 0.5 s C. 1.0 s
B. 0.7 s D. 1.4 s

7 Diagram 3 shows two trolleys of different

masses.

3 The diagram shows a

coin, marble and dried
leaf being released at What is the same physics quantity for both
the same time in a trolleys? (2008)
vacuum cylinder. Which A. Potential energy
observation is correct? B. Time taken to hit the floor
A. All three objects C. Kinetic energy
float in the cylinder D. Momentum
B. All three objects
reach the base at 8 Diagram 5 shows a stroboscopic
the same time photograph of a ball dropped from
C. The marble reaches the base earlier than a height.
the coin Which physics quantity remains
D. The coin and the marble reach the base constant as the ball falls?
earlier than the dried leaf A. Velocity
B. Momentum
4 The diagram shows a brick falling from a C. Acceleration
table. D. Kinetic energy

9 Diagram shows a
coconut falling from a
tree.
Which graph shows the
relationship between
the gravitational force,
What physical quantity of the brick is F, acting on the coconut
constant while it is falling? and the mass, m, of the
A. Potential energy coconut?
B. Kinetic energy
C. Acceleration
D. Velocity

40
 (ii) What is the value of the quantity and its unit?

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(iii) State how the mass of a ball affect the valued
of the physical quantity stated in (c)(i).

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) A ball is thrown vertically upwards at a
certain velocity.
(i) What happens to the motion of the ball as it
moves upwards?

………………………………………………………………
10. Diagram 7 shows a feather and a stone falling [1 mark]
freely in a vacuum. (ii) Give one reasons for your answer.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

2. Abu released a stone from a cliff of 10 m

height. Determine
(a) the time taken for the stone to reach the
Which statement is correct about the bottom of the cliff
motion? (b) the velocity of the stone just before it
A. The feather and the stone fall with touches the ground
constant velocity. Ignore air resistance. [g = 9.81 m s–2]
B. The feather and the stone have the
same kinetic energy
C. The feather and the stone reach the
ground at the same time
D. The gravitational force acting on the
feather and the stone are the same.

1.Question 6 (SPM 2003) 3. An object thrown vertically upwards reached

Figure 17 is a stroboscopic a maximum height of 5.0 m. Calculate:
photograph shows two steel balls in (a) the velocity of the object when thrown
a state of free-fall. Both balls are (b) the time taken for the object to reach its
dropped simultaneously from the maximum height
same height.. (c) the time required for the object to return
(a) Observe the photograph and to its original level
state two similaritis between Ignore air resistance. [g = 9.81 m s–2]
the position of the balls

……………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….
[2 m]

(b) Name one physical quantity which causes the

balls to fall. 4. A tennis ball that is released falls vertically
from a building of height 50 m. Calculate:
………………………………………………………….. (a) the time taken for the ball to reach the
[1 m] base of the building
(i) Based on the positions of the free-falling (b) the velocity of the ball just before hitting
balls, there is a physical quantity that is the base of the building
constant. Name the quantity. (c) the vertical distance passed at the third
second
……………………………………………………………… Ignore air resistance. [g = 9.81 m s–2]

41
 2.4

Learning Standard What happens to the coin?

2.4.1 Explain with examples the concept of inertia
2.4.2 Experiment to find the relationship between ……………………………………………………………..
inertia and mass
2.4.3 Justify the effects of inertia in daily life Explain the observation above.
************************************************************
When we stood in a bus which starts suddenly ………………………………………………………………
from rest, we are likely to fall backward. If the
moving bus stop suddenly, we are likely to fall 2. Place a glass of water on piece of A4 paper.
forward. What cause this two situation to occur?

(a)Situation when a bus (b) situation when a bus

Starts suddenly from rest stop suddenly
What will happen to the glass of water if you
The two situations above show that our body has suddenly pull the paper horizontally.
an inbuilt resistance to any change in its state of
rest or motion. This reluctance to change is ......................................................................................
called inertia.
Explain your observation.
What is inertia?
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

3. Place a block of wood on top of a trolley. Let

the trolley moves down the runway. Stop the
Newton’s first law: motion of the trolley with a book.

Observe what happens to the wooden block.

………………………………………………………………
Activity 1:
Aim: To do activities involving inertia Explain your observation.

1. Place a cardboard on top of a glass and put a ………………………………………………………………

coin. Flick the card horizontally with your
finger. ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

42
4. Use a hammer to pulled out a wooden block
from its central location. (c) Let the two cans swing.
(i) Which can is easier to stop?

………………………………………………….

(ii) Which can has higher inertia?

……………………………………………………
(iii) State the relationship between inertia and
What happen to the other wooden blocks mass.
ontop of the block which is pulled out.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(iv) What is the physics quantity which
Explain your observation. describe inertia?
……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………… Activity 3:
Aim: To explain situation related to inertia
………………………………………………………………
1. Passengers in a bus will lurch backwards
Activity 2: when a stationary bus starts to move with
Aim: To relate mass to inertia forward acceleration. Why?

1(a) Which one is easier to move, a lighter trolley

(diagram a) or a heavier trolley (diagram b)?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(b) Which trolley has greater inertia? Expain
your answer.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………
2. Passengers in a moving bus lurch forward
2. (a) Hang two cans to a ceiling. when the bus comes to a halt suddenly.
Why?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
(b) Push each can. Which can is easier to
………………………………………………………………
move?
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...

43
3. Why the tomato sauce can be easily poured 7. Explain why the
out if the bottle is moved down fast with a massive oil tanker
sudden stop? takes a long time and a
few kilometers to come
……………………………………… …… to a stop.

…………………………………………… ...............................................

…………………………………………… …………………………………

……………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
4. You can securely tight the head of hammer by
knocking it handle on a hard surface. Explain
by using the concept of inertia. Activity 4:
Aim: Explain ways to reduce the negative effects
………………………………………………. of inertia

………………………………………………. Ways to reduce explanation

Safety in a car:
………………………………………………. Seat belt

……………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………

5. If your are chased by a cow, how you will

run? Why?

…………………………………………….

……………………………………………

……………………………………………
Safety in a car:
……………………………………………. ‘Headrest”

…………………………………………….

6. Wet umbrella can be dried by moving it very

fast and then stop suddenly. Explain.

Safety in a car:
Air bag

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

44
 Furniture carried by a lorry
normally is tighted up Prosedur:
together by string. Method of controlling manipulated variable:

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

The oil tank of an oil …………………………………………………………….

tanker lorry is usually
divided into a few smaller Method of measuring responding variable:
compartments
……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

Exsperiment 2.2 (text book pg 53) Method of repeating:

Inference: ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

Hyphothesis: …………………………………………… Tabulate all data for value m,t, T dan T2.

……………………………………………………………… Mass of Time for 10

plasticine complete T/s T2/s2
Aim: ………………………………………………….…… m/g oscillation, t/s
t1 t2 taverage
……………………………………………………………… 20.0

Manipulated Variable: …………………….…………… 30.0

Responding Variable: …………………………….…… 40.0

Constant variable: ……..………………………………. 50.0
Apparatus: ………………………………………………. 60.0
………………………………………………………………
Plot graph T2 against m.
Material: …………………………………………………..
Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………..
Arrangement of apparatus:
……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

Langkah berjaga-jaga:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

45
46
TUTORIAL 2.4
1. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Inertia is the gravity pull on the mass.
B. Inertia is the acceleration of body which
moves linearly
C. Inertia is a property of a body that resists a
change in the state of rest or motion of the
body.
2. A student did an experiment as shown with
sand. Which of the following showed the
correct observation?
6. The diagram shows a pillion rider moving
backwards when the motorcycle
accelerates.

A. It was difficult to start Q moving but easy to

stop it moving. 7.
The backwards movement of the
B. It was easy to start P moving but difficult to
pillion rider can be explained by (2005)
stop P moving
A. the concept of inertia
C. It was difficult to start Q moving and to
B. the concept of equilibrium of forces
stop it moving.
C. principle of conservation of momentum
D. It was difficult to start P moving and to stop
D. principle of conservation of energy.
it moving.
8. Diagram shows the position of a plate
3. A body stays stationary, or continue to
before and after the table cloth is snatched
move with a uniform velocity, unless there
away.
is an external force that changes its state
of motion. Which law is explained by the
above statement? (2009)
A. Newton’s first law of motion
B. Newton’s second law of motion
C. Newton’s third law of motion

4. What should he do to leave the merry-go-

The plate remains stationary due to ……
round in order not to fall down?
A. inertia
B. impulse
C. momentum
D. linear motion

9. Which phenomenon shows the effect of

inertia?

When he lands on the ground,

A. he should bend his legs.
B. he should keep moving a few steps
forwards.
C. he should keep moving a few step
backward.
D. he should quickly stop moving.

5. Which vehicle has the largest inertia?

47
10. Two identical blocks, R and S, placed on
trolleys P and Q respectively.

What happens to the wooden blocks R and S

when trolley P collides with the stationary
trolley Q? (2010)

R S
A Pushed to the right Pushed to the right
B Pushed to the right Pushed to the left
C Pushed to the left Pushed to the left
D Pushed to the left Pushed to the right

11. Two student are skating towards P.

What will happen to the girl when the boy

releases her hand? (2005)
A. Stays stationary
B. Moves towards P
C. Moves towards Q

48
 2. To compare the effect of stopping 2 objects of
different masses moving at the same speed.
2.5

Learning Standard
2.5.1 Explain momentum, p as the product of
mass, m and velocity,v. p = mv
2.5.2 Apply the Principle of Conservation of
Momentum in collision and explosion
********************************************************
(a) Which ball has a greater mass? ……………..

(b) Which ball falls and makes a deeper cavity on

the surface of plasticine?

………………………………………………………….

(c) Which golf ball has a bigger effect of

stopping?
A softball player must wear a glove to catch a
hard and fast moving softball. A slow moving ………………………………………………………….
softball is much easier to catch. Why?
A big cargo tanker is difficult to stop than a car Conclusion
moving with same speed. Why? State how the effect of stopping objects in motion
depends on the mass and velocity of the object.
Activity 1
Aim: To study how the mass and velocity of an ………………………………………………………………
object influence the effect of stopping the object
………………………………………………………………
1. To compare the effect of stopping 2 objects of
the same mass moving at different speeds. Relate the effect of stopping object with
momentum.

………………………………………………………………

Define momentum

Example 1
In a football game a player of mass 70 kg is
(a) Which golf ball hit the plasticine at a higher moving with velocity of 4 ms-1 and the other
speed? player of mass 75 kg is moving with 3 ms-1
towards each other. Calculate the momentum of
…………………………………………………………. both players.

(b) Compare the depths of the cavities made on

the surface of plasticine by the falling golf ball.

………………………………………………………….

(c) Which golf ball has a bigger effect of

stopping?

…………………………………………………………

49
Example 2 Situation 3
Granny (m = 80 kg) Flick a 20-
whizzes around the rink cent coin A,
with a velocity of 6 ms-1, directly to
She suddenly collide with 20-cent
her grandson, Boy (m = 40 coins B and
kg) who is at rest directly C.
in her path. Calculate the (a) Describe the motion of all coins after collision.
momentum of granny and Boy.
Coin A

Coin B

Coin C

State the principle of conservation of momentum (b) What happens to the momentum of coin A after
collision?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
Aktiviti 2 / Activity 2:
Tujuan: Mengkaji situasi melibatkan prinsip Situation 4
A steel ball, A is pulled
and then released.
Activity 2: (a) What happens
Aim: To study situations involving principle of after the steel ball
conservation of momentum A hits the steel ball
B?
Situation 1
Diagram shows two ………………………………………………………………
brothers are skating.
The elder brother moves ………………………………………………………………
and collides with his
younger brother who is (b) Is the momentum conserved? …………………
at rest. What is their
movement after the (c) Predict what will happen if two balls A and B
collision? are pulled and then released.
The speed of the elder
brother ________________ ………………………………………………………………
The speed of the younger brother _____________
Momentum of the elder brother _______________ ………………………………………………………………
Momentum of the younger brother _____________
Elastic Collision
Situasi 2 / Situation 2
Flick a 20-cent
coin, A, directly
to another 20-
cent coin, B.

(a) What
happens to
the motion of both coins after collision?
Motion of both objects
……………………………………………………………… after collision
Is the momentum
(b) What happens to the momentum of coin A conserved?
after collision? Is the energy conserved?

……………………………………………………………… Is the kinetic energy

conserved?
………………………………………………………………
50
 Situation 2
Apparatus: 2 trolleys, 2 wooden blocks, hammer
and meter ruler

Write equation:

• Stick two trolleys A and B with same mass

together.
• Hit the vertical rod on the trolley so the spring
Inelastic Collision rod will extend and push the two trolleys away
from each other.
• Adjust the position of the wooden blocks so
that the two trolleys hit them at the same time.
• Measure the distance d1 and d2 respectively
which are travelled by trolley A and trolley B at
the same interval of time.

(i) Describe the motion of the two trolleys

Motion of both objects before and after explosion.
after collision
………………………………………………………………
Is the momentum
conserved? ………………………………………………………………
Is the energy conserved?
………………………………………………………………
Is the kinetic energy
conserved? (ii) before explosion:
• momentum troli A : ………………
• momentum troli B : ………………
• Total momentum trolley A + trolley B
= ……

(iii) Compare the distance d1 and d2.

Write equation
………………………………………………………………

(iv) State the relationship between the distance

travelled by the trolley and the trolley’s
velocity.
Activity 3:
Aim: To study the principle of conservation of ………………………………………………………………
momentum for explosion
(v) Based on the answer in (d), compare the
Situation 1 velocity of trolley A and trolley B after
Blow a balloon. Then, release explosion.
the balloon.
(a) What happens to the air ………………………………………………………………
in the balloon?
(vi) Compare the momentum of trolley A and
…………………………………… trolley B after collision.

(b) Explain what happens to the balloon. ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… (vii) State the direction of:

• momentum troli A : …………………..
………………………………………………………………
• momentum troli B : …………………..
………………………………………………………………

51
(viii) State the total momentum of trolley A and 3. A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at 30 m/s
trolley B. collides with a car of mass 1000 kg which is
traveling in the opposite direction at 20 m/s.
……………………………………………………………… After the collision, the two vehicles move
together. What is the velocity of both vehicles
(ix) Compare the total momentum before and immediately after collision?
after explosion.

……………………………………………………………..

From the law of conservation of momentum:

Total Momentum = Total Momentum 4. A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5
Before collision after collision kg. If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it
reaches a velocity of 300 m/s after shooting,
write equation for explosion: what is the recoil velocity of t he pistol?

Exercise 1:
1. Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 ms-1
collides with a car B of mass 1200 kg moving
at 10 m s-1 in same direction. If the car B is
shunted forwards at 15 m s-1 by the impact,
what is the velocity, v, of the car A immediately
after the crash?

5. Imagine that you are hovering next to a space

shuttle in earth orbit and your buddy of equal
mass who is moving at 4 km/hr (with respect
to the ship) bumps into you. If she holds onto
you, how fast do you move (with respect to the
ship?

2. A 15 kg ball is thrown at a velocity of 20 km/hr

to a 60 kg person who is at rest on ice. The
person catches the ball and subsequently
slides with the ball across the ice. Determine
the velocity of the person and the ball after the
collision.

52
Activity 4: 4. In a swamp area, a fan boat is used.
Aim: To study the applications principle of
conservation of momentum

1. Rifles
Explain why a rifle
recoil backward
when it is fired.

…………………………

………………………… ………………………………………………………………
………………………… ………………………………………………………………
………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
2. Jet engine: 5. A squid propels
by expelling
How jet engine liquid at high
function? velocity.
……………………………

…………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… Activity 5
Aim: To build and launch a water rocket
……………………………………………………………… 1. Work in groups.
……………………………………………………………… 2. Gather information on the following:
(a) materials needed to build nd launch a water
……………………………………………………………… rocket
(b) ways o build a ater rocket
3. The launching of rocket (c) safety precautions to be taken
How a rocket 3. Discuss the required information and complete
engine funtions? the K-W-L Chart as a guide in the search
for information.

4. Design, build and launch your group’s water

rocket in your school field.

5. Prepare a report on how the Principle of

Conservation of Momentum is applied in the
……………………………………………………………… water rocket launching technology.
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

53
TUTORIAL 2.5
1 The SI unit of the momentum of an object is 7 The diagram shows two trolleys of the same
A. kg ms-2 mass before and after collision.
B. kg s-1m-1
C. kg m s-1
D. kg m-1s

2 Trolley A and trolley B are approaching each

other and collide.

Which statement is true?

A. Elastic collision occurs Which of the following statements is correct
B. Total momentum is conserved about momentum after collision?
C. Total kinetic energy is conserved Trolley A Trolley B
D. Both objects will move with different A Increases Increase
velocity after collision. B Increases Decreases
C Decreases Increases
3 A bullet of mass 10 g strikes horizontally at a D No change No change
target of mass 2 kg and is embedded into it.
The two objects then move together with
velocity 4 ms-1. What is the velocity of the bullet 8 P, Q, dan R adalah tiga bandul yang serupa. P
just before collision? mempunyai halaju u sebaik sebelum berlanggar
A. 404 ms-1 dengan Q.
B. 804 ms-1 P, Q, and R are three similar pendulums. P has a
C. 1020 ms-1 velocity of u just before it collides with Q.
D. 1440 ms-1

4 A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a gun of mass

490 g. The bullet leaves the gun with a speed of
120 ms-1. Find the speed of recoil of the gun.
A. 2.4 ms-1 B. 4.8 ms-1
-1
C. 6.4 ms D. 7.4 ms-1

5 Two identical balls, P and Q, moving towards Predict what would happen after collision .
each other with a velocity of v and 2v A. P and Q do not move while R moves with a
respectively. The collision between the two velocity of u.
balls is an elastic collision. B. P, Q and R move together with a velocity of
1/3 u .
C. P stops and both Q and R move with a
velocity of ½ u.
D. P moves backwards with a velocity of u, Q
and R move together with a velocity of ½ u .

9 The picture below shows firemen holding a hose

Which statement is correct about the elastic
spraying out water.
collision? (2008)
A. The momentum of ball P before the
collision is equal to the momentum of ball
Q before collision
B. The total momentum before the collision is
equal to the total momentum after the
collision
C. The kinetic energy of ball P before the Several firemen are needed to hold the hose
collision is equal to the kinetic energy of A. to support the weight of the hose.
ball Q before the collision B. to increase the mass of water coming out
D. The total kinetic energy before the collision C. to increase the speed of the water in the
is not equal to the total kinetic energy after forward direction.
the collision D to reduce the large recoil effect
54
 10 The diagram shows a velocity-time graph for the A Moves Stationary Stationary
motion of an object. B Stationary Stationary Moves
C Moves Moves Stationary
D Moves Stationary Moves

14. Diagram 3 shows two trolleys before and

after collision.

The momentum of the object is constant from

A. 0 s to 3 s C. 3 s to 6 s
B. 6 s to 8 s D. 0 s to 8 s

11 Diagram below shows two trolleys, P and Q, on

a frictionless plane. Trolley P moves and
collides with the stationary trolley Q. (2008) What is the velocity of both trolleys after
collsion?
A. 0.60 m/s
B. 0.83 m/s
C. 1.20 m/s
D. 2.00 m/s

1. Question 2 (SPM 2004)

Diagram 1 shows a man standing on a stationary
Which of the following statements is true? boat. He then jumps out of the boat onto the jetty.
A. The collision is an elastic collision. The boat moves away from the jetty as he jumps.
B. Both trolleys do not undergo changes in
momentum
C. The total momentum before and after
collision is the same
D. The total kinetic energy before and after the
collision is conserved.

12. In which situation can the principle of

conservation of momentum be applied?

(a) State the physics principle that is involved in

the movement of the boat as the man jumps
onto the jetty.

………………………………………………………………

(b) Explain why the boat moves away from the

jetty when the man jumps.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at
a velocity of 2 ms-1. The mass of the boat is
13. Diagram 3 shows identical coins P, Q and R, 20 kg. Calculate the velocity of the boat as
at rest on a horizontal surface. the man jumps. .
[2 marks]

(d) Name one application of the physics principle

What will happen when P collides with Q? stated in (a) in an exploration of outer space..

P Q R ………………………………………………………………
[1 m]
55
 2. SPM 2012 (Question 5)
Diagram 5 shows the motion of a bowling ball and
a bowling pin before and after the collision.

Table 5 shows the momentum of the bowling ball

and the bowling pin before and after the collision.

Momentum before Momentum after

collision collision
(kg ms-1) (kg ms-1)
Bowling Bowling Bowling Bowling
Ball Pin Ball Pin
2.5 0.0 0.4 2.1

(a) What is the meaning of momentum?

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Based on Diagram 5 and Table 5,
determine the total momentum of the
bowling ball and the bowling pin.
(i) Before the collision [1 mark]

(ii) After the collision [1 mark]

(c) Compare the answers in 5(b)(i) and

5(b)(ii).

…………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(d)(i) Based on the answers in 5(b) and 5(c),state a

conclusion about the total momentum.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Name the physics principle involved in (d)(i).

………………………………………………………………

(ii) State one conditions needed in order to

apply the physics principle stated in 5(d)(ii).

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(e) The total kinetic energy of the bowling ball
and the bowling pin after the collision
decreases. What type of collision is this?

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
56
 State the relationship between jisim,m and
acceleration, a?
2.6
………………………………………………………………

Complete the graph below:

Learning Standard
2.6.1 Define force as the rate of change of
momentum
2.6.2 Solve problems involving F = ma
*************************************************************

We use forces in our daily activities. Forces can

make things move; slow down or stopped a
moving object; change direction of moving
object; change shape of an object and resist other The relationship between force, F, mass, m and
forces. acceleration, a is given:

F α ma
F α m (v – u) Change of = mv - mu
t Momentum
F α (mv – mu)
t Rate of change = (mv – mu)
Of Momentum t

State Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Diagram (a) shows a force, F acts on an object of

mass m. What happens to the object? Write an equation for Newton’s Second law of
motion if F = force, m = mass and a = acceleration.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

Exercise 2:
1. Calculate the acceleration of the block:

What happens if the force acting on the same

mass is doubled as shown in Diagram (b)?

……………………………………………………………..

State the relationship between force, F and

acceleration, a?

………………………………………………………………

What happens if the same force, F acts on mass

of 2m as shown in Diagram (c)?

………………………………………………………………

57
2. A man pushes a trolley with 5 kg box on a 2. The ticker timer is switched on and the trolley
smooth surface. If he uses a force of 30 N to is pulled by a weight of force, F = 10.0 N.
move the trolley, what is the magnitude and 3. From the ticker tape obtained, the acceleration
direction of the acceleration of the trolley? of the trolley is calculated by using the formula
a = (v – u)/t.
4. Experiment is repeated by adding slotted
weights to pull the trolley so that F = 20.0 N,
and 30.0 N.

Force , F/N Acceleration, a / cms-2

10.0

20.0

3. An object of mass 2 kg is pulled on the floor 30.0

by a force of 5 N and having a constant
velocity.
(a) What is the frictional force between the Draw acceleration against force graph on a graph
object and the floor. paper.
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the object if
the object is pulled by a 17 N force. State the relationship between force and
acceleration.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

4. A bus of mass 2 000 kg travels with a uniform

velocity 40 ms-1 for a distance 2500 m before it B. To investigate the relationship between mass
comes to rest. Calculate and acceleration at a constant force
(a) the average deceleration of the bus
(b) the average force applied by the brakes 1. A trolley of mass 1.0 kg is placed on the
to bring the bus to a standstill runway. A length of ticker tape is attached to
the trolley.
2. The ticker timer is switched on and the trolley
is pulled by a weight of force, F = 10.0 N.
3. From the ticker tape obtained, the acceleration
of the trolley is calculated by using the formula
Activity 1: a = (v – u)/t.
Aim: To investigate the relationship between force 4. Experiment is repeated by adding trolleys so
and acceleration and the relationship between that mass of trolley m = 2 kg, and 3 kg,
mass and acceleration
mass m/kg Acceleration a/ cms-2
Apparatus: Ticker timer, alternating current power
supply, runway, three trolleys, smoothe pulley
Materials: Ticker tape, cellophane tape, inelastic
string, slotted mass of 100 g.

Draw acceleration against mass graph on a graph

paper.
A. To investigate the relationship between force State the relationship between mass and
and acceleration with a fixed mass acceleration.

1. A trolley of mass 1.0 kg is placed on the ………………………………………………………………

frictional compesanate runway. A length of
ticker tape is attached to the trolley. ………………………………………………………………
58
TUTORIAL 2.6: What is the force exerted by the engine of the
1 A cyclist cycles his bicycle with a force of 120 N. car?
A. 900 N
B. 1 100 N
C. 2 000 N
D. 2 900 N

5 F1 , F2 and F3 are forces with the same magnitude

acting on a wooden block. Which diagram shows
the maximum resultant force acting on the
wooden block? (2008)

If the total mass of the bicycle and cyclist is 80 kg,

the acceleration is
A 0.67 m s -2
B 0.80 m s -2
C 1.25 m s -2
D 1.50 m s -2

2 Which of the following systems will produce

maximum acceleration?
6 Diagram 5 shows a toy car of mass 4 kg. The car
is pushed forward by a force of 10 N. The
frictional force between the toy car and the floor
is 2 N.

What is the acceleration of the toy car? (2010)

A. 20 ms-2
B. 12 ms-2
C. 5 ms-2
D. 2 ms-2

3 The diagram shows an Formula-1 racing car. 1. SPM 2014

Diagram 4.1 shows a 50 kg box is pushed by a
man with a force of 300 N. The box moved with a
constant velocity.

Why does the car’s design engineer use light

composite materials for making the body of the
car although its engine is powerful ?
A. Acceleration increases if mass decreases.
B. A small mass produces a large force.
C. A large force produces a large inertia.
D. Composite material of small mass reduces
cost.
(a) What is the meaning of force? [1 mark]
4 Diagram 4 shows a car with a mass of 1000 kg
moving with an acceleration of 2 ms-2. There is a ……………………………………………………………..
frictional force of 900 N acting on the car.
……………………………………………………………..

(b) (i) What is the frictional force acting on the

box?

……………………………………………………[1 mark]

59
 (i) Sketch a displacement-time graph motion (b) Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.
of the box in Diagram 4.2.
(i) Compare the forces applied by the cyclists
that cause the bicycle to move forward.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the time taken to travel the same
distance.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) The pushing force of the box is increased to (iii) Based on the answer in 5(b)(ii), compare
350 N. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle.
(i) The resultant force acting on the box.
[2 marks] ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) The acceleration of the box [2 marks] (iv) Relate the forces applied by the cyclists to
the acceleration of the bicycle.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) Name the physics law involved in 5(b)(iv).

2. SPM 2016:
Diagram 5.1 shows two cyclists cycling the ………………………………………………………………
bicycle and reached the distance shown in 3 [1 mark]
seconds. Diagram 5.2 shows only one of the
cyclists cycling the bicycle and reached the same (d) (i) What happen to the acceleration of bicycle
distance in 7 seconds. in Diagram 5.1 when both cyclists bend
their bodies forward?

………………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark]

(ii) Give one reason for your answer in 5(d)(i).

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(a) Name the force which acted between the

bicycle tyre and the road.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

60
 2.7

5. State the Newton’s Thrid law of Motion.

Learning Standard
2.7.1 Communicate to explain impulse and
impulsive force
2.7.2 Solve problems involving impulse and
impulsive force

6. State two physics quantities which can

produce larger change of momentum or
impulse

………………………………………………………………
In an accident, the force which acted can cause
severe damage and injuries. The strong force
acted in a short time interval is known as 7. Explain why the football
impulsive force. player throws the ball as
shown in the diagram.
Exercise 1:
Given: F = impulsive force …………………………………
m = mass t = time
u = initial velocity v = final velocity ………………………………….

1. From equation F = ma, derive an equation for …………………………………..

impulsive force.

8. A boy is riding a
skateboard. His
right foot pushes
the concrete floor
with a strong
2. What is the meaning of impulsive force? pushing force and
long action time to
…………………………………………………………….. push the
skateboard forward. Why?
……………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………
3. From equation which is derived in question 1,
derived an equation for change of momentum. ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

9. State the relationship between impulsive

force and time of impact. (change of
momentum is constant)
4. What is the meaning of impulse?
.....................................................................................

time Impulsive force

high/low
Longer period of time

Shorter period of time

61
2.(a) Hit a table slowy with A baseball player
your hand. Is must catch the
impulsive force act ball in the
on your hand big or direction of the
small? motion of the Short time long time
ball.
………………………………..

(b) Hit the table harder. Describe what happens

to your hand in terms of impulsive force.

………………………………………………………………

(c) Hit the table faster. Describe what happens Crumple zone of
to the impulsive force on your hand. a car

………………………………………………………………

Air bag

impulsive force needs to be reduced

Situations Explanation
A high jumper
lands on the
thick mattress.

Items that are fragile, such as eggs, glass and

electrical appliances must be packed in
materials that are soft and compressible. Why?

Goal keepers will

wear gloves to
catch a ball.

A long jumper
will bend his
legs upon
landing.

62
 An impulsive force is beneficial Exercsise 1:
Situations Explanation 1. A golfer hits a golf ball of mass 50 g at a
velocity of 50 m s–1. If the impact time is 0.005
A karate expert s, what is the impulsive force acting on the
can break a thick golf ball?
wooden slab with
his bare hand that
moves at a very
fast speed.

2. Mokhtar Dahari kicks a ball with a force of 1500

N. The time of contact of his boot with the ball
is 0.01 s. What is the impulse delivered to the
A massive ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
hammer head the velocity of the ball?
moving at a fast
speed is brought
to rest upon
hitting the nail.

3. In a tennis match, a player hits an on-coming

ball with mass of 0.2 kg and velocity of 20 ms-1
The ball rebounds with a velocity of 40 m s-1.
The time taken in the collision between the ball
and the tennis racket is 0.01 s.

A football must
have enough air
pressure in it.

(a) What is the impulse experienced by the

ball?
(b) What is the impulsive force exerted on
the tennis ball?

4. Ali with mass of 60

kg jumps from the
first floor of a
burning house. His
A pestle moving velocity just before
at high velocity is landing on the
stopped by a hard ground is 6 ms-1.
mortar in a short
interval of time. (a) Calculate the
impulse when his
legs hit the ground.

(b) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s

legs if he bends upon landing and takes 0.5 s
to stop?

63
(c) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s A. To lengthen the time of impact of his
legs if he does not bend and stops in 0.05 s? feet with the ground.
B. To shorten the time impact of his feet
with the ground
C. To lengthen the time of falling to the
ground

(d) What is the advantage of bending his legs 5 A box with a mass of 55 kg being dropped
upon landing? from a helicopter. At the moment before
touching the ground, the velocity of the
……………………………………………………………… box is 12 ms-1. The box stops 2 seconds
after touching the ground.

TUTORIAL 2.7:
1 A softball player
moves his hand
backwards while
catching a fast-
moving ball.
This movement of
the hand is to
A. increase the
impulsive force What is the magnitude of the impulsive
B. increase the stopping time of the ball force acted on the box?
C. control the ball to stop it falling A. 660 N
B. 330 N
C. 122 N
2 Impulse is a vector quantity. It has unit N D. 110 N
s. Which of the following units also 6 Why are the front and rear sections of a
belongs to impulse? car designed to crumple easily? (2007)
A. kg ms-2 A. To increase impact time
B. kg ms-1 B. To decrease momentum
C. N s-1 C. To increase friction
D. N ms-1 D. To decrease impulse

3 An athlete performing the high jump. He 7. Diagram 5.1 and 5.2 show two methods of
lands on a mattress. What is the function catching a ball.
of the mattress? (2005)

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2

A. to reduce the collision time between Which of the following explains the
the athlete and the mattress. magnitude of the impulsive force on the
B. To reduce the change of momentum of hands when catching the ball? (2009)
the athlete when he hits the mattress. Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2
C. To reduce the impulsive force acting on A Small Small
the athlete when he hits the mattress. B Small Big
C Big Small
4 Diagram below D Big Big
shows a parachutist
landing with his legs
bent.

Why does the

parachutist bend his
legs?

64
 8. Diagram 4 shows a car. (a) Name the force involved during the impact.

............................................................................
[1 m]
(b) Give one reason why the egg cracked after
the impact.

............................................................................
[1 m]
(c) The mass of the egg is 0.05 kg. Calculate
Diagram 4 the momentum just before the impact.
The crumple zone is designed to ……(2010) [2 m]
A. Reduce the momentum
B. Increase the impulsive force
C. Lengthen the collision time
D. Turn the kinetic energy into gravitational (d) Give one suggestion how you would avoid
potential energy. the egg from cracking when dropped from
the same height.
9. Diagram 2 shows an athlete bending his legs
upon landing in a long jump event. ............................................................................
[1 m]

2. SPM 2018
Diagram 2 shows a sprinter pressing on a pair of
starting block to start running. Mass of the
sprinter is 60 kg.

The athlete bent his legs to reduce the

A. Impulse on his feet
B. Impulsive force on his feet
C. Velocity just before landing
D. Time of impact between his feet and the
sand.

PAPER 2 SECTION A1.

1. Question 2 (SPM 2009)
Diagram 16 shows an egg being dropped onto a (a) Mass is a ………… quantity.
wooden block. The egg cracks after an impact. [1 mark]
The velocity of the egg just before the impact is 5
ms-1. (b) Complete the following sentence by ticking
(√) the correct answer.

The starting block is used to

……….. decrease inertia

……….. increase the change of momentum

[1 mark]

(c) The sprinter exerting a force of 450 N on the

starting block for 400 ms. Calculate the
impulse of the sprinter.
[3 marks]

Diagram 16

65
 What is the meaning of gravitational field
strength?
2.8
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
Learning Standard
2.8.1 Describe weight as the gravitational force Write an equation for gravitational field strength,
that acts on an object, W = mg g.

………………………………………………………………
Introduction
A man lifting a What is the value and unit for g?
barbell. Earth’s
gravitational pull ………………………………………………………………
acting on the
barbell contributes State two meaning of g and its corresponding unit
to the weight of the
barbell. The weight 1. ………………………………………………………….
of the barbell makes
it difficult for the 2. ………………………………………………………….
man to lift it. The
barbell will drop to The value of the gravitational acceleration, g on
the ground with an the Moon is 1/6 the value of g on the Earth.
acceleration if the
man releases it.

Weight

Deep in On Moon’s On Earth’s

space surface surface
According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, Mass
100 kg
Acceleration of the barbell is Weight
gravitational acceleration, g.

1. Find the weight of the object. Assume that g =

10 N/kg.

Difference Between Weight and Mass

Weight Mass
Define

.
2. Two rocks below are falling near the Earth’s
Change / surface.
unchanged
Base or
derived
5 kg
quantity
Vector of
10 kg
scalar
Weight : Weight :
quantity
SI unit
Acceleration : Acceleration :

Gravitational Gravitational
field strength: field strength:
66
3. What is the weight of an object of mass 20 kg (b) An aircraft has a forward thrust of 1.0 x 106 N.
(a) on the surface of the earth? The mass of the aircraft is 4.0 x 105 kg.
Sebuah pesawat udara mempunyai tujah ke
depan 1.0 x 106 N. Jisim pesawat udara itu
adalah 4.0 x 105 kg.
(b) On the surface of the moon? (i) Calculate the acceleration of the air craft.
[2 marks]

(ii) The aircraft must reach a speed of 85 m s-1 to

4. A spacecraft moves from Earth to Mars, take off. Calculate the minimum length of
where the gravitational field strength near the runway needed for this air craft.
surface is 3.7 N/kg. The spacecraft is [3 marks]
carrying probe which has mass of 100 kg
when measured on Earth. (C) Diagram 11.2 shows the design and the
(a) What is the probe’s weight on Earth? specifications of four different jet engines, P,
Q, R and S. Study the specifications of all four
jet engines. Explain the suitability of each
design and its specifications. Determine the
(b) What is the probe’s mass in space? most suitable jet engine to be used in the air
craft. Give reasons for your choice.

(c) What is the probe’s mass on Mars?

(d) What is the probe’s weight on Mars?

PERFORMANCE TEST

1. SPM 2016
Diagram 11.1 shows the structure of a rocket. The
rocket works according to the principle of
conservation of momentum.

(a) (i) State the principle of conservation of

momentum. [1 mark]

(ii) Explain in terms of the principle of

conservation of momentum, how the
rocket is launched.

[4 marks]

67
2. An earth-monitoring satellite falls into the
earth’s atmosphere at a high velocity and
reaches a high temperature. This is caused by
the earth’s gravitational force and air
resistance.

Using the appropriate physics concepts,

suggest and explain suitable designs or ways
to protect the satellite and its equipment:
(i) Protect from extreme heat,
(ii) protect from breaking up on landing
[10 m]

3. Diagram 11.1 shows the speed limit and the

load limit of heavy vehicles such as buses and
lorries.

6. Diagram 9.3 shows a pole vaulter performing a

jump.
(a) What is meant by speed? [1 m]

(b) Using the concepts of momentum and

inertia, explain why the speed limit and
the load limit must be imposed on heavy
vehicles. [4 m]

(c) A tanker of mass 1 800 kg accelerates from

rest to a velocity of 45 km/hr in 10 s.
a. Calculate the acceleration of the tanker Diagram 3.3
Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the
b. Calculate the force acting on the tanker. use of suitable equipment and techniques to
[5 m] improve his performance. Your answer should
include the following aspects:
4. Diagram 11.2 shows four tankers P, Q, R and S, (i) Vaulter’s attire
with different specifications. You are required (ii) Vaulter’s movement
to determine the most suitable tanker to (iii) Pole used
deliver oil safely. Study the specifications of (iv) Safety [10 marks]
all the four tankers from the following aspects:
- The type of brakes
- The number of tyres 7. Diagram 11.1 shows a golfer continues his
- The number and size of the tanks swing after the golf ball has been hit. This
- The distance between the trailer and the action is called ‘follow through’.
tractor.
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your
choice.
[10 m]

The purpose of ‘follow through’ is to increase the

impulse acting on the ball.
(a) What is the meaning of impulse? [1 mark]

(b) Explain how ‘follow through’ can increase the

impulse acting on the ball. [4 marks]

68
 LEARNING STANDARD
3.1 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation 3.2 KEPLER’ LAW
3.1.1 Explain Newton’s Universal Law of 3.2.1 Explain Kepler’s Laws
Gravitation: F = (Gm1m2)/r2 3.2.2 Express Kepler’s Third Law T2 α r3
3.1.2 Solve problems involving Newton’s 3.2.3 Solve problems using Kepler’s Third Law
Universal Law of Gravitation for:
(i) two static objects on the Earth
(ii) objects on the Earth’s surface
(iii) Earth and satelites 3.3 MAN MADE SATELITE
(iv) Earth and Sun 3.3.1 Describe how an orbit of a satellite is
3.1.3 Relate gravitational acceleration, g on the maintained at a specific height by setting
surface of the Earth with the universal the necessary satellite’s velocity.
gravitational constant, G 3.3.2 Communicate on geostationary and
3.1.5 Justify the importance of knowing the nongeostationary satellites.
values of gravitational acceleration of the 3.3.3 Conceptualize escape
planets in the Solar System Velocity
3.1.5 Describe the centripetal force in the 3.3.4 Solve problems involving the escape
motion of satellites and planets system. velocity,v for a rocket from the Earth’s
Centripetal force, F = mv2/r surface, the Moon’s surface, Mars’
3.1.6 Determine the mass of the Earth and the surface and the Sun’s surface.
Sun using Newton’s universal law of
gravitation and centripetal force.

69
 (b) What is the effect of these forces to the
movement of the fallen leaf and the Earth?
3.1 …………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….
Introduction
In 1667, the scientist, Isaac Newton, observed an (c) Why does a fallen leaf move towards the
apple which fell vertically to the ground and the ground?
movement of the Moon around the Earth. He
subsequently concluded that a force of attraction ………………………………………………………………
not only exists between the Earth and the apple
but also between the Earth and the Moon. ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

5. Gravitational Force:

Activity 1 (a) Gravitational force is known as universal

Aim: To discuss gravitational force between two force because
bodies in the universe
……………………………………………………………..
1. A person who jumps up will return to the
ground. What force causes the person to ………………………………………………………………
return to the ground?
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..
(b) Gravitational force exists between ...…………..
2. Air molecules remain in the atmosphere
without escaping to outer space. What force (c) Both bodies experience gravitational force of
acts between the molecules in the the ………… magnitude.
atmosphere and the Earth?
2. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. In
…………………………………………………………….. the year 1687, Isaac Newton presented two
relationships that involve gravitational force
3. The Moon revolves around the Earth without between two bodies:
drifting away from its orbit. The Earth exerts a
pulling force on the Moon. Does the Moon
also exert a force on the Earth?

………………………………………………………………

4. A leaf falls from a

tree.
(a) Are both the leaf (a) …………………………………………………….
and the Earth
experience the …………………………………………………………
same gravitational
force? (b) …………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………
70
The two relationships above are formulated in Activity 2 (Text pg 81)
Figure below to obtain Newton’s Universal Law of Aim: To solve problems involving Newton’s
Gravitation. Universal Law of Gravitation for two bodies
at rest on the Earth

1. Work in pairs.
2. Imagine you and your partner are bodies at
rest on the Earth.
3. Record your maass, m1 and the mass of your
partner, m2.

Pair Mass r/m F/N

m1/kg M2 / kg
1 2.0

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation states that: 4.0

2 2.0

4.0

4. Calculate the gravitational force, F using both

your masses and the distances given in the
F= table.
5. Change partners and repeat steps 3 and 4.
m1 =
Discussion:
1. How do the masses of two bodies influence
m2 =
the gravitational force between them?
r=
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
G=
2. What is the effect of distance between two
bodies on gravitational force between them?

………………………………………………………………
Example 1
Calculate the gravitational force ………………………………………………………………
between a durian and the Earth.
Mass of durian = 2.0 kg 3. Why is the magnitude of gravitational force
Mass of the Earth = 5.97 × 1024 kg between you and your partner small?
Distance between the centre of the
durian and the centre of the ………………………………………………………………
Earth = 6.37 × 106 m
………………………………………………………………

➢ State the effects of mass and distance

between two objects on gravitational force.

Example 2
A rocket at a launching pad experiences a
gravitational force of 4.98 × 105 N. What is the 1. …………………………………………………………
mass of the rocket?
[Mass of the Earth = 5.97 × 1024 kg, distance …………………………………………………………
between the centre of the Earth and the centre of
the rocket = 6.37 × 106 m] 2. …………………………………………………………
71
Menyelesaikan Masalah melibatkan Hukum 1. What is the gravitational force on the man-
Kegravitian Semesta Newton bagi: made satellite before it is launched?

(i) Dua jasad pegun di Bumi

2. Compare
(a) the mass of the Earth, the mass of the
man-made satellite and the mass of the
Sun.
(ii) Jasad di atas permukaan Bumi
…………………………………………………………..

(b) between the Earth-satelllite distance and

the Sun-Earth distance.

…………………………………………………………..

(iii) Bumi dan satelit 3. Predict the difference in the magnitude of the
gravitational force between the Earth and the
man-made satellite and the gravitational force
between the Sun and the Earth.

……………………………………………………………

4. Calculate
(iv) Bumi dan Matahari (a) the gravitational force between the Earth
and the man-made satellite

r = jarak antara pusat Bumi ke pusat Matahari (b) the gravitational force between the Earth
and the Sun
Activity 3 (Teks ms 82)
Aim: To solve problems involving Newton’s
Universal Law of Gravitation for
(i) objects on the Earth’s surface
(ii) the Earth and satelite
(iii) the Earth and the Sun

5. The gravitational force between the Earth and

the Moon is 2.00 x 1020 N. What is the
distance between the centre of the Earth and
the centre of the Moon?

Relating Gravitational Acceleration, g on the

surface of the Earth with Universal Gravitational
Sun Man-made satelllite Constant, G.
Mass = 1.99 x 1030 kg Mass = 1.20 x 103 kg
Distance between the Distance between the According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion,
Earth and the Sun Earth and the satellite gravitational force can be expressed as F = mg
= 1.50 x 1011 m = 4.22 x 107 m Gravitation, gravitational force:F = Gm1m2
r2
Earth Moon
Mass = 5.97 x 1024 kg Mass = 7.35 x 1022 kg What is the relationship between g and G?
Radius = 6.37 106 m

72
Activity 4:
Aim: To derive the formula for gravitational
acceleration g using the formulae F = mg
and F = Gm1m2
r2
M = mass of the Earth
m = mass of the object
r = distance between the centre of the Earth and
the centre of the object. ➢ The variation of gravitational acceleration at a
distance from the centre of the Earth

(i) ( r > R)
 A body is at a height from the centre of
the Earth

 Gravitational acceleration for r > R

(ii) A body is on the surface of

the Earth ( r = R)

 Gravitational acceleration
on the surface of the Earth.

Discussion:
1. What is the relationship between gravitational iii) A body is inside the Earth ( r < R)
acceleration,g and gravitational constant, G?

……………………………………………………………..

2. What are the factors that influence the value of

gravitational acceleration?
 Gravitational acceleration ( r < R)
……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..
 With the assumption that the shape of the
➢ gravitational acceleration Earth is sphere and constant density:
always towards the centre of
the Earth
➢ Each planet in this universe
has its own different
gravitational force.
➢ The value of g = 10 m s-2 or Nkg-1
 Gravitational acceleration in the Earth
➢ Diagram below shows the direction of the
gravitational acceleration is a distance r from
the centre of the Earth.

73
Activity 5 (Text pg 84) 3. How does the value of gravitational
Aim: To discuss the variation in the values of g acceleration change when
with r (i) the distance from the centre of the Earth
r < R?

…………………………………………………………….

(ii) the distance from the centre of the Earth

increases (r ≥ R)?

…………………………………………………………….
• Mass of the Earth, M = 5.97 x 1024 kg
4. Mass of the Earth is 5.97 x 1024 kg and radius
• Radius of the Earth, R = 6.37 x 106 m of the Earth is 6.37 x 106 m. Calculate
• Gravitational constant,G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2 gravitational acceleration on the surface of
the Earth. [G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2]
1. Calculate the value of gravitational
acceleration for the five distances.

2. Complete table below.

Distance from Gravitational acceleration,
centre of the g / ms-2
Earth, r
5. A radar imaging satellite orbits around the
R Earth at a height of 480 km. What is the value
of gravitational acceleration at the position of
the satellite?
2R • Mass of the Earth, M = 5.97 x 1024 kg
• Radius of the Earth, R = 6.37 x 106 m
• Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2
3R

4R

5R

6. Discuss the condition where the value of

Discussion: gravitational acceleration is almost zero.
1. What is the value of gravitational acceleration
on the Earth’s surface? …………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………….

2. Plot a graph of g against r.

 Graph shows the variation of

gravitational acceleration with the
distance from the centre of the Earth

74
75
Importance of Knowing the Value of Gravitational Activity 7
Acceleration Aim: To discuss the importance of knowledge on
Gravitational force is a universal force. The gravitational acceleration of planets in space
formula g = GM/R2 can be used to calculate exploration and continuity of life.
gravitational acceleration on the surface of the
other bodies such as planets, the Moon and the  Gravitational acceleration on each planet are
Sun. different.
 Gravitational acceleration on each planet
Activity 6 depends on the value of mass and the radius
Aim: To compare different gravitational of each planet.
accelerations for the Moon, the Sun and the  In space exploration, astronaut must have
planets in the Solar System knowledge Dalam penerokaan angkasa,
angkasawan perlulah mempunyai
• Gravitational Constant, G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2 pengetahuan tentang kepentingan pecutan
graviti dalam kelangsungan hidup.
Bodies Mass, M Radius, R g
/ kg /m / ms-2
Activity 8
Earth 5.97 x 1024 6.37 x 106 Aim: To gather information on the effects of
gravity on the growth of humans

Sun 1.99 x 1030 6.96 x 108 Factor Effect of low Effect of high
gravity gravity

Moon 0.073 x 1024 1.74 x 106 Difference

in density

Mars 0.642 x 1024 3.40 x 106

Venus 4.87 x 1024 6.05 x 106 Bone

fragility

Mercury 0.330 x 1024 2.44 x 106

Jupiter 1898 x 1024 7.15 x 107 Size of

lungs

Saturn 568 x 1024 6.03 x 107

Uranus 86.8 x 1024 2.56 x 107 Blood

circulatory
system
Neptune 102 x 1024 2.48 x 107

Pluto 0.015 x 1024 1.19 x 106 Blood

pressure

Discussion:
1. Which planet has the largest gravitational
acceleration?...................

2. Which planet has the largest gravitational

acceleration closest to the gravitational
acceleration on the Earth? …………………

3. What factors determine the value of the

gravitational acceleration of a planet?

……………………………………………………………
76
Centripetal Force in the Motion of Satellites and 3. Make sure that the crocodile clip stays at a
Planets distance of about 1 cm from the lower end of
the plastic tube so that the radius is fixed.
Diagram below shows three positions of a
satellite which orbits around the Earth at a
uniform speed. Observe the direction of the
velocity of the satellite at each position

4. Release the slotted weights and continue

rotating the rubber stopper. Observe the
speed of motion of the rubber stopper.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 3 with a total mass of 200 g
of slotted weights. Compare the speed of
motion of the rubber stopper with the speed
of motion in step 4.
6. Repeat step 5. When the rubber stopper is
rotating, pull the lower end of the string
downwards so that the rubber stopper rotates
with a decreasing radius. Feel how the
tension in the string action on your left hand
changes.

• A body moves in a circular motion always Discussion:

experiences change in the direction of motion 1. Whe the rubber stopper makes a circular
eventhough its speed is constant. motion, the strectched string exerts a force
• Thefore the velocity of the body changes. on the rubber stopper. What is the direction
of the force?
• A force is required to change the direction of
motion of a body.
…………………………………………………………….
• The force that acts on a body which moves in
a circular motion is centripetal force
2. What is the relationship between the speed of
the rubber stopper and the centripetal force?
Activity 9 (Text pg 89)
Aim: To understand centripetal force.
………………………………………………………………
Apparatus: Centripetal force kit (plastic tube,
3. How does the centripetal force change when
rubber stopper, slotted weight holder,
the rubber stopper makes a circular motion
three 50 g slotted weights, crocodile clilp,
with a smaller radius?
thick string) and ruler
……………………………………………………………..
1. Circular motion of radius r = 50 cm. The total
mass of the slotted weights and its holder =
Centripetal force:
100 g

Ce

Formula for F=
centripetal
force m=

v=
2. Hold the plastic tube in your right hand and
the slotted weights in your left hand. Rotate r=
the rubber stopper at a constant speed in a
horizontal circle above your head. ➢ Linear speed, v shows how fast a body moves
in a circular motion.
77
➢ Give 3 factors that effect the centripetal force Example 2: Text pg 93
A weather satellite orbiting the Earth at a height,
1. ………………………………………………………….. h = 480 km. What is the centripetal acceleration of
the satellite?
2. …………………………………………………………. Linear speed of the satellite = 7.62 x 103 m s-1.
The radius of the Earth, R = 6.37 x 106 m.
3. ………………………………………………………….

Example 1 (Text pg 90)

A hammer throw athlete swingin an iron ball in a
horizontal circle before releasing it. What is the
centripetal force that acts on the iron ball when
the iron ball is moving a speed of 20 ms-1.

Mass of the Earth and the Sun

Ativity1 0
Aim: To determine the mass of the Earth and the
Sun

1. Figure below shows the orbit of the Moon

Prediction of Isaac Newton that a satellite can around the Earth.
orbits around the Earth without being driven by a
rocket engine.

M = mass of the Earth

m = mass of the Moon
r = radius of the Moon’s orbit
T = period of revolution of the Moon around the
Earth
T = tempoh peredaran Bulan mengelilingi Bumi
v = linear speed of the Moon
• Object launched with low linear speed will
follow trajectory 1 and reaches the Earth at Q. Distance travelled by =
• Object launched with sufficiently high linear the Moon when
speed will follow trajectory 2 circulating the making one complete
Earth. The object will not return to the Earth. orbit around the Earth

By comparing the formula for force and formula Linear speed of the = Distance
for centripetal force, obtain centripetal Moon, v Time
acceleration, a.

v =

78
Determine the formula for the mass of the Earth.

Newton’s Universal Centripetal Force 3.2

Law of Gravitation

Kepler’s First Law

Equate two equations

Cancel common factor, m

Activity 1 (Text pg 96)
Aim: To sketch the shape of an ellipse based on
the concept of dual foci of ellipse
Materials: Pencil, 20 cm thread, A4 paper,
softboard and cellophane tape
substitute v = 2πr
T 1. Use a template given by your teacher.
2. Stick the thumbtacks at points F1 and F2 on the
softboard

Rearrange so that M becomes the subject of

the formula

Mass of
the Earth

3. Tie two ends of the thread to the two

thumbtacks respectively.
Discussion: 4. Tighten the thread with the tip of a pencil.
1. What is the formula to determine the mass of the 5. Move the pencil from the major axis to the left
Earth? of F1 to the major axis to the right of F2 to
sketch half an ellipse.
6. Repeat step 5 below major axis to obtain the
2. State the data needed to calculate the mass of shape of a complete ellipse.
the Earth. 7. Remove the thumbtacks and thread.
8. draw a small circle to represent the Sun at F1 .
……………………………………………………………… Draw a small circle to represent the Earth on
the circumference of the ellipse.
………………………………………………………………
Discussion:
3. State the data needed to calculate the mass of ➢ Name the shape orbits used by the planets in
the Sun. the Solar System.
……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………… ➢ Describe how the distance between the Earth
and the Sun changes when the Earth makes a
4. Period of revolution of the Moon around the complete orbit around the Sun
Earth, T = 2.36 x 106 s and the radius of the
Moon’s orbit, r = 3.83 x 108 m. Calculate the ……………………………………………………………..
mass of the Earth, M.
➢ Discuss how the shape of the Earth’s orbit
would be it the major axis is almost as long
as the minor axis.
5. The Earth revolves the Sun in a period of one
year and the radius of the orbit is r = 1.50 x ………………………………………………………………
1011 m. Calculate the mass of the Sun.
79
 Planet Orbital Period
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

………………… :the average value of the distance Activity 2

between the planet and the Sun. Aim: Formulating Kepler’s Third Law

Kepler’s Second Law ➢ Newton’s third law can be formulated using

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation and
concept of circular motion.
➢ Planets make circular motions around the
Sun.
➢ The centripetal force = the gravitational force
between the Sun and the planet.

If a planet takes the same amount of time to move

from A to B and C to D, The area AFB = area CFD
Distance AB > distance CD.
Linear speed from A to B > from C to D

Derive the relationship between the orbital period

of the planet and the radius of the orbit.
Kepler’s Third Law

Mathermatically:
T = orbital period of a planet
r = radius of orbit

A planet which orbits with a larger radius has a

……………… orbital period.
Planets which are further from the Sun take a
………….. time to complete one orbit around the
Sun.

80
Activity 3 2. A research satellite needs to orbit at a height of
Aim: Solving Problems using Kepler’s Third Law 380 km to capture clear images of the surface
Formula of the Earth. What is the orbital period of the
satellite?
[Radius of the orbit of the Moon = 3.83 x 108 m,
Orbital period of the Moon = 655.2 jam,
Radius of Earth = 6.37 x 106 m]

1. Figure below shows the planets, Earth and

Mars, orbiting the Sun.

The radius of the orbit of the Earth is

1.50 x 1011 m, orbital period of the earth and
Mars is 1.00 year and 1.88 years respectively.
Calculate the radius of the orbit of Mars.

81
 ➢ GM is constant. Linear speed, v depends on
the radius of its orbit. If a satellite is at a height,
3.3 h above the surface of the Earth:

Radius of orbit, r = R + h (R = radius of the Earth)

Linear speed of
Figure below shows a MEASAT satellite. the satellite :

➢ What is the requirement so that a man-made

satellite can be launched to keep orbiting at
specific heights around the Earth at radius
orbit, r?

………………………………………………………………

A GPS satellite is orbiting

the Earth. Calculate the
satellite’s linear speed if
Satellites move in orbits at specific heights and it is at an altitude of
suitable linear speeds. h = 20 200 km.
[R Earth = 6.37 x 107 m,
Activity 1 G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2,
Aim: Determine the linear speed of a satellite M Earth = 5.97 x 1024 kg]
Figure below shows the orbit of a satellite around
the Earth. A satellite moving in a circular orbit
around the Earth experiences centripetal force,
which is gravitational force.

➢ What will happen to the satellite if the linear

speed of satellite is less than the required
linear speed?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………

82
Activity 3
Aim: To compare between geostationary and non- Period, T
geostationary satellites

Geostationary Satellite
Position

Function

Example

Activity 4
Aim: Escape Velocity

What is the meaning of escape velocity?

Non-geostationary Satellite

When the escape velocity is achieved?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

Similarity characteristics Derived the formula for escape velocity:

An object is at a distance r from the centre of the
Earth. Mass of object is m and mass of the Earth
is M.

Difference characteristics
Geostationary Aspects Non-
satellite geostationary
satellite

Direction of
motion

83
 Activity 5
Aim: To solve problems involving escape velocity

1. Calculate the value of escape velocity.

Venus Mars Jupiter

Mass, 4.87 x 1024 6.42 x 1023 1.90 x 1027

M/kg

Radius i, 6.05 x 106 3.40 x 106 6.99 x 107

R/m

Escape
velocity
v / ms-1

➢ Calculate the escape velocity from the Earth.

Mass of the Earth, M = 5.97 x 1024 kg
Radius of the Earth, R = 6.37 x 106 m.
2. The Moon and the Sun are two bodies in the
Solar System.

Jasad Jisim, M / kg Jejari, R /m

Bulan 7.35 x 1012 1.74 x 106

➢ State factors affecting the escape velocity, v.

……………………………………………………………… Matahari 1.99 x 1030 6.96 x 108

………………………………………………………………
Compare:
Benefits and Implication of Escape Velocity (i) gravitational acceleration on the Moon and the
1. Why the Earth can maintain a layer of Sun.
atmosphere around it? (ii) escape velocity from the Moon and from the
Sun.
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

2. Why commercial aircrafts cannot escape into

outer space?

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

3. How can a rocket achieve escapre velocity from

the Earth and send the spacecraft into outer
space?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
84
3. Discuss whether escape velocity from the Earth 4. What is the height from the surface of the
for spacecraft X of mass 1 500 kg is different Earth if the value of gravitational force is 1/3
from spacecraft Y of mass 2 000 kg. from on the surface of the Earth.

4. Proba-1 satellite orbits the Earth at a height of 5. A communication satellite has a mass of 80
700 km. What is the linear speed of this kg is orbiting the earth at the height 1.5 x 106
satellite? m from the surface of the earth. Calculate the
G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-1 , gravitational acceleration on the object.
Mass of the Earth = 5.97 x 1024 kg ,
Radius of the Earth = 6.37 x 106 m

6. Plot graph which shows the variation of g

with r from the centre of the Earth to infinit.

TUTURIAL
Constant value
Mass of the Sun = 1.99 x 1030 kg ,
Mass of the Earth = 6 x 1024 kg,
Radius of the Earth = 6.37 x 106 m, 7. Calculate the gravitational acceleration, g on
G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2, the surface of the Earth.
Mass of the Moon = 7.34 x 1022 kg,
Radius of the Moon = 1.74 x 106 m
1. Calculate gravitational force between the Sun
and the Earth where the distance between
centre to centre is 1.5 x 1011 m. 8. Gravitational acceration on the Earth’s
surface is 10 m s-2. If the mass of the
Earth is M, and radius of the Earth R.
Calculate the gravitational acceleration at
point S distance of 3R above the surface.

2. Two persons with mass of 80 kg respectively

stand with a distance 50 cm. Calculate the
gravitational force between them. Compare
the value of the gravitational force with their
weight.

9. A satellite has a mass of 600 kg is orbitng the

Earth at a height 300 km from the Earth
surface. Calculate
i) Speed of the satellite orbiting the Earth.
ii) The orbiting period.

3. A spacecraft Columbus has mass of 3 x104 kg

is launched from the Earht to the Moon.
Calculate the gravitational force between the
spacecraft and the Earth when the distance
between the spacecraft is 1.2 x 109 m from the
center of the Earth.

85
10. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the Earth 15. Determine the mass of the Earth from the
in 24 hours. Therefore, the satellite always be period, T (27.3 days) and the radius, r (3.82 x
at the same point on the Earth’s surface. 105 km) of the Moon’s orbit about the Earth.
Calculate the radius of the satellite’s orbit. Assume the Moon orbits the centre of the
Earth.

11. A satellite is send near the surface of the

Earth with a speed and is orbiting the Earth. 16. Two of Jupiter’s Galilean moons, Io and
Calculate the satellite’ speed and the period Europe, make a complete revolution around it
for one complete round to resolves around over the periods T1=1.77 days and T2 = 3.55
the Earth. days. Knowing that Io revolves around Jupiter
at a distance of 421600 km, determine the
linear velocity of Europe’s motion in its orbit.

12. A satellite is at the distance, r from the centre

of the Earth. By using the Universal’s
Gravitational law, calculate the satellite’s
speed and period for resolving around the
Earth in terms of mass of the Earth, m, r and
gravity constant G. 17. A 20 kg satellite has a circular orbit with a
period of 2.4 h and a radius of 8.0 x 106 m
around a planet of unknown mass. If the
magnitude of the gravitational acceleration on
the surface of the planet is 8.0 m s-2, what is
the radius of the planet.

13. Calculate the energy to send a 50 kg aircraft

without man to space from the surface of the
Earth..

14. What is the minimum speed needed by a

spacecraft to escape from a planet where the
mass of the planet is half the mass of the
Earth but same size.

86
 STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN

4.1 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 4.2 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

4.1.1 Explain with examples thermal equilibrium 4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
in daily life. 4.2.2 Define specific heat capacity of a material, c
4.1.2 Calibrate a liquid-in-glass thermometer c= Q
using two fixed points. m (Δ θ)
4.2.3 Experiment to determine:
(i) the specific heat capacity of water
(ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminum
4.3 HABA PENDAM TENTU
4.2.4 Communicate to explain the applications of
4.3.1 Explain latent heat.
specific heat capacity in daily life, material
4.3.2 Define:
engineering and natural phenomena.
(i) specific latent heat, l = Q/m
4.2.5 Solve problems involving specific heat
(ii) specific latent heat of fusion, 𝓁f capacity using formula: Q = mcѲ
(iii) specific latent heat of evaporization, 𝓁v
4.3.3 Experiment to determine:
(i) specific latent heat, 𝓁f of fusion of ice.
(ii) specific latent heat of evaporation, 𝓁v of 4.4 GAS LAW
water 4.4.1 Explain pressure, temperature and volume of
4.3.4 Communicate to explain the applications gas in terms of the behaviour of gas
of specific latent heat in daily life. molecules based on the Kinetic Theory of Gas.
4.3.5 Solve problems involving latent heat. 4.4.2 Experiment to determine the relationship
between the pressure and volume of a fixed
mass of gas at constant temperature
4.4.3 Experiment to determine the relationship
between the volume and temperature of a
fixed mass of gas at constant pressure.
4.4.4 Experiment to determine the relationship
between the pressure and temperature of a
fixed mass of gas at constant volume.
4.4.5 Solve problems involving pressure,
temperature and volume for a fixed mass of
gas using Gas law formulas.

87
 temperature
Initial temperature of water in
4.1 of water in beaker
Initial temperature
beaker
temperature
of water in basin of water in
basin
Getting Idea of heat transfer

A boy feels the heat of the

kettle. Why?

The ice melt when it is in the

boy’s hand. The boy’s hand
is cooled. Why?

Comparison between Discussion:

Temperature and Heat 1. State what happens to:
Characteristic Temperature Heat Temperature of water in beaker....………………

Definition Temperature of water in basin: .....……………

2. What do a rise and fall of temperature of the

water indicate?

Unit SI …………………………………………………………….

3. Discuss the transfer of heat between the

Measurement
water in the beaker and the water in the basin.
instrument
Base /
derived
quantity?

Heat absorbed or Temperature

released? rises or
drops?
When an object
is heated
When an object ………………………………………………………………
is cooled
………………………………………………………………
Activity 1:
Aim: To show thermal equilibrium between two ………………………………………………………………
bodies in thermal contact
……………………………………………………………..
1. Fill the beaker with hot water.
2. Place the beaker of hot water into a basin 4. State the direction of net heat transfer
containing tap water. between the two objects.
3. Observe the temperature changes in the hot
water and tap water using the thermometers. ……………………………………………………………..
4. After about 10 minutes, feel the hotness of
the water in the beaker and basin with your 5. Compare the temperature of both
finger. thermometer after 10 minute.
5. Continue your observation until there is no
change in the readings of the thermometers. ……………………………………………………………..
6. Record your observations.
6. What happens to rate of heat transfer after 10
minute?

……………………………………………………………..

88
7. What can you say about the net rates of Liquid-in-glass thermometr
transfer of heat when the readings of the two
thermometers become equal? Explain how a liquid-in-
glass thermometer can be
…………………………………………………………….. used to measure the body
temperature of a sick
person.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..
Explain Thermal Equilibrium
State what happens to the liquid in the capillary
tube of thermometer when heat is absorbed?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

What does the length of the liquid column in th

capillary tube indicate?
Example of thermal equilibrium
1. Explain how a wet towel is ……………………………………………………………..
placed on the forehead of a
person who has high fever. How a thermometer is calibrated?

❖ At the scale of degree Celcius, two fixed

temperature a choosen.

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………… Fixed Definition Value (C)

point
…………………………………………………………….. Lower point,
ice point
2. Cooling drinks
A hot drink can be cooled
by adding a few ice
cubes to the drink.
Upper point,
……………………………… Steam point

………………………………

…………………………………………………………….

❖ The range between the fixed points is divided

into 100 equal divisions and each division
equal 1 C. The thermometer is calibrated
and ready for use
❖ Callibration:

89
 6. Measure the length from the 0 ⁰C mark to the
θ⁰C mark as Lθ.

7. Calculate the temperature of tape water, θ

Activity 2 using the formula:
Aim: To calibrate a liquid-in-glass thermometer
using boiling point of distilled water and
melting point of ice

Apparatus: Thermometer, ruler, 250 ml beaker,

bunsen burner and retort stand Discussion:
Material: Ice, distilled water and masking tape 1. Why the bulb of the thermometer should no
touch the base or side wall of the beaker while
1. Cover the scale of the thermometer with taking measurement
masking tape so that the scale cannot be seen.
2. Fill beaker 1 with ice. Put a thermometer in ………………………………………………………………
beaker 1. Wait until there is no more change in
the level of mercury column. Mark the level of ………………………………………………………………
mercury column on the stem of the
thermometer. Label this level 0⁰C, L0 2. Why should you wait until there is no more
change in the level of the mercury column
before making a mark on the stem of the
thermometer?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

3. Heat up the distilled water in beaker 2 by until Example 1:

it boils. Put in a thermometer. Wait until ther What is the value of temperature T?
is no more change in the level of mercury
column. Mark the level of mercury column on
the stem of the thermometer. Label this level
as 100 ⁰C.
4. Measure the length from the 0 ⁰C mark to the
100 ⁰C mark as L100.
5. Fill beaker 3 with tape water. Put in a
thermometer which has been calibrated until
there is no more change in the level of the
liquid column. Mark the level of the liquid
column on the stem of the thermometer. Label
this level as θ⁰C, Lθ

90
TUTORIAL 4.1
1. An earth-monitoring satellite falls into the 5. What is the concept used in the measurement
earth’s atmosphere at a high velocity and of human body temperature using a
reaches at the sea surface with a high thermometer?
temperature. After a while the temperature of A. Specific heat capacity
the satellite is same as the temperature of the B. Specific latent heat
sea water. This is caused by C. Thermal equilibrium
A. The heat is released by the satellite D. Thermal convection
B. The satellite is cooled by the sea water
C. The satellite and the sea water are in 6. Diagram 12 shows a metal sphere at
thermal equilibrium temperature of 90°C immersed in a liquid at
temperature of 40°C.
2. The diagram shows a
metal sphere P at 80oC
is immersed in a
cooler liquid Q.

Thermal equilibrium
is reached when
A. temperature of P
What is the temperature of the metal sphere
= temperature of Q
when thermal equilibrium is achieved
B. mass of Q displaced = mass of P
between the sphere and the liquid?(2006)
C. volume of Q = volume of P
A. More than 90 °C
D. specific heat capacity of P = specific heat
B. Same as room temperature
capacity of Q
C. Less than 40 °C
D. Between 40 °C and 90°C
3. The diagram shows two copper blocks, L and
M, touching each other. The initial 7. Diagram 11 shows hot water being added to
temperatures of L and M are 50 oC and 30 oC cold water.
respectively.

Which statement is correct when L and M

are at thermal equilibrium?
A. Temperature of L is higher than M Which of the following statements is correct if
B. The quantity of heat in L is the same as in there are no heat losses to the surrounding? (
M A. Heat lost by hot water is greater than
C. Rate of change in temperature of L is heat gained by cold water.
bigger than that of M B. Heat lost by hot water is greater than heat
D. Net rate of heat flow between L and M is gained by cold water.
zero C. Heat lost by hot water is equal to heat
gained by cold water.
4. The diagram
8. Diagram 12.1 shows hot water being poured
shows object A
into cold syrup. Diagram 12.2 shows the final
and object B
mixture.
are of
temperatures T1
and T2. The heat
flows from A to
B until the
thermal equilibrium is reached at a
temperature T.
Which relationship between T1 , T2 and T is
true?
A T1 > T2 > T
B T2 > T1 > T
C T1 > T > T2 Which statement is correct about the
D T2 > T > T1 temperature of the final mixture?
91
 A. It is lower than the temperature of the 13. Diagram 14 shows two identical metal disc, M
cold syrup and N which are in contact. The initial
B. Lebih rendah daripada suhu air panas temperatures of M and N are 60⁰C and 20 ⁰C
It is lower than the temperature of the hot respectively.
water
C. It is higher than the temperature of the
hot water
D. It is the same as the temperature of the
cold syrup.
Which statement is correct about M and N
9. Diagram 10 shows a cup of hot coffee. when the thermal equilibrium is reached?
A. Temperature of M is higher than N
B. Temperature of N is higher than M
C. Net rate of heat flow between M and N is
not zero
D. Net rate of heat flow between M and N is
zero

What happens when the coffee and the cup 14. A cake is placed in a hot oven. The
are in thermal equilibrium? temperature of the cake is the same as that of
A. The temperature of the cup is increasing the oven after several minutes. Which
B. The temperature of the coffee is concept explains the situation?
decreasing A. Specific latent heat of vaporisation
C. There is no net heat flow from the coffee B. Specific latent heat of fusion
to the cup C. Specific heat capacity
D. There is a net flow from the coffee to the D. Thermal equilibrium
cup
15. Diagram 13 shows two beakers with different
10. The lengths of the mercury column in a volume of liquid X and same initial
thermometer at the ice point and the steam temperature. Both beakers are then heated
point are 5 cm and 25 cm respectively. When with the same amount of heat energy. (2013)
the thermometer is placed in a liquid , the
length of the mercury column is 12 cm. What
is the temperature of the liquid?
o
A 30 C
o
B 35 C
o
C 55 C
o
D 70 C

11. Which liquid A , B, C or D , can be used to Which comparison is correct about the reading
make a liquid –in-glass thermometer to of thermometer P and thermometer Q?
measure temperatures from -50o C to 50o C? A. Reading of thermometer P > Reading of
Freezing Boiling thermometer Q
point /oC point /oC B. Reading of thermometer P < Reading of
A -115 78 thermometer Q
B -39 357 C. Reading of thermometer P = Reading of
C 0 100 thermometer Q
D 17 118
16. Diagram 14 shows a spoon is placed in a
bowl of soup at 95 °C.
12. The diagram shows a thermometer.

Which modification will increase the

sensitivity of the thermometer? Which statement is correct when thermal
A. Using a longer capillary tube equilibrium is reached?
B. Using a bulb with a thicker wall A. Temperature of soup is unchanged
C. Using a glass stem with a thicker wall B. Temperature of spoon is unchanged
D. Using a narrower bore of capillary tube C. No flow of heat between soup and spoon
D. Soup and spoon has the same temperature
92
17. Hot soup is poured into a bowl. Which 2. SPM 2013
statement is correct about the heat flow? Diagram 1 shows a thermometer is used to
A. Net heat flow is from the hot soup to the measure the temperature of hot water.
bowl
B. Heat flows only from the bowl to the hot
soup
C. Heat flows only from the hot soup to the
bowl
D. Net heat flow is zero

18. Diagram 10 shows a cup of hot coffee is left to

cool until it achieves room temperature.

(a) (i) Name one type of liquid used in the

thermometer.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
Which statement is correct about the coffee
at room temperature? (ii) Give one reason for the answer in 1(a)(i).
A. Heat loss by hot coffee is equal to heat
loss by the surrounding ………………………………………………………………
B. Heat loss by hot coffee is less than heat [1 mark]
gain by the surrounding (b)(i) Complete the following sentence by ticking
C. Heat loss by hot coffee is greater than (√) the correct answer.
heat gain by the surrounding
D. Heat loss by hot coffee is equal to heat The temperature of water is taken when the liquid
gain by the surrounding in the thermometer [1 markah]

…….. starts to expand.

1. Diagram shows a mercury thermometer which
has not been calibrated. …….. stops expanding

(ii) Name the physics principle involved in

1(b)(i).
(a)(i) State the physical change in the mercury
………………………………………………………………
when the temperature increases.
[1 mark]
………………………………………………………………
3. Question 8: SPM 2016
Diagram 8.1 shows an uncalibrated mercury
(ii) Why is mercury used in the thermometer?
thermometer placed in a beaker containing
ice cubes and water at 0 °C. The length of mercury
………………………………………………………………
column, I = 6 cm.
Diagram 8.2 shows the length of mercury column,
(b) The length of the mercury column in the
/ = 20 cm when the ice cubes and water in the
thermometer is 2.6 cm at 0°C and 22.6 cm at
beaker are boiled until 100 °C.
100 °C?
Diagram 8.3 shows the length of mercury column,
(i) What is the difference in the lengths of the
/ = 16 cm when the thermometer is placed in a hot
mercury columns at 0 °C and at 100 °C?
liquid with temperature, 9°C.
(a) Complete the following sentence by ticking (√)
……………………………………………………………
the correct box.
(ii) When the thermometer is placed in hot
Temperature is a
oil, the length of the mercury column is
16.9 cm. Calculate the temperature of the
…………. base quantity/
hot oil.
………… derived quantity
[1 mark]

93
 Based on Table 8.1,
(i) Choose the suitable range of thermometer to
measure the body temperature of the patient.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Based on Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2, (ii) Give one reason for the answer in 8(c)(i).
determine the difference in length of
mercury columns. ……………………………………………………………..
[1 mark] [1 mark]

(iii) Choose the suitable diameter of capillary tube

(ii) Based on Diagram 8.3 and answer in 8(b)(i), of the thermometer.
calculate the temperature, ϴ of the hot liquid.
………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(iv) Give one reason for the answer in 8(c)(iii).

………………………………………………………………
(iii) What will happen to the boiling point of the [1 mark]
water if it is boiled on the top of a mountain? (v) Choose the suitable accuracy of the
thermometer.
………………………………………………………………
[1 mark] ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) Diagram 8.4 shows design of a thermometer
which can be used to determine the body (vi) Give one reason for the answer in 8(c)(v).
temperature of a patient.
………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(vii) Based on the answers in 8(c)(i), 8(c)(iii) and

8(c)(v), choose the most suitable
Table 8.1 shows several characteristics of thermometer which can be used to determine
different thermometers. the body temperature of the patient.

……………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

94
 (c) Which water needs to be exposed to the
sunlight in a shorter time in order to raise
4.2 its temperature by 1 ºC?

……………………………………………………………

(d) Which has larger heat capacity, water in the

pail or water in the swimming pool?
Introduction
During morning, a
……………………………………………………………
boy puts a pail of
water from a
(e) Make an inference about relationship
swimming pool near
between heat capacity and temperature rises
the pool. During
of a substance.
afternoon, the boy
puts one hand into
……………………………………………………………
the pail and another
hand in the
Define Heat Capacity
swinming pool. He observes that both
temperatures are different. The water in the
pool and in the pail have different heat capacity.

Water and cooking oil which have the same

mass is heated with the same amount of heat. It
is observed that the temperature of the cooking
oil rises faster than the water temperature.
Symbol Physical Unit
Quantity
𝑸 Q
𝒄= 
∆𝜽
c

Water and cooking oil have different specific 2. When 2 000 J of heat is supplied to objects X
heat capacity. What is heat capacity and and Y, object X experience a rise in
specific heat capacity? temperature of 1 ⁰C and objek Y 2 ⁰C.
Activity 1 (a) What are heat capacity of
Aim: Investigate heat capacity (i) object X (ii) object Y
1. A pail of water from a swimming pool has
been left for several hours beside the pool.

(b) Compare heat capacity.

……………………………………………………………

(c) Compare the rise in temperature.

……………………………………………………………

(d) Which object is hotter?

(a) Which water is hotter? ……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

(b) Which water has smaller mass?

…………………………………………………………..

95
2. Both kettles P and Q is switched on to heat 3. Explain why children like
up water until boiling. walking on the water
compare to the sand on
hot day.

…………………………………

…………………………………

……………………………………
(a) Which kettle boils for longer time?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
4. Explain why the jam
(b) Which kettle has larger quantity of heat? of a hot apple pie
burns but the crust
…………………………………………………………… can be eaten
instantly.
(c) Which kettle has larger heat capacity?
……………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………
(d) Make an inference about the relationship
between heat capacity and mass of a ……………………………………………………………
substance.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
5. A watermelon
(e) What factors affect the heat capacity? and sandwich are
taken out from a
1. ……………………………………………………… fridge. After 30
minutes, the
2. ……………………………………………………… watermelon is
cooler than the
sandwich. Why
Activity 2 does the watermelon stay cool for a longer
Aim: Investigate daily situations which involve time than a sandwich even though both are
heat capacity taken out from the same fridge?

1. Explain why a cup of hot coffee can cause ……………………………………………………………

more injury on a body than a drop of hot
coffee. ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… Activity 3
Aim: Investigate specific heat capacity
……………………………………………………………
Different quantity of heat is needed to raise the
…………………………………………………………… temperature by 1 ⁰C for three objects A, B and C
even thought their mass are equal.
2. Explain why the metal This is because the three objects are made from
parts of a car get hot different material. Different substance has
faster while the plastic different specific heat capacity.
and other material stay
at more bearable
temperature.

……………………………….

……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… Which substance needs large amount of heat to

raise temperature by 1 ⁰C?

……………………………………………………………
96
Definition of Specific Heat Capacity Experiment 4.1:
Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of
water

Apparatus:……………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
Symbol Physical Unit
Quantity Procedure:
Q
Q
c=
m
m

1. What is the meaning of the specific heat

capacity of aluminium is 900 J kg-1 ⁰C-1?

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

2. What is the meaning of the specific heat

capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-1 ⁰C-1? ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

3. A metal has mass 2 kg. Calculate the ……………………………………………………………

amount of heat that must be transferred to
the metal to raise the temperature from 30 ……………………………………………………………
⁰C to 70 ⁰C.
……………………………………………………………
(specific capacity of the metal = 500 J kg ⁰C )
-1 -1

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
4. How many joules of energy are required to ……………………………………………………………
raise the temperature of 100 g of gold from
20 C to 100 C? (specific heat capacity of ……………………………………………………………
gold is 129 J kg-1 C-1)
……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

97
 Power of immersion heater, P / W Experiment 4.2:
Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of
Mass empty beaker, m1 / kg aluminium

Mass beaker + water, m2 / kg Apparatus: ……………………………………………

Mass water, m / kg ……………………………………………………………

(m2 – m1)
Heating time, t / s ……………………………………………………………

Inertial temperature, θ1 Procedure

Final temperature, θ2

Calculate rise in temperature,

θ / ⁰C
Calculate heat supply by the immersion heater.
Q = Pt

Heat absorbed by water

Assume there is no heat lost to the

surrounding, calculate the specific heat
capacity of water.
……………………………………………………………
Pt = mc ,
……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
Discussion ……………………………………………………………
1. Why does the beaker need to be wrapped
with cloth? ……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
2. Why the final water temperature, θ2 not ……………………………………………………………
taken as soon as the five-minit heating time
ends? ……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………… Power of the heater, P
3. Given specific heat capacity of water is 4
Mass of the aluminium cylinder,
200 J kg-1 ⁰C-1, compare the value of
m
specific heat capacity of water obtained
The heating time of almunium, t
from the experiment with the value given.
Explain the difference between the two
Initial temperature, T1
values.

…………………………………………………………… Final temperature, T2

…………………………………………………………… Calculate the temperature

increase, 
…………………………………………………………… Calculate the heat supplied by the heater
Q = Pt
……………………………………………………………

Langkah berjaga-jaga: The heat absorbed by the

aluminum cylinder
……………………………………………………………
98
 On the assumption that there is no heat loss to 2. 200 g of water with a temperature of 40 C is
surroundings;, calculate the specific heat mixed with 800 g of boiling water. It there is
capacity of aluminium. no heat loss to the surroundings, what is
Pt = mcθ, the final temperature when the mixture of
water achieves thermal equilibrium?

Discussion
4. What can be done to obtain a better thermal
contact between the bulb of the
thermometer and the aluminium block?

……………………………………………………………

5. Given specific heat capacity of aluminium

is 900 J kg-1 ⁰C-1, compare the value of
specific heat capacity of aluminium from 3. How long does it take for an immersion
the experiment with the value given. heater of 12 W to raise the temperature of
Explain the difference between the two 200 g of water by 5 C? (the specific heat
values. capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-1 C-1

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

Conversion of energy

4. A lead bullet moving at a velocity of 200 ms-

1 hits a sand bag. The temperature of the

lead bullet rises by 50 C. Assuming that all

the kinetic energy of the bullet is converted
into heat energy that heats up the bullet,
calculate the specific heat capacity of the
bullet.

5. A lead ball of mass 320 g is dropped from a

1. An electric kettle is rated 1 000 W. Calculate height of 12 m. the collision between the
(a) the quantity of heat generated in 5 ball and the ground is completely inelastic.
minutes Assuming all the energy of the ball goes
(b) the rise in temperature of 750 g of water into heating it, calculate the change in
if the electric kettle is switched on for 5 temperature of the ball. (specific heat
minutes. (the specific heat capacity of capacity of lead = 128 J kg-1°C-1 )
water is 4 200 J kg-1 C-1

99
Activity 3 Sea Breeze
Aim: Applications of Specific Heat Capacity

Substance Characteristics

A small value
of specific
heat capacity

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
A high value
of specific ……………………………………………………………
heat capacity
……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

Land Breeze

Cooking pot
(a) Copper base

Specific heat capacity :…………………

Reason: ………………………………………………

Density:……………………………

Reason:
………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
(b) Handle
The cooling system of a car engine
Specific heat capacity:……………………

Reason: ………………………………………………

(c) Aluminium body

Specific heat capacity:……………………

Reason: ………………………………………………

Density:……………………………

Reason:
………………………………………………….. Specific heat capacity of liquid: …………………

Reason: ………………………………………………

100
Explain how the sistem works TUTORIAL 4.2
1. The specific heat capacity of aluminium is
…………………………………………………………… 900 Jkg-1°C-1. Which statement explains the
specific heat capacity of aluminium
…………………………………………………………… correctly?
A. 1 kg of aluminium absorbs 900 J of
…………………………………………………………… heat energy during heating
B. The temperature of 1 kg of aluminium
…………………………………………………………… will rise by 1°C when it absorbs 900 J of
heat energy
…………………………………………………………… C. The temperature of 1 kg of aluminium
will drop by 1°C when it absorbs 900 J
Selection building materials of traditional of heat energy.
houses in various climate zones D. Aluminium requires 900 J of heat
energy to increase its temperature by
1°C.

2. Water is used in a cooling system in a car

engine. Why is water used as the cooling
agent?
Warm climate Cold climate A. Water evaporates easily
B. Water is not corrosive
The house material in warm climate ………… C. Water has a high density
D. Water can absorb a lot of heat
Reason: ………………………………………………
3. Heat energy is supplied at the same rate to
…………………………………………………………… 0.4 kg of substance P and 0.4 kg of
substance Q in similar containers. The
The house material in cold climate: ……………… temperature of substance P rises faster.
This is because the substance P
Reason: ……………………………………………… A. is less dense than substance Q
B. is more dense than substance Q
…………………………………………………………… C. evaporates less readily than substance
Q
Production of latest materials in the D. has a smaller specific heat capacity
construction of green buildings than substance Q

4. The diagram shows solid blocks M and N of

equal mass, which are being heated. The
initial temperature of M and N is the same
and heated by the same amount of energy.

Material for the roof: …………………………….. It is observed that M is hot faster than N.
This observation is due to the difference in
Reason: A. density
…………………………………………………. B. melting point
C. latent heat of fusion
…………………………………………………………… D. specific heat capacity

Outer layer of space capsule 5. Which of the following statements is the

correct explanation for the formation of sea
Material: ……………………………………………… breeze?
A. Sea breeze blows during the night
Reason: ……………………………………………… B. Seawater is a better conductor of heat
than the land
………………………………………………………….. C. The density of seawater is greater than
the density of the land
101
 D. The specific heat capacity of the sea is
greater than the specific heat capacity
of the land

6. P, Q, R and S are four different solids with

the same mass. The table shows the
specific heat capacity and the melting point
of each solid. The solids are at room
temperature. If heat is supplied at the same
rate to each solid, which solid will be the
first to melt?

Solid Specific heat Melting

capacity point
(Jkg-1C-1) (C)
A P 800 200
B Q 600 230
C R 700 400
D S 400 300

7. A metal block is dropped from a height of 12. Which phenomenon shows the application
82 m. What is the rise in the temperature of of specific heat capacity in everyday life?
the metal block after it hits the ground? A. Steaming a fish
(specific heat capacity of the metal block = B. Cooling a car engine
C. Cooling down coffee
410 J kg -1⁰C-1 ) D. Pouring coffee from a coffee maker
A 0.5 ⁰C
B 1.0 ⁰C 13. At night, land cools down faster than sea.
C 2.0 ⁰C Which statement explains the situation?
D 4.0 ⁰C A. Solid releases heat faster than liquid
B. Sea absorbs hear more than land
8 building. Which of the following is not the during night
factor for the metal block rise in C. The breeze blows from the sea to the
temperature? land during night
A. height of the building D. Specific heat capacity of sea water is
B. mass of the metal block greater than land.
C. acceleration due to the gravity
D. specific heat of the metal block 14. 17 600 J of heat is used to increase the
temperature of 800 g metal block from 30°C
9. The value of the specific heat capacity, c of a to 55 °C. What is the specific heat capacity
substance determined from an experiment is of the metal block? (2011)
larger than the standard value of c. This is A. 259 J kg-1 °C-1.
because B. 400 J kg-1 °C-1.
A. the electric heater is overheating C. 733 J kg-1 °C-1.
B. the mass of the substance is decreased D. 880 J kg-1 °C-1.
C. the temperature rise, less than the
expected temperature rise 15. The diagrams represent two beakers
contain liquid W and liquid X respectively.
10. Which of the following is true? Each liquids receiving the same heat
energy Q.
Specific heat Specific heat of the
capacity of handle of the
cooking utensil cooking utensil
A high high
B low high
C high low
D low low

11. The diagrams show four types of metal

block of the same mass being heated Which statement about W and X is
using the same quantity of heat for 10 correct?
minutes.Which metal block shows the A. The specific heat capacity of W is half
highest increase in the temperature? the specific heat capacity X.
102
 B. The specific heat capacity of W is twice 18. Two metal bloks of the same mass, P and
the specific heat capacity X. Q are heated simultaneously with identical
C. The specific heat capacity of W is same heaters. After 15 minutes, the temperature
as the specific heat capacity X. of metal block Q is higher than the
temperature of metal block P. Which
comparison is correct?
16. Diagram shows an apparatus set-up to A. Specific heat capacity of P > specific
determine the specific heat capacity, c, of heat capacity of Q
an aluminium block. B. Specific heat capacity of P < specific
heat capacity of Q
C. Specific latent heat of p > specific
latent heat of Q
D. Specific latent heat of P < specific
latent heat of Q

1. SPM 2003
The blocks P and Q in Figure 1 have the same
mass. They are immersed in boiling water for a
long time. P and Q are then transferred into
beakers X and Y respectively as shown in
Figure 3.
Which step cannot increase the accuracy
of c?
A. Wrap the aluminum block with cotton.
B. Cover the top of the aluminium block
with aluminium foil.
C. Pour some lubricating oil into the hole
where the thermometer is inserted.
D. Put the aluminium block on a
plystyrene sheet..

17. Diagram 17 shows a lead block, an iron

block and an aluminium block. All the
blocks have the same mass and heated
with same amount of heat energy in 15
minutes. The specific heat capacity, c, of
each metal is different. ( Figure 2 Figure 3

The mass of water in both beakers X and Y is

0.25 kg and the initial temperature of the water
in each beaker is the same.
Specific heat capacity of P = 900 Jkg -1 oC-1
Specific heat capacity of Q = 390 J kg -1 oC-1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 Jkg -1oC-1

(a)(i) State the initial temperature of the blocks.

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
Which statement is correct at the end of (ii) Why is the final temperature of the water
the 15 minutes? in beaker X higher than that in beaker Y?
A. The lead block has the lowest final
temperature ……………………………………………………………
B. The aluminium block has the highest [1 mark]
final temperature (b)(i) Calculate the rise in temperature of water
C. The final temperature of the iron block in beaker Y if block Q release 8 400 J of
is equal to the aluminium block heat energy.
D. The final temperature of the lead block [2 marks]
is higher than the iron block. (viii) State one assumption which you have
made in b(i).

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
103
 2. SPM 2010
Table 8 shows two types of pot and their (ii) The copper pot.
characteristics. [2 marks]
Periuk tanah liat Periuk kuprum
Clay pot Copper pot

(d) Determine the most suitable pot that is

the safest to handle and can be heated in
the shortest period of time.

……………………………………………………
[1 mark]

3. SPM 2018
Specific heat capacity, Specific heat capacity, Diagram 4 shows a baby bottle that is filled with
c of clay c for copper 0.05 kg of hot water. The hot water in the bottle
= 900 J kg-1 °C-1. = 390 J kg-1 °C-1. is then mixed with 0.3 kg of cold water to
Jisim / Mass = 3.5 kg Jisim / Mass = 2.5 kg prepare milk for the baby. The temperature of
hot water and cold water are shown at the water
(a) What is the meaning of specific heat dispenser. The specific heat capacity, c of
capacity? water is 4 200 J kg-1 ⁰C-1.

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) Based on Table 8, state suitable

characteristics of the pot if it is to be
used for cooking something rapidly.
Give reason for the suitability of the
characteristics.
(i) Material for making the pot.

……………………………………………………………
Reason (a) Calculate the final temperature of the mixed
water.
……………………………………………………………
[2 marks] [2 marks]

(ii) Material for making the handle of the

pot.

……………………………………………………………
Sebab / Reason (b) (i) The milk is given to a baby who drinks
only half of it. What will happen to the
…………………………………………………………… temperature of the leftover milk in the bottle
[2 marks] after a few hours? Give one reason for
(iii) Mass of the pot. [2 marks] your answer.

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
Reason
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………… [2 marks]

(c) The pots are heated by using an electric (ii) Suggest one way to keep the milk warm
hot plate of power 800 W. Based on the for a longer time. Give one reason for
information in Table 8, calculate the time your answer.
taken to achieve a temperature rise of 90
⁰C for: ……………………………………………………………
(i) The clay pot
[2 marks] ……………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
104
 Heat the water in a beaker. What is the effect of
the heat to water?
4.3 ……………………………………………………………

Continue to heat even though the water in the

The ‘ais kacang’ beaker is started to boil.
which is colder than (a) Is the temperatre rise up?
surrounding is
absorbing heat …………………………………………………………..
from surrounding
air. What changes (b) If not, what is the effect of the heat
happens to the ‘ais supplied to the boiling water?
kacang’?
………………………………………………………….

Name the heat absorbed or given out at

constant temperature during change of phase.
A fish can be
cooked by ……………………………………………………………
steaming in a
steamer pot. What Define Latent Heat:
changes happens
to the water in the
steamer pot when
it boiled?

Activity 1:
Aim: To study the change in temperature when
heat is supplied to a solid at its melting point. Phase Change

Heat the ice in a beaker slowly.

(a) Do the thermometer reading increase?

……………………………………………………………

Why the temperature remains constant during a

change of phase?

……………………………………………………………
.
(b) What is the effect of the heat supplied to the ……………………………………………………………
ice? .
……………………………………………………………

105
 Activity 2:
Aim: Heating Curve and Cooling Curve

When liquid boils, the heat absorbed is used to

1. ……………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………. LM :
Heat
……………………………………………………………
. Temperature
Specific latent heat: …………………………………
Kinetic energy
..................................................................................
Phase L:
…………………………………………………………..
M:
Specific latent heat of fusion: ……………………
MN:
.................................................................................. Heat

…………………………………………………………… Temperature

Specific latent heat of vaporization: …………… Kinetic energy

.................................................................................. Phase M:
MN:
…………………………………………………………… N:

NO
Physical
Heat
Symbol Quantity Unit
Q Temperature
l= Q
Kinetic energy
m m
Phase N:
l O:

OP:
What does it means by the specific latent heat
Heat
of fusion of ice is 336 000J kg -1?
Temperature
……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… Kinetic energy

…………………………………………………………… Phase O:
OP:
What does it means by the specific latent heat P:
of vaporization of water is 2 260000 J kg -1?

……………………………………………………………

106
Cooling Curve Activity 3
Aim: To compare and discuss
(i) specific latent heat of fusion of ice and wax
(ii) specific latent heat of vaporisation of water
and oil

Substance Phase at Specific latent

room heat of fusion
temprature J/kg
Wax Solid 2.0 x 105

Ice Solid 3.34 x 105

PQ : (a) Compare the specific latent heat of fusion of

Heat ice and wax.

……………………………………………………………
Temperature
(b) State the difference between ice and wax in
Kinetic energy
terms of strength of bond between
molecules.
Phase P:
Q: ……………………………………………………………
QR: Phase at Specific latent
Heat Substance room heat of
temperature vaporisation
Temperature J/kg
Water Liquid 22.6 x 105
Kinetic energy
Turpentine Liquid 2.51 x 105
Phase Q: oil
QP: Petrol Liquid 3.49 x 105
P:

RS : (c) Compare the specific latent heat of

Heat vaporisation for water and petrol.
Temperature ……………………………………………………………

Kinetic energy (d) State the difference between water and

petrol in terms of strength bond between
Phase R: molecules and distance of separation
S: between molecules and distance of
separation between molecules in gaseous
ST: phase.
Heat
……………………………………………………………
Temperature
(e) Why is specific heat of vaporisation of water
Kinetic energy is larger than specific latent heat of fusion
of ice?
Phase S:
ST: ……………………………………………………………
T:
……………………………………………………………

107
Solve problems involving specific latent heat 4. An immersion heater rated at 500 W is fitted
into a large block of ice at 0 C. The
When the heat added or When the heat added specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 x
removed changes the or removed changes 106 J kg-1. How long does it take to melt 1.5
temperature of an the phase of an object kg of ice?
object, the heat is at constant
calculated using temperature, the heat
Q = mcθ is calculated using
Q = ml
If heat is supplied by electric heater to change
the phase of a substance, the equation Q = ml
can be written as
Q = Pt = ml

P = power of the heater, unit in W,

t = time ,unit is seconds

5. A 500 W electric heater is used to boil

Exercise 1 water. What is the time required to reduce
1. If 2 kg of ice melts when 452 000 J of heat the mass of water by 70 g after the water
energy is supplied to it, what is the specific has reached its boiling point? (Specific
latent heat of ice? latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 x
106 J kg-1)

2. An immersion heater supplies heat at a rate

6. 0.5 kg of water of 30 ⁰C is heated until all of
of 50 J s-1 to an insulated vessel containing
it is converted to steam. What is the
a liquid. The liquid is brought to its boiling
amount of heat energy supplied to it?
point and kept boiling for 2 minutes, during
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg -
which time the mass of the liquid lost is 40 1C-1
g. What is the value of the specific latent
Specific latent heat of vaporization = 2.26 x 106
heat of vaporization of the liquid?
J kg-1)

3. Ice cubes of mass 50 g at 0 C is heated by 7. 3.2 kg of water at 28 C is heated until half

a 50 W heater. The ice takes 5 minutes to of it is changes to steam at 100 C. How
melt completely. What is its specific latent much heat energy needs to be supplied to
heat of fusion of ice? the water?
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 Jkg -1C-1
Specific latent heat of vaporization = 2.26 x 106
J kg-1)

108
Experiment 4.3: Result :
Aim: (i) To determine specific latent heat of Mass beaker 1 m1 =
fusion of ice
(ii) To determine specific latent heat of Mass beaker 2 m2 =
vaporisation of water
Mass beaker 1 + water m3 =
A. Specific latent heat of fusion of ice
Mass beaker 2 + water m4 =
Apparatus:……………………………………………
Enery supplied by Q = Pt
…………………………………………………………… heater

…………………………………………………………… Mass of melted ice in m3 – m1 =

beaker 1
…………………………………………………………… Mass of melted ice in m4 – m2 =
beaker 2
Procedure Mass of melted ice due to heat supplied by
immersion heater,
m = (m3 – m1) – (m4 – m2)
=

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice:

Discussion:
1. Explain why the stop watch does not start
right after the heater is switched on?

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. Set 2 is known as control set. Explain the
necessity of control set in this experiment.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
3. Compare the value of specific heat of
……………………………………………………………
fusion of water with the exact value.
Explain the difference between the two
……………………………………………………………
values (if any)
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
B. Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water
……………………………………………………………
Apparatus:……………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

109
Procedure 2. Suggest ways to increase the accuracy of
the results of this experiment.

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

Activity 5
Aim: To show the evaporation causes cooling

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… Absorption of latent heat during melting and

evaporation can be used to give the effect of
…………………………………………………………… cooling. Latent heat released during
condensation however is used for the purpose
…………………………………………………………… of heating

…………………………………………………………… A. Material / apparatus: beaker, alcohol,

termometer
……………………………………………………………
1. Dip one of your finger into the alcohol.
……………………………………………………………
2. Take out your finger and wait for the
Result: alcohol to evaporate. Can you feel a little bit
Initial mass of water m1 = cool at your finger? ……………..

Final mass of water m2 = 3. Dip the bulb of a thermometer into the same
alcohol and observe the temperature
Time taken t= shown.

Power of heater P= 4. Take out the thermometer and wait until the
alcohol on the thermometer evaporate.
Mass of water which is m1 – m2 = m = Observe the temperature shown. State
boiled either the temperature increases or
decreases.
Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water
………………

Discussion
1. Is the value of specific latent heat of
vaporisation from this experiment smaller
or bigger than the actual value? Give
reason.

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

110
B. Apparatus: beaker, straw, and white tile dan 2. The freshness of fish and meat can be
piring kaca / Jubin putih maintained by placing them in contact with
Bahan: alcohol and water (Text pg 143) ice. Explain.

……………………………………………………………
..

……………………………………………………………
.

1. Pour 100 ml alcohol into a beaker.

2. Touch the outside of the beaker and the
water around the base of the beaker.
Record your observations.
3. Blow air repeatedly into the alcohol.
4. Touch the outside of the beaker. Record 3. How steam is used to cook food?
your observations.
……………………………………………………………
Discussion:
1. What happens to the alcohol when air is ……………………………………………………………
blown into it?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. Compare the level of coldness of the beaker
before and after air is blown into the 4. Explain why our bodies feel cool after
alcohol. Explain your answer. sweating.

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

3. State the effect of evaporation. ……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

Activity 6
Aim: Applications of Specific Latent Heat in
Everyday Life

1. Explain how drinks can be

cooled by adding in several
cubes of ice.

………………………………………

……………………………………… 5. Why the burn due to steam is more serious

than the burn due to hot water only?
………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
111
 Four phase of change of matter that involve
6. Cooling system in refrigerator specific latent heat

Process Application

Melting

Evaporation

Boiling

Condensation

Name the cooling agent used: ………

A refrigerator uses the cooling effect from

………..
During circulation of the cooling agent, heat is
………………. from inside the refrigerator and 1. Latent heat is ‘hidden’ because it
……………….. outside. ___________.
A. cannot be measured
Process Explaination B. does not actual exist
1 Compressor C. is a form of internal kinetic energy
D. is used to overcome the attractive
forces between the molecules

2. Specific latent heat is measured in ______

2 Condenser A. J C-1
B. J kg-1 C-1
C. J kg-1
D. J kg-1 C-1

3. The following is a temperature – time graph

3 Expansion valve for a substance Y which is heated. What is
happening at QR?

4 Freezer

A. Substance Y is being heated up

B. Substance Y is boiling at its boiling
point.
5 Cooling agent / Freon C. Substance Y is melting at its melting
point.
D. Substance Y undergoes chemical
changes.

112
4. The specific latent heat of fusion is the heat
required to ___
A. change 1 kg of ice into water at 0 C
B. change 1 kg of water to steam at 100 C
C. change the temperature of 1 kg of ice
by 1 C
D. change the temperature of 1 kg of water
by 1 C

5. There is no rise in temperature when heat is

supplied to melt ice. Which of the following
explains this observation?
A. The heat is used to exert pressure on What is the effect of the heat absorbed by
molecules. the water between point S and point T?
B. The heat is used to increase the (2007)
vibrations of molecules. A. It weakens the forces between the water
C. The heat is used to increase the kinetic molecules.
energy of molecules. B. It breaks the bonds between the water
D. The heat is used to overcome the molecules.
attractive forces between molecules. C. It increases the kinetic energy of the
water molecules.
6. Drinks can be cooled by adding in several D. It strengthens the bonds between the
cubes of ice. When the ice is melting water molecules.
______.
A. large amount of heat is absorbed and 9. Diagram 13 shows the cooling curve of a
lowers the temperature of the drink. substance.
B. a large amount of heat is released and
lowers the temperature of the drink.
C. the kinetic energy of the water
molecules increases.

7. The graph shows the heating curve of a

substance. Which of the phases labeled A,
B, C or D, shows heat is absorbed during the
melting process?

At which stages are specific latent heat

released?
A. VW and XY
B. WX and YZ
C. VW and YZ
D. WX and XY

10. Diagram 14 shows the heating curve of a

sample of naphthalene.

8. Diagram below is a graph which shows the

heating curve of water.

Naphthalene starts to melt at the time

A. tO
B. t2
C. t1
D. t3
113
11. Diagram 15 shows a process of change of
state.

In which process, A, B, C or D, is latent heat

of vaporization absorbed? (2010)

12. What occurs during the melting of (b) Using kinetic theory of matter explain why
naphthalene? (i) at section XY , the temperature is
A. Heat is released by the naphthalene remains constant?
B. Temperature of the naphthalene does
not increase ……………………………………………………………
C. The bonding force between the
naphthalene molecules increases ………………………………………………………
D. The kinetic energy of the naphthalene
molecules remains constant. (ii) at section YZ the temperature
increases
13. The latent heat of fusion for water is heat
absorbed by…. ……………………………………………………………
A. 1 kg of ice during melting without
changes in temperature ……………………………………………………………
B. 1 m3 of ice during melting without
changes in temperature (c) Using the graph,determine
C. 1 kg of water to increase the (ii) the melting point of the substance? …
temperature by 1 °C
D. 1 m3 of water to increase the (ii) the specific latent heat of fusion of the
temperature by 1 °C. substance.

14. How much heat is needed to be supplied to

change 500 g of ice block at 0 °C to water
at 0°C? (specific latent heat of fusion =
3.36 x 105 J/kg)
A. 6.72 x 102 J
B. 1.68 x 105 J 2. SPM 2005:
C. 6.72 x 105 J Sweating is one of the ways our body maintains
D. 1.68 x 108 J the body temperature of about 37o C. Sweat is
largely made up of water and it comes from
sweat glands as shown in the following figure.
PAPER 2 SECTION A
1. A solid substance of mass 0.1 kg is heated
using 200 W heater. A graph showing in
variation of temperature with time is shown
in Figure below.

(a) Based on the graph, what are the states of

matter between point
(i) WX : …………………………

(ii) XY : …………………………. When sweat evaporates, it takes heat away from

our body.
(iii) YZ : …………………………. (a) What is meant by evaporation?

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

114
(b) Using kinetic theory of matter, explain how (d) Sketch the graph of temperature against
evaporation takes away heat from our time on Diagram 2 to show the change of
body. phase from R to U.

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

(c) State two environmental factors that affect

the rate of evaporation of sweat.

……………………………………………………………
4. SPM 2008
…………………………………………………………… Diagram 8.1 shows a 500 W electric heater
being used to heat a beaker of water on a
(d) While playing badminton, 0.05 kg of sweat compression balance.
was evaporated from Ahmad’s body.
Calculate the quantity of heat lost from his
body due to the evaporation. The latent
heat of vaporization of sweat is 2.3 x 106 J
kg-1
[2 marks]

3. SPM 2007 (a) State the energy change involved when

Diagram 1 shows the change of phase when 1 using the heater to heat the water. [1 mark]
kg of ice is converted into steam.
……………………………………………………………

(b) The mass of water is 0.5 kg and the

specific heat capacity of water is 4 2000 J
kg-1 ºC-1. The initial temperature of the
water is 30 ºC. Calculate the energy
absorbed by the water to reach its boiling
Q1 , Q2 , and Q3 are the heat energies point.
absorbed during the heating process. [2 marks]

(a) Name the heat energy, Q1 , which is

absorbed from R to S.

……………………………………………………………
(c) When the water is boiling, the reading of the
(b) State one reason why the temperature at R compression balance decreases by 0.0125
and S is the same even though heat is kg in 60 s. Calculate the specific latent heat
supplied. of vaporization of the water.

…………………………………………………………… [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………

(c) Calculate the heat energy, Q2 , which is

absorbed from S to T.(The specific heat
capacity of water, C = 4 200 J kg-1 ºC-1]

115
(d) Q, R and S are three different hot plates. Question 4: SPM 2015
These hot plates are used to heat ‘roti Diagram 4 shows ice cubes are being heated by
canai’. Table 8 shows the characteristics 600 W immersion heater for 60 seconds. The
of each plate. melting ice cubes are collected in a beaker. The
Hot plate Specific Mass, Power, specific latent heat of fusion is 3.3 x 105 Jkg-1
heat m/ kg P/W
capacity
Jkg-1⁰C-1
Q 390 3.0 600
R 900 2.5 1 200
S 400 4.0 900

The initial temperature of each plate is 30

ºC. The plates are ready to use when their
temperature reaches 200 ºC.
Calculate the time to reach 200 ºC for each
plate. [5 marks] (a) What is the meaning of specific latent heat
(i) Plate Q of fusion?

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Plate R
(b) Explain why the temperature does not
change when the ice cubes changes to
liquid.

..................................................................................
(iii) Plate S
……………………………………………………………

(c) Calculate
(i) The energy absorbed by the ice cubes
[2 marks]
(e)(i) Based on the answers in 8(d), which plate
is the most suitable for heating ‘roti
canai’?
(ii) The mass of ice cubes which have
…………………………………………………………… melted.
[1 mark] [2 marks]

(ii) State one reason for the answer in 8(e)(i).

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

116
 Compress a balloon with
your hand. Why the balloon
4.4 does not flattened?

..................................................

…………………………………
Introduction
The air in the tyre of a car is able to support the …………………………………
weight of the car while the nitrogen gas in the
air bag stops the driver from moving forward …………………………………….
during a crash.
How gas pressure is produced on the wall of a
container?

❖ The molecules of
a gas are always
in …………..
motion.
The air inside the tyre and air bag exerts a
pressure. When the air is in a closed space, it ❖ They …………….
has a certain volume and temperature. with another
molecules or the
Activity 1 walls of the container elastically.
Aim: To observe the behavior of gas molecules
through computer simulation ❖ Every time a collision occurs, there is a
change in ………………… of the gas
Item Observation molecule.
Movement of
gas molecules ❖ …………….. is the rate of change of
Space filled by momentum, therefore a force acts on the
gas molecules wall of the container.
Direction of
motion of ❖ …………….. is defined as force per unit
molecules area.
Collisions
between gas ❖ Therefore the ………………… of a gas is due
molecules and to the force of the collisions of the gas
the walls of the molecules with the walls of the container.
container
Activity 3
Activity 2 Aim: To regconize variables which effect the
Aim: To stuy the existence of gas pressure behavior of gas

Why does an inflated

tire cannot support a Close the mouth
car? of a syringe.
Push the piston
…………………………… into the syringe

…………………………… (a) What happens to the volume and air

pressure in the syringe?
……………………………
…………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………
(b) Recognize two variables which effect the
How does the air in the tire can support the behavior of the gas.
weight of car?
………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

117
 Heat the air in a (a) Based on kinetic theory, explain what
test tube slowly. happens to the gas pressure when the
volume of gas decreases.
(a) What happen
to the ……………………………………………………………
temperatue
and volume of ……………………………………………………………
the air?
……………………………………………………………
………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
(b) Recognize two variables which effect the
behavior of the gas. (b) State the relationship between gas volume
with gas pressure.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
From the two activities above, state three
variables which effect the behavior of a gas. ……………………………………………………………
.
……………………………………………………………
Experiment 4.4 (Text pg 149)
Characteristic Explanation based on kinetic Observe the change in the
of gas theory air bubbles released by a
• The volume of the gas is fish as they rise towards
Volume equal to the volume of the the surface of the water.
container
• The average kinetic energy Inferences: …………………
Temperature is directly proportional to
temperature …………………………………
When air molecules collide
Pressure with wall of the container Hypothesis: ……………………………………………
they rebounce back, there
is a change in momentum ……………………………………………………………
and force is exerted on the
wall. Aim:
• Force per unit area is the …………………………………………….…………
gas pressure
……………………………………………………………
Variables and SI unit symbol for Others
Manipulated variable: ………………………………
symbols SI unit unit
Pressure, P
Responding variable: ………………………………
Volume, V Constant variable: …………………………………..
Temperature, T :Apparatus: ………………….………………………

……………………………………………………………
Activity 3
Aim: The relationship between pressure and Material: ………………………………………………
volume
A fixed mass of gas compressed at constant Susunan radas:
temperature

118
Procedure:
Method of controlling manipulated variable: Precaution:

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… Boyles’s Law states

……………………………………………………………

Method of measuring responding variable:

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………
P1 P2
Method of repeating: V1 V2
……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… The mathematical expression for Boyle’s law:

Tabulate data for all values V, 1/V and P.

Volume, 1/V Pressure,

V/ml ml-1 P / kPa

60
Boyle’s Law can be shown graphically:

70

80

90

100

Plot a graph P against V and graph P against

1/V.

Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

119
120
121
Solve problems regarding Boyle’s Law Activity 4
Aim: Determine the relationship between volume
1. A weather balloon is filled with helium gas to
a volume of 30 litres of 1.0 atm pressure. The
balloon is then release. As the balloon rises
up to the sky, its volume increases. What is
the pressure of the helium gas when the
volume of the balloon increases to 120 litres?

Rajah (a) Rajah (b)

3
2. An air bubble of volume 5 cm is released by Diagram (a) shows gas molecules in a cylinder.
an air pump at a depth of 0.5 m. Calculate the According to kinetic theory, explain why the
volume of the air bubble when it reaches the piston does not fall down?
surface of the water. [ The atmospheric
pressure = 10 m water ] ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

3. A small mass of gas is trapped by 3 cm length Diagram (b) shows the gas in the cylinder is
mercury in a small tube as shown in the heated.
diagram. The tube is then turned around so (a) What happens to the temperature of the gas?
that it is upright. What is the new length of
the trapped gas? (atmospheric pressure = 75 ………………………………………………………………
cm Hg)
(b) Explain what happens to the kinetic energy
of the gas molecules.

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

(c) State a physics quantity that must be kept

4. Figure (a) shows a J-shaped contains 6 cm3 constant.
of air trapped by mercury. Figure (b) shows
more mercury is poured into the open tube of ………………………………………………………………
the J-shaped until the level differ by 150 cm.
What is the volume,V of the trapped air ? The (d) Explain why the piston is pushed upward.
atmospheric pressure = 75 cm Hg
……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………
Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

122
(e) State the relationship between volume of the Procedure:
gas and temperature. Method of controlling manipulated variable:

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

Ekperimen 4.5 (Text pg 153) ……………………………………………………………..

A balloon is inflated …………………………………………………………….

and fix onto the
bottle’s mouth as in Method of measuring responding variable:
Figure. When the
bottle is placed in a ……………………………………………………………..
beaker of hot water the
balloon is inflated …………………………………………………………….
further.
…………………………………………………………….
Inferences: ……………
Method of repeating:
…………………………
……………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..
Hypothesis: ……………………………………………
Tabulate data for all values θ and L.
………………………………………………………………
Temperature Length of column of air
Aim: …………………………………………….………… Θ / ⁰C L / cm

……………………………………………………………… 30

Manipulated variable: ………………………………….

40
Responding variable: …………………………………..

Constant variable: …………………………………..…. 50

:Apparatus: ………………….…………………………..
60
……………………………………………………………..

Material: …………………………………………………. 70
Arrangement of apparatus:
Plot graph L against θ. θ axis has to cover the
range of -300 ⁰C to 100 ⁰C.
extrapolate graph L against θ until L = 0 cm.

Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

Precaution:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

123
124
At 0 C, the gas has certain volume. Mathematical expression:

A fixed mass of gas being heated at constant

pressure.

What is absolute zero of temperature?

• The lowest possible temperature that is -
273C (0 Kelvin / 0 K)
• The gas particles theoretically …………….
moving and have …………. volume.
• The temperature measured in Kelvin scale is
called the absolute temperature.

Temperature Celsius scale Kelvin scale

⁰C to K  C ( + 273) K
Explain Charles law by using kinetic theory of gas
K to C (X – 273) C XK
………………………………………………………………
Absolute ………………………………………………………………
zero
………………………………………………………………
Ice point
………………………………………………………………
Steam point
………………………………………………………………

The graph of volume against absolute Solve problems regarding Charles’ law
temperature (in the Kelvin scale) is a straight line
passing through the origin, if the pressure and 1. Change the unit for below temperature:
mass of the gas is kept constant
°C Kelvin, K Kelvin, °C
K
47 175

373 375

- 200 1000

2. A cylinder contains 200 cm3 of gas at a

temperature of 27 C. The gas is heated until
its temperature increases by 30 C. If the
V1 V2 piston of the cylinder expands under constant
pressure, what is the final volume of the gas?

T1 T2

State Charles’ law

125
3. The diagram shows a glass tube containing Ekperimen 4.6 (Text pg 158)
some trapped air inside it. At 17o C , the
vertical column of trapped air is 29 cm. What Before going on a long
is the vertical column of trapped air at a journey, the air pressure in
temperature of 57oC ? the tyre of a car is
measured. After the
journey, it is found that the
air pressure in the tyre had
increased.

Inferences: ……………………

………………………………………………………………

Hypothesis: ……………………………………………
Activity 5
Aim: Determine the relationship between pressure ………………………………………………………………
and temperature
Aim: …………………………………………….…………
A fixed mass of gas being heated at constant
volume. ………………………………………………………………

Manipulated variable: ………………………………….

Responding variable: …………………………………..

Constant variable: …………………………………..….

Apparatus: ………………….…………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

Material: ………………………………………………….
(a) Explain what happens to the gas molecules Susunan radas:
when the gas is heated.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

(b) Explain what happens to the gas pressure.

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

(c) State the relationship between gas pressure

and temperature if the volume of the gas is
kept constant.

…………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………

126
Procedure: Precaution:
Method of controlling manipulated variable:
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..
State Gay Lussac’s law.
……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

Method of measuring responding variable:

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….
Mathematical expression
…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

Method of repeating:

…………………………………………………………….. Draw graph P against θ (⁰C)

……………………………………………………………..

Tabulate data for all values θ and P.

Suhu Tekanan udara

Ө / C. P / cm

30
Draw graph P against T(K)
40

50

60

70

80

Plot graph P against θ. θ axis has to cover the

range of -300 ⁰C to 100 ⁰C.
Extrapolate the grap until P = 0 kPa. Determine the
temperature when P = 0 kPa.

Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

127
128
Solve problems regarding Pressure Law 2. Explain why it is very
1. The pressure of nitrogen gas in a light bulb is dangerous to throw an empty
60 kPa at 20 C. Calculate the temperature of aerosol can in fire. Name the
the gas when the pressure inside the bulb gas laws involved.
rises to 90 kPa after the bulb is lighted up.
...........................................................

…………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….
2. An iron cylinder containing gas has a
pressure of 360 kPa when it is kept in a store …………………………………………………………….
at 27 C. Calculate the pressure of the gas
when the cylinder is moved outdoors where 3. Explain why the
the temperature is 50 C. size of air bubble
increases as it
goes up to the
surface of water.
Name the gas laws
involved.

3. A sealed container contains a gas at a ………………………………………………………………

pressure of 4 atmospheres and at a
temperature of 27 C. Find the pressure of ……………………………………………………………..
the gas in the container if the temperature is
raised to 102 C. ……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………

4. A car starts a long journey from Melaka to

Kedah through North-South Highway.
4. A motorcycle tyre is found to posses a
pressure of 3.2 atmospheres when it was
tested in a garage at a temperature of 27C.
By assuming that the volume of the air in the
tyre is fixed, what is the surrounding
temperature if the tyre is found to posses a
pressure of 2.8 atm?

(a) Why the car tyre becomes hot after a long

journey?

Application of gas laws. …………………………………………………………….

1. Why a dented ping pong can be repaired by
placing the dented ball in hot water? Name (b) What will happen to the air pressure in the
the gas law corresponding to this problem. tyre?

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

...................................................................................... (c) What is the negative impact that will occur?

……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

129
(d) What is the benefit for a driver to stop at rest B. More molecules are created by the hot
area? water
C. The molecules of trapped air are getting
……………………………………………………………… bigger
D. The trapped air molecules are hitting the
…………………………………………………………….. piston more often

5. Explain how a bicycle pump functions. 4. The figure shows an air column trapped in a
capillary tube by 5 cm of mercury. The
capillary tube at two different situations.

……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… What is the value of x ?

[The atmospheric pressure = 75 cm Hg]
…………………………………………………………… A. 21.8 cm
B. 23.4 cm
C. 25.0 cm
TUTORIAL 4.4 D. 26.7 cm
1. Some gas trapped in a cylinder is
compressed at constant temperature by a 5. The air bubbles formed in base of a lake
piston. Which of the following is not change? expand as they float towards the surface
A Mass because
B Density A the density of the water increases as
C Pressure the depth of water increases.
D Molecular spacing B the pressure of the water increases as
the depth of water increases.
2. Why does the pressure of a fixed mass of gas C the temperature of the water increases
increase when it is heated at a constant as the depth of water lake increases.
volume?
A. The number of the molecules increases 6. The diagram shows a glass tube
B. The density of the molecules increases containing some trapped air
C. The average mass of the molecules inside it. At 27o C , the vertical
increases column of trapped air is 10 cm.
D. The average speed of the molecules What is the temperature of
Increases trapped air is heated when the
vertical column of trapped air
3. The diagram shows a syringe is placed in hot is 10.9 cm?
water. The outlet of the syringe is sealed. A. 42oC
B. 480C
C. 540C
D. 57oC

7. Diagram (a) shows a cylinder containing gas

at temperature 30o C . The height of the
cylinder is P. Diagram (b) shows the gas in
the cylinder is heated so that it expands to a
height 3P.

Why the piston begins to rise when the

syringe is placed in the hot water?
A. The walls of syringe is expanding
Rajah (a) Rajah (b)
130
 What is the final temperature of the gas? 11. A fixed mass of gas in a container of fixed
A. 90oC volume is heated. Which statement is
B. 180oC correct?
C. 303oC E. The pressure of the gas is constant
D. 636oC F. The molecules of the gas move further
apart
8. Before a long journey, the air in a car tyre has G. The kinetic energy of the gas molecules
pressure of 128 kPa and a temperature of 27o is constant
C . After the journey the air pressure in the H. The molecules of the gas move with
tyre is 132 kPa. Which expression determines higher velocity.
the temperature of air in the tyre after the
journey?[ Assume the volume of the tyre is 12. Diagram 12 shows a syringe connected to a
constant ] Bourdon gauge. The readings on the
A ( 27 + 273 )o C Bourdon gauge before and after the piston is
pushed in are shown below.
o
B 132 x 27 C
128
o
C 128 x 27 C
132
o
D 132 x 300-273 C
128

9. Diagram 13 shows the condition of a plastic

bottle which initially contains hot air, before
and after being put into a basin of ice. Which of the following explains this
situation?
A. Boyle’s Law
B. Charle’s Law
C. Pascal’s principle
D. Gay-Lussac’s Law

13. Diagram 13 shows the apparatus used to

investigate the relationship between the
The situation is explained by… length, l and the temperature, T, of the
A. Boyle’s law trapped air.
B. Charles’s law
C. Gay-Lussac’s law

10. Boyle’s law states that PV = constant. Which

graph represents the equation?

Which graph represents the relationship

between l and T?

131
14. Diagram 15 shows the pressure temperature 1. Melaka 08
graph for a fixed mass of gas at constant Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show an experiment
volume. is carried out to investigate a law of gas. A
column of air is trapped in the capillary tube and
is heated for a period of time.

Which statement is correct about the

condition of the gas?
A. The gas pressure is zero at 0 ˚C Diagram 6.1 Diagram 6.2
B. The gas molecules are stationary at -273
˚C (a) What is meant by heat? [1 mark]
C. The kinetic energy of the molecules is
maximum at -273 ˚C .......................................................................
D. The gas pressure is inversely
proportional to the temperature (b) (i) Compare the length of the air trapped
in the capillary tube in Diagram 6.1 and
15. Diagram 16.1 shows a dented ping-pong ball. Diagram 6.2.
Diagram 16.2 shows the condition of the ball
after being placed in hot water. ...................................................................................
[1 mark]

(v) Compare the temperature of the air

trapped in the capillary tube in Diagram
6.1 and Diagram 6.2. [1 mark]

...............................................................................

(vi) Name the physical quantity represented

by the length of the air trapped. [1 mark]

Which of the following is correct about the ..............................................................................

mass of the air and the kinetic energy of the
air molecules inside the ping-pong ball when (vii) What is the relationship between the
the ball is placed in hot water? (2010) physical quantity in (b)(iii) and the
temperature? [1 mark]
Mass of the air Kinetic energy of the
air molecules ...................................................…………………...
A Increases Increases
(c) Name the physics law involved in (a)(iv).
B Unchanged Unchanged
C Decreases Unchanged ......................................................................................
D Unchanged Increases [1 mark]

(d) Diagram 6.3 shows a graph obtained from the

experiment. The temperature, θ is -273oC
when it is extrapolated and intersect x-axis.

132
 (a) State the physical quantity measured by a
Bourdon gauge. [1 mark]

................................................................

(b) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2,

(i) compare the readings of both the Bourdon
gauges.

................................................................
[1 mark]
(i) What is the name given to the (ii) compare the readings of both thermometers.
temperature, θ?
.....................................................................................
...................................................................................... [1 mark]
[1 mark] (iii) state the relationship between the heat
supplied and the temperature.
(ii) State one characteristic of the gas at
temperature θ? [1 mark] ....................................................................................
[1 mark]
...................................................................................
(iv) state the relationship between the pressure
2. SPM 2011 of air in the flask and the temperature.
Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show trapped air in
two identical flasks heated with different quantity ......................................................................................
of heat. Both stoves are turned off after 10 [1 mark]
minutes.
(c) Based on kinetic theory, explain the reason for
the answer in 5(b)(iv).

....................................................................................

....................................................................................

...................................................................................

……………………………………………………………..
[2 marks]

(d) Name the law involved when the air volume

is constant.

Diagram 5.1 ......................................................................................

[1 mark]

3. SPM 2014
Diagram 5.1 shows the reading of the Bourdon
Gauge before the piston of the bicycle pump is
pushed inwards.

Rajah 5.1 / Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2
Diagram 5.2 shows the reading of the Bourdon
Gauge when the piston of the bicycle pump is
pushed inwards.

133
 4. SPM 2009
Diagram 4 shows air bubbles produced by an air
pump in an aquarium filled with fresh water.

Rajah 5.2 / Diagrm 5.2

(a) Based on Diagram 5.1, tick (√) the correct answer

in the box.

Bourdon Gauge can measure

gas temperature
(a) Explain why the volume of an air bubble
increases as it moves towards the
surface.
gas pressure
[1 mark]
……………………………………………… [1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2, (b) Name the physics law involved in 4(a).
(i) Compare the volume of air inside th bicycle
………………………………………………………………
pump. [1 mark]
(c) What is the change in the volume of an
………………………………………………………………
air bubble at level R when the fresh water
[1 mark]
is replaced by sea water of higher
density?
(ii) Compare the pressure produced inside the
bicycle pump
………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
………………………………………………………………
. [1 mark] (d) Calculate the volume of the air bubbles
when it reaches the surface of the water.
(iii) Compare the number of air particles inside
[Assume that the atmospheric pressure is
the bicycle pump 10 m water]
. [3 marks]
………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) Based on the answer in 5(b),

(i) State the relationship between the volume of

air inside the bicycle pump with the pressure
5. Question 1
produced. Diagram 1 shows the graph of pressure against
temperature for a fixed mass of gas at a constant
……………………………………………………………….
volume.
1 mark]
(ii) State the physics law involved

……………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(d) (i) Based on the answer in 5(c), what

happens tothe kinetic energy of the air
particles when the air is compressed
.
……………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 5(d)(i).

……………………………………………………………… (a) Complete the following sentence by ticking (√)

[1 mark] in the box for the correct definition.
134
 The following table shows the characteristics
The temperature is of materials which could be used to make the
food container.
a form of energy
Material Density Boiling Specific Thermal
Kgm-3 point heat conductivity
degree of hotness capacity
Jkg-1⁰C-1
P 2710 660 910 High
(b) Based on Diagram 1, Q 910 27 1600 Low
(i) what will happen to the pressure when R 1050 240 1300 low
temperature decreases? S 2600 1200 670 Low
T 3800 2020 800 High
………………………………………………………..
[1 mark] (a) You are asked to investigate the
(ii) name the temperature at point X. characteristics of the materials in the table
which could be used to make the food
……………………………………………………… container as in the figure above.
[1 mark] Explain the suitability of each characteristics
(c) What happens to the motion of the gas in the table and hence, determine which
molecules at point X? material is most suitable to be used to make
the food container. Justify your choice.
…………………………………………………………….. [10 marks]
[1 mark]
(b) 500 g of hot water at 90 o C is poured into a
PERFORMANCE TEST glass and left to cool down to room
temperature at 30o C. Calculate the quantity of
1. You are representing the country in carrying heat lost from the hot water. The specific
out a research project on the weather at the heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg -1 oC-1
North Pole. The surrounding temperature is
between - 40o C to - 8o C. One item of the 3. (a) Explain why someone who is sweating
equipment to be taken for your research is a feels cool when he is under a rotating fan.
thermometer. [4 marks]
(a) State the principle used in a liquid –glass
thermometer. [1 mark] (b) A solid substances, of mass 0.05 kg, is
heated using an immersion heater of 240 V,
(b) State how a liquid-glass thermometer can be 0.1 kW. Diagram below shows the heating
used to measure the body temperature of a curve of the solid.
sick person. Explain heat transfer that takes
place at each stage of measurement.
[4 marks]

(c) A thermometer which is not calibrated has a

mercury column of length 8.0 cm when the
temperature is 0o C and 20.0 cm when the
temperature is 100oC. The mercury column
is 5.0 cm when put in liquid X. Determine the
temperature of liquid X in Kelvin.

Calculate:
2. The figure shows a food container used for (i) the specific latent heat of fusion of the
keeping the food warm. The container is able substance
to maintain the temperature of food for a long (ii) The specific heat capacity of the
time. The container can be moved from one substance in liquid state.
place to another. [5 marks]

135
4. Diagram 11.1 shows a metal block, M, of mass 5. (a) Explain why the size of an air bubble at the
500 g heated in boiling water of temperature base of a lake increases as it moves toward
100 ⁰C for a long time. The metal block M is the surface .
then quickly transferred into 200 g of water at [4 marks]
30 ⁰C in a polystyrene cup. The water is stirred
until thermal equilibrium is achieved. (b) Diagram 9.3 shows a house model in
Malaysia.

Using appropriate physics concepts, explain

the use of suitable material and design to
Diagram 11.1 improve the ventilation of the house and to
ensure the temperature inside the house is
(a)(i) What is the meaning of thermal equilibrium? not high. Your answer should include the
[1 mark] following aspects:
(i) Number of windows
(a)(ii) Explain, in terms of thermal equilibrium, (ii) Size of windows
how a thermometer which is placed into the (iii) The specific heat capacity of material for
boiling water reads at the temperature of the wall.
100 ⁰C. [4 marks] (iv) The type of material for the roof.
(b)(i) Calculate the final temperature of the water (v) Additional feature that can cool the
in the polystyrene cup. house.
[Specific heat capacity of M = 800 J kg -1 ⁰C-1] [10 marks]
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg -1 ⁰C-1]
[4 marks] 6. (a) Diagram 9.3 shows the sea breeze
phenomenon.

(b)(ii) State one assumption that you have

made in 11(b)(i).
[1 mark]
(c) Diagram 11.2 shows a thermos flask used to
maintain the temperature of a hot drink for a
long time.

Rajah 9.3 / Diagram 9.3

Explain how the sea breeze phenomenon

occurs during the day time
. [4 marks]
You are required to suggest the suitable
characteristics of a thermos flask that can
maintain the temperature of a hot drink. State and
explain the suggestion based on the
characteristics of material of the stopper, material
for double walled tube and suitable space for P.

136
(b) Diagram 9.4 shows a car radiator system. (d) The volume of air bubble at the depth of 60 m
is 1.0 cm3. Calculate the volume of the air
bubble at the surface of the water.
[3 marks]

(e) The swimsuit worn by the swimmer in

Diagram 11 is not suitable for scuba divers to
dive in cold water. You are assigned to study
the characteristics of a diving suit that is
suitable for use in cold water.
.
Table 2 shows the characteristics of the
You are required to modify the car radiator
diving suit for scuba divers.
system so that it can cool the engine
effectively. State and explain the
modifications based on the following
aspects:
(i) Size of the fan used
(ii) Number of the fin blade
(iii) Material of the fin blade
(iv) Specific heat capacity of the cooling liquid
used
(v) Boiling point of the cooling liquid used.
[10 marks]

7. SPM 2018
Diagram 11 shows Danial is swimming
underwater and experiencing pressure when
doing so.
Choose the most suitable diving suit to be
used in cold water and provide the reasons
for your choice.
[10 marks]

Diagram 11

(a) State one factor that affects the pressure of

water.
[1 mark]

(b) In Diagram 11, the air bubbles from Danial

become bigger as the air bubbles move
upwards to the water surface. Explain
[4 marks]

(c) The atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 10

meter of water. What is the total pressure
acting on the air bubble, in the unit of meter
water, when the air bubble is

(i) At the surface of water?

(ii) At the depth of 60 m underwater?

[2 marks]

137
 LEARNING STANDARD
6.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVE 6.3 REFLECTION OF WAVES 6.4 REFRACTIION OF WAVES
• Describe wave • Describe reflection of waves • Describe refraction of waves
• State the type of waves from aspects: i, r, λ, f, v and from aspects: i, r, λ, f, v and
• Compare transverse and direction of propagation of direction of propagation of
longitudinal waves waves waves
• Explain the characteristics • Draw a diagram to show the • Draw diagrams to show the
of waves: amplitude, period, reflection of plane wave by a refraction of waves for two
T, frequency, f , wavelength, plane reflector. different depths.
λ and wave speed, v • Justify the application of • Explain natural phenomena
• Sketch and interpret wave reflection of waves in daily of refraction of waves in
graphs: life daily life
i. displacement-time • Solve problems involving • Solve problems involving
ii. displacement-distance reflection of waves. refraction of waves.
• Determine λ, f and v
6.5 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES 6.6 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
6.2 DAMPING & RESONANCE • Describe diffraction of • Explain the principle of
• Describe damping and waves from the following superposition of waves.
resonance for an oscillating aspect: λ, f, v and direction • Describe the pattern of
/ vibrating system of propagation of waves interference for: water
• Justify the effects of • Determine factors affecting waves, sound waves and
resonance in our daily lives diffraction of waves light waves
• Draw diagrams to show the • Relate λ, a, x and D for the
pattern of diffraction of wave interference pattern
water waves and the effects • Solve problems involving
of diffraction of light waves interference of waves.
• Explain the application of • Communicate on the
diffraction of waves in daily application of interference of
life waves in daily life

6.7 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

• Characterise electromagnetic waves
• State the components of the electromagnetic spectrum according to wavelengths and frequencies
• Communicate to explain about the applications of each component in the electromagnetic spectrum
in daily life.

138
 How do waves transfer energy?
5.1

IDEA
A stone is
➢ When a stone is dropped into a pond, ________
dropped into the
waves are produced. The energy of the stone is
water. What do
converted to waves.
you see?
➢ The water waves propagate on the surface of the
water. The direction of propagation of the water
waves is from ______ to ______.

➢ The cork represents the ________ particles.

Acivity 1 ➢ The cork does not move together with the wave,
To study vibration of dipper of a ripple tank and instead it moves _____ and _________ about its
vibration of a tuning fork. initial position.

1. Attach a dipper until its ➢ What is transferred by waves?

spherical end touches
the surface of water. ………………………………………………………
Observe the surface of
water when ➢ Waves transfer energy as they move along the
(a) motor does not water particles. However, the waves do not carry
vibrate the water particles along with them.

………………………………… Activity 2
To investigate the propagation of waves as energy
(b) Motor vibrates transfer

…………………………………

2. Hold a tuning fork. Can you

hear the sound produced by
the tuning fork if:
(a) does not vibrate

………………………………
1. Tie a ribbon to the slinky spring.
(b) vibrate? 2. Let two pupils hold each end of the slinky spring.
3. Move end A of the slinky spring from side to side
……………………………… while end B is fixed.
4. Obersve the movement of the waves along the
What is waves? slinky spring and the movement of the ribbon.

Discussion:
1. What is felt by the pupil at end B after the slinky
spring is moved from side to side?

…………………………………………………………………..

2. What is the direction of energy transfer along the

slinky spring?

………………………………………………………………..

3. Describe the movement of the ribbon?

………………………………………………………………..

139
 B. A candle light is put in front of 1. Hold one end of a slinky spring and give a sharp
a speaker. push at the other end of the spring backward and
forward. Observe the movement of the spring.
Observe the flame when the (a) Label the parts of compression and
speaker produces sound. rarefaction of the spring and the wavelength
of the wave produced.

➢ State the direction of the movement of the flame. (b) Show the direction of the vibration of the
coloured thread and the direction of
………………………………………………………………... propagation of the wave (movement of the
spring.
➢ How does the flame receive energy to move?

___________________________________________

When energy is transferred by a wave from a vibrating

source to a distant receiver, there is no _________ of
matter between the two points.
(c) The wave produced by the slinky spring is a:

Aktiviti 3 Transverse wave

Aim: To state type of waves
Longitudinal wave
Wave Profile

Progressive Wave Stationary Wave (d) The direction of the spring waves is {parallel
/ perpendicular} to the direction of the
vibration of the particle.

(e) The wave that travels along the spring

consists of a series of ____________ and
____________

(f) The _____________ is the distance between

two successive rarefraction or two
Longitudinal Transverse successive compression
wave wave
2. Use the same slinky spring move the other end of
Mechanical Electromagnetic the spring side ways. Observe the movement of
Wave Wave the spring.
(a) Label the wavelength of the wave.

(b) Show the direction of the vibration of the

coloured thread and the direction of
propagation of the wave (movement of the
spring.

Activity 4
Aim:To compare longitudinal wave and transverse
wave using a slinky spring.

(a) The wave produced by the slinky spring is a:

Transverse wave

Longitudinal wave

140
 (b) The direction of the spring waves is {parallel (a) Mark and label with letter a for amplitude in
/ perpendicular} to the direction of the the oscilating / vibrating system on the above
vibration of the particle. diagram.

Conclusion
3. State the meaning of period:
A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the
vibration of the medium is __________ to the
direction of the propagation of wave.

Example: _____________________
4. State the meaning of frequency:
A transverse wave is a wave in which the
vibration of particles in the medium is
________ to the direction of propagation of
the wave.

Example: ___________________
(a) Determine the time taken to make 10
complete oscillation / vibration.
Activity 5:
(b) Determine the period.
To study amplitude, period, frequency of waves and
(c) Determine time for 10 complete vibration /
wavelength.
oscillation to determine the frequency of the
system.
1. State the meaning of complete vibration @
oscillation
Time for 10
complete Period,
oscillation / s Frequency
vibration / s / Hz
Pendulum

(a) Displace the pendulum bob and the slotted Spring

weight. Mark the position when the bob and
slotted weight at rest with letter X. This
position is known as equilibrium position. (d) Write an equation relating period, T with
frekuency, f.

……………………………………………………

(e) SI unit for period and frequency is second, s

and hertz, Hz respectively. What is the
equivalent unit for hertz?

……………………………………………………
5. State the meaning of wavelength:

(b) Write the correct path for one complete

oscillation.

Pendulum : ……………………………………………….

Spring: ……………………………………………………

2. State the meaning of amplitude: (a) Mark and label wavelength.

141
 Activity 6:
Aim: To sketch Displacement-time graph and
Displacement-distance graph for a wave.

1. The motion of an oscillating spring can be plotted

on a displacement against time graph.

Exersise 1:

1. Diagram 1 shows a waves traveling in the sea

starting from point A.

O : ……………………………………………………………..

a : …………………………………………………………….

T : ……………………………………………………………
Complete Table 1
(a) Indicate the interval which 2. Displacement against distance graph
represents one wavelength.
(b) State pairs of point which are at
the same phase.
(c) State the direction of propagation
of the water wave.

2. Based on Diagram 2 calculate the wavelength.

a = …………………….. λ = …………………

Diagram 2 3. Sketch displacement-time graph for a wave with:

• amplitud, A = 5 cm
• tempoh, T = 0.4 s
3. Diagram 3 shows a
steel ruler which is
clamped to a table
and is oscillating
following the path
A-B-C-B-A.

The time taken to

oscillate 10
complete
oscillations is 8.0 4. Sketch a graph of displacement-distance for a
seconds and wave with:
distance AC is 12.0 cm. Determine: • Amplidtud, A = 10 cm
(a) amplitude • Panjang gelombang, λ = 4 cm

(b) period

(c) frequency

142
Exersise 2
(a) Compare the frequency between Diagram a and
1. Diagram 4 shows a displacement-time graph of a Diagram b.
wave.
…………………………………………………………….

(b) Compare the wavelength between Diagram a and

Diagram b.

…………………………………………………………..

(c) At constant speed, state the relationship

between frequency and wavelength.

Calculate the frequency of the given wave. ………………………………………………………………….

2. Diagram 5 shows a displacement-time graph and a (d) Draw graph f against λ and f against 1/λ.
displacement-distance graph respectively for a
water wave.

2. The relationship between speed, wavelength and

frequency

According to those graphs, determine:

Diagram 7a
(a) amplitude

(b) Period

(c) Frequency

(d) wavelength
Diagram 7b
Activity 6:
Based on Diagram 7a and Diagram 7b, name the:
Frequency, wavelength and speed of waves
(a) Distance between two successive crest
1. Relationship between frequency and wavelength
………………………………………………………………

(b) Time taken to travel between two successive

crests.

………………………………………………………………
Diagram 6a
(c) Given the equation:

Speed = distance period = _ 1 _

time frequency

Derive equation for speed of waves:

Diagram 6b

143
Activity 7 3. Diagram 8 shows a displacement-time graph for a
Aim: To determine the wavelength, frequency and wave.
wave speed
Apparatus: Ripple tank and its accessories,
stroboscope and ruler.
Material: Water

calculate:
(a) Amplitude………. (b) period………..

(b) frequency

4. Diagram 9 shows a displacement-time graph

produced by a slinky spring vibrating at frequency
5 Hz.

1. Switch on the motor to start the vibration with

low frequency. Increase the frequency by
increasing the voltage of the power supply.
Observe the wave pattern on the white paper.
2. By using the stroboscope, mark two succesive
dark lines on the white paper. Measure
wavelength, λ with a ruler.

Result
(a) Draw wave pattern for low and high frequency of Determine:
the motor. Lukis corak gelombang bagi (a) Amplitude…………. (b) wavelength…………
frekuensi motor rendah dan tinggi. Mark λ.
(b) wave velocity
Low frequency High frequency

5. Diagram 10 shows a wave.

λ = ………… f = …………. v = ………………

Exersise 3:
1. Calculate the frequency of water waves with the The speed of the wave is 4.0 ms-1. The distance
wavelength of 4.0 cm and traveling at a speed of of 5 consecutive crests is 8 m. Calculate the
1.6 cm s-1. frequency of the wave.

6. Which of the graphs has a higher frequency?

A

2. Before a concert starts, a musician tunes his

guitar string to not A which has frequency of 440
Hz. What is the wavelength of the sound wave
produced by the guitar string if the speed of the
sound in the music hall is 340 m s-1?
B

144
TUTORIAL 5.1 4. Diagram 5 shows two situations where a ball
1. A simple pendulum is oscillating through 3 floats and moves on the surface of the water.
different positions, A, B and C.

The direction of the movement of the ball is …..

A. parallel to the direction of the wave
propagation
B. perpendicular to the direction of the wave
propagation
One complete oscillation is from C. the same as the direction of the wave
A. A to B propagation
B. A to C D. the opposite to the direction of the wave
C. A to C and C to B propagation.
D. A to C and C to A

5. The diagram shows a waves traveling in the sea.

2. The diagram shows the displacement-distance
graph for a wave at a given instant. The
amplitude of the water waves varies with distance
from their starting point.

Which two points are one wavelength apart?

A. P and R
B. Q and S
C. P and S
D. Q and T
Which symbols represent the amplitude and the
6. Calculate the frequency of the given wave below
wavelength?

3. Diagram 1 below shows the cross section of

water waves.

A. 8 Hz. C. 1/8 Hz
B. 4 Hz. D. ¼ Hz
Which of the following statements is true about
the water waves? 7. The diagram shows a wavefront pattern produces
A. T and U have the same phase by a dipper vibrating at a frequency of 12 Hz in a
B. Wave energy is transferred from position S to ripple tank.
U
C. The wave length is the distance between S
and U
D. The particle at U oscillates in a direction
parallel to the direction of the wave
propagation

What is the speed of the waves?

A. 2 cms-1
B. 8 cms-1
C. 12 cms-1
D. 18 cms-1
145
8. Which of the following shows the relationship Structure Questions
between period and frequency of a wave?
1. SPM 08:
Diagram 1 shows a slinky spring being moved left
and right continuously.

(a) Complete the sentence below by ticking (x)

9. Based on the graph given below, what is the the correct box. [1 mark]
amplitude of the wave?
The wave produced by the slinky is a

Transverse wave -------

Longitudinal wave -------

(b) On Diagram 1, mark ‘X’ on any one of the

crests of the wave. [1 mark]

(c) Complete the following sentence by

A. 5m underlining the correct phrase in the bracket.
B. 10 m
C. 15 m The direction of the hand movement is {the
D. 20 m same as / opposite to / perpendicular to} the
direction of the wave movement.
10. The graphs show the cross-sections of water [1 mark]
waves. Which wave has the greatest energy? (d) What is transferred by the wave?

……………………………………………………
[1 mark]

2. SPM 2010
Diagram 1.1 shows an oscillating pendulum.

(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, choose the correct path

for one complete oscillation. Tick (x) the correct
11. A dipper produces plane waves at the rate of x answer in the box provided.
waves per second in a ripple tank. The
wavelength of the plane wave is λ cm. What is
the wavelength of the plane wave if the dipper
produces 2x waves per second?
A.  C. 2
1 1
 
B. 2 D. 4 [1 mark]
146
(b) The stop watch in Diagram 1.2 shows the time
taken for the pendulum to make 20 complete (ii) Mark one distance which is equal to a
oscillations. wavelength of the water waves. Label
the distance using the symbol λ.
[1 mark]

(c) When the frequency of the water wave is

increased, what happens to:
i. The wavelength of the water wave?

..............................................................
[1 mark]
ii. The speed of the water wave?

..............................................................
[1 mark]

4. SPM 2018
Based on Diagram 1.2, state Diagram 6.1(a) and Diagram 6.2(a) show the water
(i) the smallest division of the stop watch, droplets drop onto the water surface in a basin. The
static images of the water droplets from both taps
………………. s [1 mark] were taken at the same time.
Diagram 6.1(b) and Diagram 6.2(b) show the circular
(ii) the time taken for 20 complete oscillations. wave fronts produced when the water droplet hit the
water surface in the basin.
………………. s [1 mark]

(c) What is the type of physical quantity for time?

Tick (x) the correct answer in the box provided.

Scalar quantity

Vector quantit [1 mark]

3. SPM 2012:
Diagram 2 shows a cross-section of water wave in a
ripple tank. Bright and dark regions are formed on the Diagram 6.1(a) Diagram 6.1(b)
screen.

Diagram 6.2(a) Diagram 6.2(b)

(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to

(a) What type of wave is this water wave? complete the sentence below.

....................................................................... A wave front is a line joining all the points which

[1 mark] have the same (phase, velocity).
(b) On Diagram 2, [1 mark]
(i) Complete the light rays that pass
through one of the crests to show how a
bright region is produced on the screen.
[1 mark]

147
(b) Observe Diagram 6.1 and 6.2. (b) Based on Diagram 1,
(i) name region X,
(i) Compare the depth of water in the basin.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]
[1 mark] (ii) mark one distance which is equal to a
wavelength of the sound waves. Label the
(ii) Compare the number of water droplets distance using the symbol λ.
dripping at the same time. [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………… (c) The tuning fork in Diagram 1 vibrates in water.

[1 mark] What happens to the speed of sound?

(iii) Compare the frequency of the dripping water ………………………………………………………..

from the taps. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
5.2
(iv) Compare the wave length of the circular wave
which is spreading outwards in the basin.

…………………………………………………………………
Introduction
[1 mark]
A baby is in a cradle. His
mother swings the cradle
(v) Relate the frequency of the dripping water to
until she falls asleep.
the wave length of the circular wave.
Why the cradle swing
with decreasing
…………………………………………………………………
amplitude and stop at
[1 mark]
last. What makes the
cradle stop oscillate after
(c) The depth of the water in the basin in Diagram
his mother stop
6.1(a) is reduced.
swinging?
(i) What happens to the wave length of the
circular wave?
Activity 1
Damping effect in a vibrating system
…………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 6(c)(i).

…………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

5. SPM 2007
Diagram 1 shows how a vibrating tuning fork
produces sound waves in air.

1. Move the plasticine to the position X and release

it.
2. Observe the amplitude of the vibration when time
increases.

………………………………………………………………

3. State a relationship between amplitude of the

(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to vibration with time.
complete the sentence below.
………………………………………………………………
Sound wave is a (longitudinal, transverse) wave.
[1 mark] 4. Give one reason for the answer in 5.

………………………………………………………………
148
5. What happens to the energy possessed by the (b) Suggest a reason for the movement of the
plasticine and the blade? sarong cradle discussed in (a).

……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………….

6. What happens to the oscillation of the blade after (c) What must you do if you want to help the mother
a long time? to maintain the movement of the cradle?

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………..

7. What is the meaning of damping? Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………
8. What type of energy produced due to damping?

……………………………………………………………… Activity 2
Aim: To study the production of resonance using
9. How do you overcome the damping effect of the Barton’s Pendulum
oscillation?
1. Tie a rope to two retort stands as shown in
…………………………………………………………….. Diagram 1.15. The retort stands must be strongly
clamped to the bench of the laboratory. Tie all the
10. Sketch a displacement-time graph to show the pendulums A to E to the rope.
damping process.

Diagram 1.15
Exercise 1
(a) Which two of the pendulum will have the
1. A mother puts her baby to sleep in a sarong same length?
cradle. She needs to continuously move the
sarong cradle up and down. ……………………………………………………

(b) Which two of the pendulum will have the

same natural frequency?

……………………………………………………

(c) When pendulum C is pushed, what happen to

the other pendulums? Why?

………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………..

(d) Which pendulum oscillates with the largest

amplitude?

(a) What happen to the sarong cradle when the ……………………………………………………….

mother stops moving the cradle up and down?

………………………………………………………..
149
 (e) Which two pendulums will continue to 3. On 7 November 1940, the movement of the wind
oscillate even when the other pendulums produced resonance on The Tacoma Narrows
have stopped? Why? Bridge in Washington. The bridge collapsed as
shown in Diagram 1.17.
………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………

2. What happens when resonance occur?

(a) Explain why the bridge collapsed?

………………………………………………………………..
Activity 3
Aim: To show a video on effects of resonance in daily ………………………………………………………………..
life
………………………………………………………………..
1. A system vibrates with a natural frequency. If a
force vibration of the same frequency is given to ………………………………………………………………..
the system, what will happen?
……………………………………………………………….
...............................................................................

2. Watch a video from youtube about a breaking TUTORIAL 5.2

glass with a high-pitch sound as shown in 1. Which of the following quantity decreases when a
Diagram 1.16. system undergoes damping?
A. Amplitude
B. Velocity
C. Wavelength
D. Frequency

2. The diagram shows the displacement-time graph

of an oscillating system.

Diagram 1.16

Explain your observation.

………………………………………………………………… The system which produces this graph is having a

A. forced oscillation
………………………………………………………………… B. damped oscillation
C. resonance
………………………………………………………................
3. A system has a natural frequency of oscillation
………………………………………………………………… equals to f. An external force is supplying energy
to the system to perpetuate the oscillations of the
system. Resonance will occur in this system if
energy is supplied to the system at a frequency
equal to ...
f f
(A) f B. 2 f C. D.
2 2
150
4. SPM 2010 5. SPM 2011
Diagram 2.1 shows a loaded spring oscillating Diagram 4.1 shows six pendulums with different
vertically in water. The oscillating system lengths being tied to a thread.
experiences damping.
Diagram 2.2 shows the displacement time graph for
the oscillating system.

Pendulum X is oscillated at a frequency of 2 Hz. The

Diagram 2.1 other pendulums start to oscillate due to the
oscillation of pendulum X.

(a) (i) Which pendulum will oscillate with the

maximum amplitude?

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 4(a)(i).

Diagram 2.2
(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to ...............................................................................
complete the sentence below. [1 mark]
Garis jawapan yang betul dalam kurungan untuk
melengkapkan ayat di bawah. (iii) Name the phenomenon based on the answer
in 4(a)(i).
Damping is a situation when the {amplitude,
wavelength} of the oscillation decreases.
[1 mark] …………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) State one reason why damping occurs in the (b) Calculate the period of oscillation of pendulum X.
oscillating system. [2 marks]

…………………………………………...................
[1 mark]
(c) Based on Diagram 2.2,
(i) state the period of the oscillating system. (c) Pendulum X will stop oscillating after a few
minutes. On Diagram 4.2, sketch the
……………… s [1 mark] displacement-time graph to show the damping
process.
(ii) what is the frequency of the oscillating [2 marks]
system?

……….... Hz [1 mark]

(d) What will happen to the period of the oscillating

system when a heavier load is used?

………………………………………….........................
[1 mark]

151
 5.3 The wave fronts are
_____________to
the direction of
propagation of the
waves.
What will
happen to a
sea water How does the
waves as it pattern of dark and
hits the bright lines produce
stone? on the white paper?
Reflection of
waves occurs
when an
incidence
wave strikes a
hard surface
and reflected. The surface acts as the reflector.

What is meant by a wavefront?

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

State the Law of Reflection:

Points A, B, C and D are points in phase because they

have the same displacement and moves in the same Activity 1: Reflection of plane water waves
direction. The line connecting all points A, B, C and D Aim: To observe the reflection of plane water waves
is a wavefront. in a ripple tank

Activity 2
Aim: To Observe wavefront

1. Show the direction of propagation of wave by

using arrow.

Plane wave Circular wave

2. According to your observation, state relationship

3. Switch on the motor to set the vibrating.
between change of wavefront with the direction of
Increase the frequency of the waves by
propagation of waves:
increasing the voltage power supply to the motor.

152
Result: Activity 2
Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves Aim: To study the application of sound wave

1. Name the reflected sound wave.

……………………………………………………………

2. List three type of sound wave with the range of the

frequency.
Type of sound Range of frequency

Label incident angle, i, and reflected angle, r.

3. Diagram 1.6.7 shows a sonar system is used to

determine the depth of a seabed. A sonar system
has a very high frekuency.

Questions
1. Compare the angle of incidence, i, and the angle
of reflection, r.

……………………………………………………………… (a) What is sonar?

2. When the water waves with a wavelength λ move …………………………………………………………….

towards a straight reflector, what is the
wavelength of the reflected waves? ……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… (b) State the sound wave phenomena to

measure the depth of the seabed.
3. Compare between incident waves and reflected
waves in terms of: ………………………………………………………….
Change / unchange
Speed (c) Explain why sonar used a high frekuency
sound.
Wave length
…………………………………………………………..
Frequency
…………………………………………………………..
Direction
(d) Based on Diagram 1.6.5, explain how to
measure the depth of the seabed?
4. Apabila frekuensi penggetar satah tangki riak itu
dikurangkan, ………………………………………………………………
(a) Apa yang akan berlaku kepada panjang
gelombang, λ, bagi gelombang tuju? ………………………………………………………………

.............................................................................. ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
(b) Adakah halaju gelombang air akan berubah?
Terangkan jawapan anda. ………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………

153
 (e) The time taken by a pulse of ultrasonic wave 5. What is the function of a
to travel to and fro the seabed is 0.28 s. It the parabolic dish and
speed of sound in the water is 1 500 ms-1, antenna in the field of
calculate the depth of the seabed. satellite
communication?

…………………………………

…………………………………
(f) Explain why the speed of sound in water is
higher than the speed of sound in air. …………………………………

……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..

……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………

4. Diagram 1.6.8 shows a system to scan a fetus in a 6. Oil and gas exploration
mother’s womb. Oil and natural gas trapped in the stone several kilo
meter under the surface of the Earth.
(a) on land:

………………………………

………………………………

………………………………

……………………………….

(a) What is the function: ………………………………..

Transmitter P:
……………………………….
…………………………………………………………..
(b) deep sea.
Detector R:
…………………………………
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………
(b) Explain how the foetues is scanned until an
image is formed. ………………………………..

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………..

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………..

……………………………………………………………… …………………………………

………………………………………………………………

(c) Why ultrasonic wave is used instead of X

ray?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

154
TUTORIAL 5.3 B. The speed of the incident wave and the
reflected wave is the same
1. Which diagram shows the correct pattern of C. The frequency of the incident wave is less
reflected water waves? than the reflected wave
D. The angle of incidence of the incident wave
is greater than the angle of reflection of the
reflected wave

5. The diagrams shows an ultrasonic waves

transmitted from a boat to the seabed to
determine the depth, D,of the sea. The speed of
the ultrasonic waves in water is 1 500 ms-1. The
echo of the waves is received 2.0 s after the
transmission.

2. Which of the following characteristics of waves,

changes when the waves are reflected?
A. Direction of propagation
B. Wavelength
C. Frequency
D. Speed
What is the value of D?
3. The diagram shows the wavefronts of a plane A. 375 m C. 1 500 m
wave incident on a plane reflector. B. 750 m D. 3 000 m

6. A radar transmit a signal towards an aeroplane.

The velocity of the signal is 3.0 X 108 ms-1. After
4.0 x 10-3 s, the radar detects the reflected signal.
What is the distance of the aeroplane from the
radar?
A. 2.4 x 106 m
B. 1.2 x 106 m
Which statement is correct about the reflected C. 6.0 x 105 m
and incident waves? (2005) D. 1.5 x 105 m
A. The speed of the reflected waves is the same
as the speed of the incident waves 7. Diagram below shows a submarine transmitting
B. The wavelength of the reflected waves is ultrasonic waves directed at a big rock on the
shorter than that of the incident waves seabed. After 10 seconds, the submarine detects
C. The frequency of the reflected waves is lower the reflected wave.
than that of the incident waves
D. The directions of the reflected waves are
always at right angles to the incident waves.

4. Diagram below shows a sound wave reflected from

a concrete wall.

Calculate the distance of the submarine from the

big rock.
[Velocity of ultrasonic wave = 1 560 ms-1]
A. 3.9 km
B. 7.8 km
C. 15.6 km
D. 31.2 km

8. A series of plane waves is produced in a ripple

Which comparison is correct about the reflected tank containing a uniform depth of water. Which
sound wave and the incident sound wave? of the following graphs shows the correct
A. The wavelength of the incident wave is relationship between the wavelength and
shorter than the reflected wave. frequency of the wave?

155
 [1 mark]

(b) Based on Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2, contrast

(i) The characteristic of surface of the

reflectors.

…………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) The amplitude of the reflected sound wave.

9. What happen to the wavelength and magnitude of …………………………………………………………………

the velocity of water waves when it is reflected? [1 mark]

Wave length Magnitude of velocity (c) Based on the ansers in 6(b), state the relationship
between
A Unchanged Unchanged
B Increases Decreases (i) The characteristic of surface of the reflector
C Decreases Increases and the amplitude of the reflected sound.
D Increases Unchanged
…………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
10. SPM 2018
(ii) The amplitude of the reflected wave and the
Diagram 6.1 shows pulses displayed on a Cathode
energy of the reflected sound wave.
Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) when a boy claps his hands
once, in front of a concrete wall which acts as a
…………………………………………………………………
reflector. Diagram 6.2 shows pulses displayed on a
[1 mark]
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) when the same boy
claps his hands once, in front of a thick curtain which
(iii) The characteristics of surface of the reflector
acts as a reflector.
and the energy of the reflected sound wave.

…………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(d) Diagram 6.3 shows a dolphin sending out

ultrasonic waves in search of food.

Diagram 6.1

Diagram 6.3 / Rajah 6.3

(i) What is the characteristic of ultrasonic waves

that makes it useful for the dolphin to search
for food?

…………………………………………………………………
Diagram 6.2 [1 mark]
(a) Tick the correct answer.
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in 6(d)(i).
Sound wave is Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda dalam
6(d)(i).
……… transverse wave
…………………………………………………………………
……….. longitudinal wave [1 mark]

156
 (iii) Compare the wave lengths in deep area and
5.4 shallow area.

……………………………….................................

(iv) Relate the depth of water to the speed of

Idea for Refraction of Waves
water waves.
Diagram 1.3.1 shows sea water waves traveling
towards a shore. Observe the waves and compare
...........................................................................
their shape when they are away from the shore and
when they approach shore. .
(v) Relate the depth of water to the wave length
of the waves.

..........................................................................

(vi) Relate the speed of water waves to the wave

length of the waves.

………………………………...............................

2. This phenomena is called refraction of waves.

State the meaning of refraction of waves.

......................................................................................
Wave refraction causes wave fronts to parallel the
shape of the coastline as they approach shore.
......................................................................................
Activity 1
......................................................................................
What happens to waves as they propagate to different
depths of water?
3. Write an equation for refraction of waves.
A square glass slab is placed in the ripple tank so as
Use the words, ‘increase’, decrease’ or
to create different depths of water as shown in
‘unchanged’
Diagram 1.3.2.
Water waves Water waves
Characteristics passes from passes from
deep water to shallow water
shallow water to deep water
Speed

Wavelength

Frequency

4. Observe Diagram 1.3.3 and Diagram 1.3.4

1. Observe Diagram 1.3.2.

(i) Compare the frequency of the water waves in
deep area and shallow area. Explain your
answer.

……………………………….........................

(ii) Compare the speed of waves in deep area

and shallow area. Rajah 1.3.3 / Diagram 1.3.3

............................................................................ (a) How does the direction of waves change when

passing from the deep water to the shallow
water?

………………………………………………………..
157
 Diagram 1.3.4

(b) How does the direction of waves change when

passing from the shallow water to the deep
water?

………………………………………………………..

Activity 2:
Refraction of Water Waves Use a ripple tank

1. Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of waves.

Exercise 1
1. Plane wave has a wavelength of 2 cm and a
velocity of 8 cm s-1 as it moves over the surface
of shallow water. When the plane wave moves
into an area of greater depth, its velocity
becomes 12 cm s-1. What is the wave length of
the wave in the area of greater depth?

158
 2. The diagram shows a water wave moving from Activity 3: Refraction of water waves of sea ater
one area P to another area Q of different depth. Movement of sea water wave front from the open sea
towards the seashore is shown in Diagram 1.3.9

Calculate the speed of water wave in Q if the speed of

water wave in P is 18 cm s-1.

3. Diagram 1.3.7 shows a water waves moves from

1. Why the waves become closer to each other and
region P to region Q of different depth.
follow the shape of the shoreline when they are
approaching the beach?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

2. Why the water at the cape has high wave?

(a) Which region is the shallow region? Why?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………
(b) Compare the speed and frequency of the water
waves in both regions. ………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………. 3. Why the water at the bay is calm?

4. Diagram 1.3.8 shows a stair shape tank with three ………………………………………………………………

regions X, Y and Z with their respective
increasing depths. A vibrator produces plane ………………………………………………………………
water wave in region X and moves to region Y
and Z. ………………………………………………………………

Activity 4
Aim; Compare the refraction of sound waves during
warm day and cold night

1. Compare the speed of sound wave in warm air

with cool air. Why?

………………………………………………………………
Draw a diagram to show refraction of waves.
………………………………………………………………

159
2. Based on Diagram 1.3.10, explain why sound 2. The diagram shows a refraction of a
cannot be heard over a longer distance on a hot water wave.
day.

Rajah 1.3.10 / Diagram 1.3.10

If the speed of the water wave is 5 cms-1 in
………………………………………………………………… the region of deep water, calculate the
speed of the water wave in the region of
………………………………………………………………… shallow water.
1. 1.5 cms-1
………………………………………………………………… 2. 2.5 cms-1
3. 3.0 cms-1
………………………………………………………………… 4. 5.0 cms-1

………………………………………………………………… 3 The diagram shows the pattern of water

approaching a shoreline. Which is the
3. Explain why sound can be heard clearly over a most suitable locations for a child to
longer distance on a cold night. swim?

4. Diagram 3 shows a ripple tank with a sloping base

and a vibrator being vibrated.
…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

TUTORIAL 5.4 Which of the following wave patterns can be seen

1. Which of the following shows the effect on the screen? (2006)
of a wave when a water wave is moving
from a deep region to a shallow region?

Speed Wave- Frequency

length
Increases Increases Decreases
Constant Decreases Increases
Decrease Decreases Constant
Increases Increases Constant

160
 Which wave pattern is observed when the waves
5. A tilted basin contains water. Water is dripped at pass through the Perspex block?
a constant rate into the basin as shown in the
diagram below.

Which pattern of the wave fronts will be observed

in the basin? Structure Question
1. SPM 2016
Diagram 2 shows an image of a plane water waves as
it propagates from deep water region to shallow water
region.

(a) Name the wave phnomenon shown in Diagram 2.

......................................................................................
.
[1 mark]
(b) What happens to the speed of wave in the shallow
water region?
6. Diagram below shows water waves propagating
in an area of different depths. ......................................................................................
[1 mark]
(c) In Diagram 2:
(i) Draw a line to show the normal at P. [1 mark]

(ii) Draw a line to show the direction of

propagation of water wave in deep water
region and in shallow water region before and
after passing through P.
[2 marks]
Which of the following diagrams shows the
propagation of the waves correctly?

7. Diagram below shows water waves propagating

through a Perspex block in a ripple tank.
2. SPM 2015: Question 6
Diagram 6.1 shows the wave pattern when water wave
moves from region A to region B in a ripple tank.

161
 3. SPM 2009
Diagram 6.1 shows the side view of two ripple tanks.
When the motors are switched on, water waves with
the same frequency are produced.

Diagram 6.1

Diagram 6.2 shows the cross-section of a ripple tank.

Diagram 6.2

The wavelength of the water changes as it moves

Diagram 6.2 shows the waves formed on the screens.
from region A to region B.

(a) What is the meaning of wavelength?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Based on Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2,
(i) Compare the wavelength between region A and (a) What is the meaning of frequency?
region B.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… [1 mark]
[1 mark] (b) Observe Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2.
(ii) compare the incident angle, θ1 and refracted (i) Compare the depths of the water in region X
angle, θ2. and region Y.

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark] [1 mark]
(iii) compare the depth of water between region A (ii) Compare the wave lengths in region X and
and region B. region Y.

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark] [1 mark]
(c) Based on answers in 6(b), (iii) Relate the depth of water to the wave length
(i) state the relationship between the depth of of the waves.
water and the wavelength.
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… [1 mark]
[1 mark] (iv) Name the wave phenomenon involved.
(ii) Complete the sentence below. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………
When water wave travels from a …………… to a [1 mark]
……………… region, the direction of propagation is
refracted ………………… the normal. (c) Explain why the wave front of sea water will
follow the shape of the shore when it approaches
(d) Explain why most beach resorts are built at the the shore. [3 marks]
bay area compared to the headland. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
162
5.5 Diffraction of i. Wide gap

waves
Diagram 1.4.1 shows two walls which are built near
the shore. Compare the pattern of the water wave
before and after passing the gap between the two
walls. What is the function of the walls?

ii. small gap

What is diffraction of waves?

ii. Small barrier

Activity 1:
Diffraction of water waves in a ripple tank

Aim : To study the characteristics of the diffracted

waves.

Arahan / Procedure
1. Diagram 1.4.2 shows a ripple tank is filled with
water.
2. Switch on the power pack. Use a barrier to block
the incident straight water waves. Observe the iii. Large barrier
wave pattern beyond the barrier.
3. Send a straight water waves to pass through a
gap. Observe the pattern of diffracted waves
beyond the gap.
4. Send straight water waves towards a small gap.
Observe the wave pattern beyond the small gap.

2. Compare the wavelength of the waves before and

after passing the gap?

Small gap bigger gap

Observation
1. Draw diffracted waves after passing gap or barrier.

163
3. What can you say about the direction of the waves 6. Describe the pattern of the waves after passing
after passing through the gap? through the barriers of different size.

Small gap bigger gap Small barrier bigger barrier

Diffraction (obvious / Diffraction (obvious / less

less obvious) obvious)
4. State the changes to the incident waves that occur
after passing the gap or barrier 7. What is the relationship between the shapes of the
diffracted waves with the size of the gap?
Frequency
……………………………………………………………..
Wavelength
………………………………………………………………
Wave speed
8. Describe the pattern of the waves with different
Direction of wavelength after passing through the gap of same
propagation size.
Amplitud
Short wavelength Long wavelength
5. Why the amplitude of the diffracted waves
decreases?

………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………….

Activity 2
Aim: To study the factors which influence diffraction
of water wave.

1. Describe the pattern of the wave after passing

different size of gaps. Diffraction (obvious / Diffraction (obvious /
Small gap bigger gap less obvious) less obvious)

9. What is the relationship between the shapes of the

diffracted waves with the size of the wavelength?

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

10. State the 2 factors that make the diffraction more

obvious.

……………………………………………………………

Diffraction Diffraction (obvious / …………………………………………………………..

(obvious / less obvious) less obvious)
164
 ‘Activity 4
Factors influence diffraction of waves Aim: To study diffraction of light waves
Apparatus: Laser pen, retort stand, single narrow slit
λ constant Saiz celah malar and wide screen.

Big gap Small gap λ short λ long 1. Draw the diffraction pattern.

Diffraction Diffraction Diffraction Diffraction

less obvious more less more
obvious obvious obvious

Aktiviti 3
Aim: To study the diffraction of sound waves

1. Audible sound waves have wavelengths in the

range of 1.5 cm to about 15 m. Light waves have
wavelengths in the range of 4 – 7 x 10-7 m.
Diagram 1.4.3 shows a radio placed nearby a
corner of a wall. The radio is turned on.
Describe the pattern of the diffraction.

…………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

2. Draw the diffraction pattern.

wide slit Narrow slit

(a) Compare the wavelengths between sound waves

and light waves.

………………………………………………………….

(b) Can you see the radio? What inference you can 3. What is the difference in the image formed by the
make about the diffraction of light waves? single wide slit and the single narrow slit.

……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………… 3. The experiment is repeated by using a pinhole

camera as shown in Diagram 1.4.6.
(c) Can you hear the sound of the radio? What
inference you can make about diffraction of sound
waves?

………………………………………………………………

(d) Relate between wavelengths with effect of

diffraction in order to explain why we can hear the
sound of a radio placed nearby a corner of a wall
What happens to the light as it passes through the
but we cannot see the radio.
pinhole?
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

165
Activity 4: (b) Owls are able to communicate across long
Aim: To study the applications of diffraction of water, distances in the forest because they have long
light and sound waves in daily life wavelengths hoots. Explain.

1. Water waves …………………………………………………………………..

A pair of barriers is built
to protect housing area ………………………………………………………………….
near a beach.
(a) Compare the 3. Light waves
amplitude of the sea Hologram produced by
wave before and effects of diffraction of
after passing light are used as safety
through the wall features on bank cards.
opening.

………………………………

(b) By relating the size of the wave with the energy,

explain how the erosion effect of the beach
around the housing area can be reduced by the TUTORIAL 6.2
barriers.
1. Which of the diagram below shows the
…………………………………………………………………. of water waves which passes through a
small gap correctly?
………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………….

2. Sound waves
(a) An audio frequency generator connected to a
speaker and placed near the corner of a wall.
Three student A, B, and C are standing around
the next corner. The generator and the speakers
can produce sound at the same speed but with 2. Diagram 17 shows water passing a block of
different frequency. rock in a river.

Which phenomenom explains the propagation of

When a high frequency sound is generated, only waves at X?
student C can hear the sound clearly. When a A. Reflection
low frequency sound is generated, all the three B. Refraction
students can hear the sound clearly. Explain the C. Diffraction
situation. D. Interference

…………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..

166
3. Diagram below shows a pattern is formed when a [1 mark]
lamp is seen through the gap between two fingers. (b) In Diagram 5.2(a), mark and label the wavelength
as λ. [1 mark]

Observed Diagram 5.2(a) and diagram

5.2(b).Perhatikan Rajah 5.2(a) dan Rajah 5.2(b).

(c) (i) Compare the wavelength.

…………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Compare the shape of the diffraction of

sound wave.

(a) Name the light phenomena involved. …………………………………………………………

[1 mark]
……………………………………………………................. (d) (i) What will happens to the amplitude of the
[1 mark] diffracted wave?

(b)(i) In the space provided above, draw the pattern …………………………………………………………

formed when the size gap between two fingers is [1 mark]
decreased. (ii) Esplain the answer.
[2 marks]
…………………………………………………………
(c) Explain why the phenomena in (b)(i) is difficult
to see for light wave compared to sound wave. …………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
………………………………………………………………
(e) State the reetionship between wavelength and
……………………………………………………………… amplitude of the diffracted wave.
[2 marks]
………………………………………………………………..
4. Diagram below shows an audio generator is [1 mark]
connected to a loud speaker.

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2(a) and 5.2(b) shows diffraction of sound

wave when the sound with low and frequency is
produced.

Diagram 5.2(a) Diagram 5.2(b)

(a) What is the meaning of diffraction?

……………………………………………………………….
167
 5. What is Interference of Waves?
5.6

Idea
Diagram 1.5.1 shows a water waves when two stones
are thrown in the water. What happen if these waves
overlap? 6. Complete by stating the correct type of
interference for each situation.
(a) Superposition of two crests

…………………………………………
(b) Superposition of two troughs

Activity 1:
Aim: Observing principle of superposition of Waves

1. Hold the slinky spring at both ends as shown in ………………………………………..

Diagram 1.5.2. A pulse is given at each ends
simultaneously. (c) Superposition of a crest and a trough

……………………………………….
Observe what happen when the two pulses
moving opposite direction meet together. Complete:
Coherent
……………………………………………………………… sources

………………………………………………………………
Constructive
2. Compare the amplitude of the waves after they interference
meet with the amplitude of the single waves
before both waves pulses meet.
Destructive
……………………………………………………………… interference
3. Write an equation to relate both amplitudes of two
pulses before they meet with the resultant
amplitude after they meet together. Antinode
………………………………………………………………
Node
4. Combining two overlapping waves can be
explained by principle of superposition.
Antinodal
line

Nodal line

168
Activity 2: .
Aim: To study interference pattern of water waves (b) What happens to the water at region
constructive interference?

………………………………………………………..

(c) What happens to the water at region

destructive interference?

………………………………………………………..

4. Diagram 1.5.5 shows the interference pattern

of water by two coherent sources of water
waves. Complete the table.

Type of
interference
At point A, two crest
meet
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram 1.5.3. At point B, two through
2. The dippers are connected to the same motor. meet
At point C, a crest meet
(a) Compare the frequency of the two sets of a trough
continuous circular waves.
5. On Diagram 1.5.5
……………………………………………………………… (a) Mark points of antinodes and nodes
(b) Draw and label antinodal lines (blue pen)
(b) What is the name given to the sources which (c) Draw nodal lines (use red pen)
has the same frequency and same phase
difference? 6. The wavelength of waves can be calculated using
Young’s formula:
………………………………………………………… ax
=
3. Diagram 1.5.4 shows the interferens pattern of D
water waves which is observed through a Symbol explaination
stroboscope.
λ

(a) Mark and label on the diagram the region

(i) constructive interference.
(ii) destructive interference

169
 B
C
A

170
Exercise 1 The interference pattern depend on the value of x
1. Diagram 1.5.6 shows an interference pattern When x changes, the interference pattern also
for two coherent sources. changes
(a) Draw and label the antinode line to show ax
where constructive interferences occurs. Write equation = in terms of x.
D
(b) Measure a, x and D

a = …………………………

x = …………………………
3. Distance between two coherent sources, a
D = …………………………

(c) Calculate the wavelength λ, by using

ax
equation: =
D

2. Complete the table below by drawing diagram

during and after superposition. Diagram 1.5.8a Diagram 1.5.8b

Before During After

(i) Compare the distance, a, between the two
sources.

………………………………….......................................

(ii) Compare the distance, X, between two

consecutive nodal lines.

..................................................................................

(iii) State the relationship between a and X.

………………………………….......................................

Activity 3: (iv) State two other physical quantity that needs to

Aim: Factors affecting the interference pattern be fixed to ensure the top relationship is
correct.
Diagram 1.5.7 shows interference pattern for
water waves. ………………………………………………………………

(v) Draw graph X against a.

Diagram 1.5.7

171
4. Wavelength of the wave , λ (iii) Draw graph X against λ.

Activity 4
diagram 1.5.9a Diagram 1.5.9b
Aim: To show interference patterns for light wave
(i) Compare the wavelength, λ.
Apparatus: laser pointer, double slit, white screen,
meter ruler and retort stand
………………………………….......................................

(ii) Compare the frequency, f.

......................................................................................

(iii) Compare the distance, X, between two

consecutive nodal lines.

..................................................................................

(iv) State the relationship between λ and f.

......................................................................................

(v) State the relationship between λ and X. Procedure:

1. Starts the experiment by measuring distance
…………………………………....................................... between double slit and screen, D = 2.0 m.

(vi) State two other physical quantity that needs to 2. Red and dark fringes are formed on the
be fixed to ensure the top relationship is screen. The distance between five
correct. consecutive bright red fringes, y, is measured
and recorded.
………………………………………………………………

(vii) Draw graph X against λ.

3. The distance between two consecutive bright

5. Distance from two sources to the point of red fringes, x, is calculated and recorded.
measurement of X, D 4. The experiment is repeated with:
(a) saiz celah,a = 0.5 mm
D (d) jarak, D, 4.0 m
Formula x= :
a
Result:
(i) State the relationship between D and X.
(b) Tabulate the result for all values of D, y dan x
………………………………….......................................
a/ mm D/ m y/mm x/mm
(ii) State two other physical quantity that needs to 0.5 1.0
be fixed to ensure the top relationship is
correct. 0.5 2.0

……………………………………………………………… 1.0 2.0

172
Discussion: Activity 4:
1. Red light from the laser pen is a Aim: To study Interference of Sound Waves
monochromatic light. What is meant by
monochromatic light? Procedure:
1. The audio genarator is switched on. Walk in a
……………………………………………………………… straight path at a distance of D from the
loudspeakers.
………………………………………………………………

2. Describe the interference pattern observed

when light passes through the double slit.

......................................................................................

......................................................................................

4. The wavelength of waves can be calculated

using Young’s formula:
ax
=
D
Symbol explaination

Discussion:
5. Calcutalet λ red: 1. The two loud speakers are the sources of the
two coherent sound waves. Why?
a/ mm D/ m x/mm λ/m
0.5 2.0 ......................................................................................

2. Based on Diagram 1.5.13, what can you

observe when the two sound waves overlap?

......................................................................................

6. What will happen to the fringes on the screen ......................................................................................

when
(a) Distance between double slit and skrin is 3. Explain your observation.
decreased.
......................................................................................
…………………………………………………..
......................................................................................
(b) Cahaya merah daripada penunjuk laser
digantikan dengan warna biru. 4. Why this experiment must be done in an open
area?.
………………………………………………………………
......................................................................................
(c) Distance between dwicelah itu is
increased.

………………………………………………………………

173
5. The wavelength of waves can be calculated 3. The diagram shown represents the
using Young’s formula: phenomena of interference of water waves.
ax
=
D
Symbol explaination

D
Diagram 1.5.14

X What is the wavelength of the water waves?

Activity 6:
Aim:To solve problems involving Interference of
waves
4. In an experiment on the interference of waves,
1. In an experiment on the interference of sound two loudspeakers are placed at a distance of
waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a 1.5 m from each other. They are connected to
distance of 2.0 m from each other. The an audio signal generator to produce
distance between two consecutive loud coherent sound waves at a frequency of 0.5
sounds is 1.0 m nd the listener is at a kHz. Calculate
distance of 3.0 m from the loudspeakers. (a) the wavelength of the sound wave if the
What is the wavelength of the sound wave speed of sound is 300 ms-1
used?

(b) the distance between two consecutive

soft sounds at a distance of 5 m from
the source of the sound.

2. In an experiment of interference of water

waves by using a big water tank, the distance
between two vibrator is 5.0 cm and the
distance from the vibrator to the position
where antinodal line is observed is 50.0 cm. If 5. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the
the distance between two consecutive distance between the double slit and the
antinodal lines is 16.0 cm, calculate the screen is 4.0 m and the separation of the two
wavelength of the waves produced by the slits is 0.5 mm. calculate the distance
vibrator. between two consecutive bright fringes for
red light with a wavelength of 7.0 x 10-7 m.

174
6. The wavelength of light can be determined
with a double-slit plate. Diagram 1.5.15
shows the pattern of interference fringes
obtained in a Young’s double-slit experiment.
The separation of distance of the two slits is
0.25 mm and the distance between the screen
and the double slit plate is 3.0 m. Calculate
the wavelength of light used in the
experiment.

Rajah 1.5.15 / Diagram 1.5.15

3. The diagram shows the fringes obtained from

a double slit experiment using a
monochromatic light of wavelength 550 nm.

TUTORIAL 5.6

1. In which diagram will destructive interference

occur when the waves meet? (2008) If the distance between the double slit and the
screen is 1.5 m, what is the separation of the
double slit?
A. 0.10 mm
B. 0.17 mm
C. 0.28 mm
D. 0.35 mm

4. In a Young’s double slit experiment, blue light

and red light are used to produce interference
fringes. The blue fringes are narrower than
the red fringes because blue light
A. moves faster than red light
B. refracts more than red light
2. Diagram 20 show the interfernce patterns for C. has shorter wavelength than red light
water wave from two coherent source, S1 and D. has lower frequency than red light.
S2.
5. The diagram shows an interference pattern
of two coherent water wave sources, P and Q

Which of the following shows the

superposition of the waves at point Y? On which of the positions A, B, C and D
shows the amplitude of the wave is zero?

175
6. What are the effects on the water waves 9. Diagram 18 shows two coherent waves
after it travels through the two gaps? propagate towards each other.

Which diagram is correct when both waves

meet? (2009)
A. refraction and reflection
B. reflection and diffraction
C. refraction and interference
D. Diffraction and interference

7. The diagram shows an interference of water

waves in a ripple tank.

10. Diagram 25 shows an interference pattern of

water waves from two sources, S1 and S2.
.

Which following point are antinodes?

A. W and X
B. X and Z
C. Y and Z
D. W and Y
Which form of wave happens at point X from
8. An audio signal generator is connected to sources S1 and S2?
two loudspeakers. A student hears
alternating loud, K and soft , L sounds as she
walks along the straight path XY.

The distance between two consecutive loud

sound will increase when …. 11. Diagram 21 shows two wave pulses
A. Diameter of the loudspeakers increases. produced at P and Q. P and Q are at the
B. Frequency of the audio signal increases same distance from X.
C. Distance between the two loudspeakers
increases
D. Distance between the two loudspeakers
and line XY increases.

Which waveform is observed at X?

176
 What is the distance between two bright
fringes
a. 3.9 x 10-3 m
b. 7.8 x 10-3 m
c. 1.1 x 10-10 m
d. 1.6 x 10-10 m

14. Diagram 18 shows an interference pattern.

12. Diagram 23 shows the fringes obtained when

red light is used in a Young’s double slit
experiment.

Which of the following fringers are observed What is the wavelength of the waves?
when red light is replaced by blue light? A. 0.27 cm
B. 0.71 cm
C. 1.88 cm
D. 3.75 cm

1. SPM 2005 Question 2

Two similar loudspeakers are placed 0.8 apart.
They emit a coherent sound wave. A girl walks
slowly parallel to the two loudspeakers at a
distance 3.2 m in front of the loudspeakers. She
hears a loud sound and weak sound alternately.
Figure 2.1 shows the positions of the loud and
weak sounds.

13. Diagram 21 shows the apparatus set-up of

Young’s double slit experiment. The
wavelength of the monochromatic light is 6.5
x 10-7 m. The distance between the two slit is
0.5 x 10-3 m and the distance between the
double slit an the screen is 3 m. (a) What is meant by a coherent wave?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

(b) The distance between three positions of the

loud sound is 4.5 m, as shown in Figure 2.1.
Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave.

177
(c) The loud sound is heard due to the (v) Name the physics phenomenon involved.
constructive interferens of the sound waves.
State how the constructive interference ………………………………….......................................
occurs. [1 mark]
(a) The frequency of the audio signal generator
……………………………………………………………… is increased.
(i) What is the meaning of frequency?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………….......................................
2. SPM 2010: [1 mark]
Diagram and Diagram 6.2 experiment for sound (ii) What happens to the distance between
waves. two consecutive loud sounds?

…………………………………......................................
[1 mark]
(iii) Give one reasons for the answer in
6(b)(ii).

………………………………….......................................

…………………………………......................................
[1 mark]

3. SPM 2016
Diagram 6.1 shows a boy walking along PQ in
front of two loudspeakers connected to an audio
frequency generator. The two loudspeakers are
coherent sources. The boy will hear loud sound
and soft sound alternately.

.
(i) Compare the distance, X, between two
consecutive loud sounds in these two
situations. [1 mark]

..................................................................................

(ii) Compare distance, a, between two Diagram 6.1

loudspeaker
Diagram 6.2 and Diagram 6.3 show the patterns of
…………………………………..................................... wave formed by the two speakers.
[1 mark]
(iii) State the relationship between a and X.

………………………………….......................................
[1 mark]

(iv) State one other physical quantity that needs

to be fixed to ensure the relationship in
6(a)(iii) is correct. [1 mark]

………………………………….......................................

178
 Diagram 6.2
6.7

Activitiy 1
Aim: Describe the electromagnetic spectrum

1. Visible light is part of the family of

electromagnetic wave. Diagram 1.7.1 shows
other waves in the spectrum of
electromagnetic waves and their wave lengths.

Diagram 6.3

Observe Diagram 6.2 and Diagram 6.3.

(i) Compare the distance between the two
loudspeakers, a.

……………………………………………………………… (a) Which wave has the longest wavelength?

[ 1 mark]
(ii) Compare the distance between two …………………………………………………………
consecutive loud sounds, x. …

……………………………………………………………… (b) Which wave has the highest frequency?

[1 mark]
(iii) Compare the distance between the line PQ and …………………………………………………………
the two loudspeakers, D. …

……………………………………………………………… (c) Which wave has the highest energy?

[1 mark]
(iv) Relate the distance between the two …………………………………………………………
loudspeakers, a, and the distance between two …
consecutive loud sounds, x,
(d) Arrange the waves in the electromagnetic
……………………………………………………………… spectrum in descending order frequency.
[ 1 mark]
(v) Name the wave phenomenon. ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… 2. Rajah 1.7.2 menunjukkan komponen bagi

[1 mark] gelombang electromagnet.
(c) Give reason why the loud sounds and the soft
sounds are formed by the two loud speakers.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(a) Name two component of electromagnetic

wave.

………………………………………………………………

(b) What can you say about the direction of

vibration of both components?

………………………………………………………………

179
 (c) What can you say about the direction of
vibration of both components with the X-rays
direction of propagation of
electromagnetic wave?

……………………………………………………

(d) What type of wave is electromagnetic

wave?

……………………………………………………

3. Name the properties of electromagnetic wave

(a) What is transferred by electromagnetic Ultraviolet
wave? Radiation

…………………………………………………..

(b) What type of wave is electromagnetic

wave?

…………………………………………………… Visible Light

(c) Can electromagnetic wave travel through

vacuum?

……………………………………………………

(d) All waves in the electromagnet wave have

the same velocity in vaccum. What is the Infrared
velocity of electromagnetic wave in
vacuum?

……………………………………………………

(e) Name four phenomena which is shown by

all types of electromagnetic wave.

……………………………………………………

…………………………………………………… Microwaves

(f) State the wave equation relating v, f and

λ.

……………………………………………………

Activity 2
Aim: To list sources of electro-magnetic waves
and the applications.
sources Applications Radio waves

Gamma rays

180
TUTORIAL 5.7 A Longitudinal waves Transverse waves
1. The diagram below shows a luggage B Has a very high Has a low velocity
scanning device used in an airport for velocity
security inspection of passengers’ luggage. C Has a short Has a longer
wavelength wavelength
D Can travel in Cannot travel in
vacuum vacuum

6. What is the characteristic which is common

among radio waves, infrared rays, X-rays and
ultraviolet rays?
A. ll of them have the same frequency.
B. All of them can be deflected by an electric
field.
C. All of them are dangerous to humans.
Which radiation is suitable for scanning the D. All of them travel at the same speed
contents of the luggage? (2003) through vacuum.
A. Infrared rays
B. Ultrasonic waves 7. Which of the following statements is true
C. Gamma rays about electromagnet waves?
D. X-rays A. They are longitudinal waves.
B. They are waves that require a medium to
2. The diagram shows an electromagnetic travel.
spectrum. C. The velocity of the waves is influenced by
the wavelength
D. They consist of both magnetic fields and
electric fields.

8. Which statement is correct about the

properties of electromagnetic waves?
A. Electromagnetic waves are longitudinal
waves
The waves at P, Q, R and S are ….. B. Electromagnetic waves propagate at
300 m/s
P Q R S C. Electromagnetic waves undergo
A Ultra X - rays Mikro Infra red reflection, refraction, diffraction and
violet wave interference.
B X - rays Ultra Infra red Mikro D. Electromagnetic waves consist of an
violet wave electric field and a magnetic field
C Mikro Infra red Ultra X - rays oscillating parallel to each other.
wave violet
D X rays Infra red Ultra Mikro 9. Ultra violet ray can be used to
violet wave A. Destroy cancer cells
B. Detect counterfeit notes
3. Which characteristic is the same for the C. Determine ocean depth
gamma rays, ultraviolet rays and micro wave? D. Check baggage at the airport.
A. Velocity
B. Frequency 10. Diagram 24 shows an application of
C. Amplitude electromagnet waves.
D. Wavelength

4. Which of the following waves is the

longitudinal wave?
A. Infrared waves
B. Radio waves
C. Light waves
D. Sound waves

5. Which of the following is correct to describe

the difference between X-ray and red light?
Which pair is correct about the
characteristics of the waves used?
X-ray Red Light
181
 Frequency Wavelength TEST PERFORMANCE
A High Short 1. Diagram 2 shows a radar system at an
B High Long airport. Signals are transmitted from the
C Low Long radar system to determine the position of an
D Low Short aeroplane.

11. SPM 2014:Question 3

Diagram 3.1 shows the electromagntic spectrum.

a) State the electromagnetic wave R. Diagram 2

Table 3 shows the specifications of four
............................................................................. system, K, L, M and N, that can be used to
[1 mark] determine the position of an aero plane.
b) Give one reason why microwave is used in [10 marks]
satelite communication. Radar
system K L M N
.............................................................................
[1 mark] Diameter
c) A radio station emits radio wave at a of the 10 5 7 12
frequency of 100 MHz. parabolic
(i) State the frequency in the unit of Hz. disc/ m
[1 mark] Distance of
the signal Same Less Same Less
(ii) Calculate the wave length of the radio receiver as the than the as the than the
wave. from the focal focal focal focal
[speed of radio wave is 3 x 108 m s-1] centre of length length length length
the
[2 marks] parabolic
dics
d) Diagram 3.2 shows a wave form of ultraviolet Types of
wave. wave Micro- Micro- Radio- Radio-
trans- wave wave wave wave
mitted
Height of
the
parabolic High Low Low High
disc from
Sketch the wave form of visible light in Box the ground
Z.
You are require to determine the most suitable
radar system. Study the specifications of all the
four radar systems based on the following
aspects:
- The diameter of the parabolic disc
- The distance of the signal receiver from the
centre of the parabolic disc.
- The types of wave transmitted
- The height of the parabolic disc from the
ground
Exlain the suitability of the aspects.

182
2. The depth of a sea is 90 m. A ship transmits (ii) Draw the wave pattern of the waves after
an ultrasonic wave of frequency 50 kHz to the passing through the entrance of the
seabed and receives an echo 0.12 s later. harbour.
Calculate: [1 mark]
(i) the speed of the ultrasonic wave in
the water, (b) The entrance is made wider to allow more
(ii) the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave ships to enter the harbour. What is the
in the water effect on
[5 marks] (i) the waves passing through the
entrance? [2 marks]
3. Figure 10.3 shows the seashore of a fishing
village. During the rainy season, waves are (ii) the harbour? [1 mark]
big. One year the waves eroded the seashore,
caused the jetty to collapse and damaged the (c) Diagram 12.2 shows another modification to
fishermen’s boats. the harbour to overcome the heavy sea
traffic problem. The wave pattern produced
at the entrances is shown in Diagram 12.2.

Figure 6.3
To prevent similar damage in the future, the
fishermen suggest building retaining walls and Diagram 12.2
relocating the jetty. Make further suggestions of
ways to help the fishermen solve their problems. Describe the movement of two similar ships
You should use your knowledge of reflection, that are located at A and B. Explain your
refraction and diffraction of waves to explain answer.
these suggestions, to include the following [4 marks]
aspects:
(i) The design and structure of the retaining
wall 5. Diagram 10.3 shows a train in a tunnel. The
(ii) The location of the new jetty, sound waves from the train can be heard
(iii) The size or energy of the waves loudly and clearly at night.
[10 marks]

4. Diagram 12.1 shows waves moving towards a

harbour.

The distance of the sound waves are further

apart at the top than at ground level. Explain
why this situation occurs, and state how this
leas to the sound being loud and clear.
[4 marks]

Diagram 12.1

(a) (i) What is the meaning of diffraction?

[1 mark]

183
6. Diagram 10.4 shows the design of a dish made sound. Explain the suitablility of each
by a student to boil water in a kettle using characterics of the sound system
solar energy.

Sound Location Distance Material The

system of the between used to position
loud two loud cover the of the
speakers speakers wall micro-
phone

W High Small Soft Behind

board the
speaker
X Low Large Hard wood In front of
the
speaker
Diagram 10.4
Y High Large Soft Behind
Your are required to modify the design in Besar board the
Diagram 10.4 so that the water boils in a speaker
shorter time. State and explain the Z Low Small Hard wood In front of
modification based on the following aspcects: the
(i) Shape of the dish speaker
(ii) The type of surface of the dish
(iii) Size of the dish Position of the kettle./ The
orientation of the dish./ [10 marks]

7. Diagram 12.1 shows a bat using ultrasonic

waves to detect obstacle in front of it.

(i) What is the meaning of ultrasonic wave?

[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how the ultrasonic waves are

used by the bat to detect the distance of
the obstacle. [4 marks]

8. A beam of sonar with speed 1450 m s-1 sent to

a shoal of fish underneath a fishing boat.
Calculate
(i) The depth of the shoal of fish when the
echo returns after 100 milliseconds.
[3 marks]

(ii) The wave length of the sonar waves when

its frequency is 40 kHz.
[2 marks]

9. Three classroom in your school are combined

to become a lecturer hall.
Table 12 shows four type o sound system to
be used in the hall.
You are asked to investigate the design of the
sound system to produce better quality of

184
 STANDARD PEMBELAJARAN
6.1 REFLECTION OF LIGHT 6.2 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
6.1.1 Describe refraction of light 6.2.1 Describe critical angle and total internal
6.1.2 Explain refractive index, n. reflection.
6.1.3 Conceptualize Snell's Law 6.2.2 Relate critical angle with refrative index, n,
6.1.4 Experiment to determine the 6.2.3 Communicate to explain natural
refractive index,n for glass block or phenomena and applications of total
perspex. internal reflection in daily life.
6.1.5 Explain real depth and apparent 6.2.4 Solve problems involving total internal
depth. reflection.
6.1.6 Experiment to determine refractive
index of a medium using real depth
and apparent depth.
6.1.7 Solve problems related to refraction
of light. 6.4 THIN LENS FORMULA
6.4.1 Experiment to:
(i) Investigate the relationship between
object distance, u and image distance, v
for a convex lens.
6.3 IMAGE FORMATION OF LIGHT
(ii) Determine the focal length of a thin lens
6.3.1 Identify convex lenses as
using lens formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v
converging lenses and concave
6.4.2 Solve problems using lens formula for
lenses as diverging lenses
convex and concave lens.
6.3.2 Estimate focal length for a convex
• kanta cekung.
lens using distant object.
6.3.3 Determine the position and 6.5 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
features of images formed by : 6.5.1 Justify the usage of lenses in optical
(i) convex lens instruments such as magnifying lens,
(ii) concave lens telescope and microscope.
6.3.4 Explain linear magnification, m 6.5.2 Design and build a compound microscope
as: m = v/u and astronomical telescope.
6.5.3 Communicate application of small lenses in
optical instrument technology.

6.6 IMAGE FORMATION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS

6.6.1 Determine position and features of image formed by:
(i) concave mirror
(ii) convex mirror
6.6.2 Explain the applications of concave and convex mirrors in life.
•

185
 State the change on speed of light after it is
6.1 refracted.

………………………………………………………………

B. Llight travels from a denser medium to a less

dense medium,

Diagram 1 Diagram 2 State the direction of the refracted ray.

Diagram 1 shows the pencil looks as if it is bent in ………………………………………………………………

a glass of water. Diagram 2 shows the fish
appears closer to the surface of water. Compare angle i and angle r.

Light travels in a straight line through transparent ………………………………………………………………

materials such as air, water and glass.
If light passes through two materials of different State the change on speed of light after it is
optical densities, it will change direction. The light refracted.
bent. This phenomenon is called the refraction of
light. ………………………………………………………………

Explain refraction of light C. A ray of light is incident normally to the glass

block

Activity 1:
Aim: To investigate the refraction of light
Apparatus: a glass block, Ray box, power supple,
white paper State the direction of the refracted ray.
1. Draw the directions of the refracted rays. Label ………………………………………………………………
i and r.
State the change on speed of light after it is
A. Light travels from a less dense medium to a refracted.
denser medium
………………………………………………………………

Index of refraction of light

State the direction of the refracted ray.

Snell’s law
………………………………………………………………

Compare angle i and angle r.

Write an equation for refractive index.
………………………………………………………………
186
Experiment 6.1: Text pg 236 Method of repeating:

Inference: ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………..

Hyphothesis: ………………………………………….. Tabulate data for all values of i, r, sin i, sin r,

……………………………………………………………… i/⁰ r/⁰ Sin i Sin r Sin i

Sin r
Aim: ………………………………………………….…… 30

……………………………………………………………… 40

Manipulated Variable: ……………….………………… 50

Responding Variable: ……………………………….… 60

Fixed Variable: …………………………………………. 70

Apparatus: ………….………………………………….
Plot graph sin i against sin r
……………………………………………………………..
Conclusion:
Bahan: ……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..
Susunan radas:
……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

Precautions:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

What happens to the angle of refraction, r, when

angle of incidence, i, increases?

………………………………………………………………

Procedure: Calculate the gradien of the graph. Show on the

Method to control manipulated variable: graph.

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….. What is the value of refractive index of of the

glaas block? ………
…………………………………………………………….
Write an equation for refractive index, n which
Method to measure responding variable: relate to sin i and sin r.

…………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………. Write an equation for refractive index, n which

relate to speed of light.
…………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….

187
Activity 2:
188
Aim: To investigate Real Depth and Apparent
Depth 3. Why the man legs
stand inside the
1. Put a coin in a cup, as shown in Diagram (a) water appear to be
and (b). Try to look at the round edge at the shorter?
bottom o the cup and spot the coin. Without
changing the position of your eye, slowly fill ………………………………
the cup with water.
………………………………

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………...

4. A man try to
shoot a fish as
seen by him in
Explain the phenomenon that you observed.
water. His
shooting does
……………………………………………………………
not hit the fish.
………………………………………………………………
Why his shooting
………………………………………………………………
fails to hit the fish?
2. Draw a ray diagram from point 0 to the eye to
………………………………………………………………
show how the object appear nearer to the
surface of water
What is the method if the man wants to fire the
fish in the lake?

………………………………………………………………

Experiment 6.2: Text pg 238

Inference: ………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

Hyphothesis: …………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………

Aim: ………………………………………………….……

………………………………………………………………

Manipulated Variable: ………….………………………

Responding Variable: …………………………………

Object O
Fixed Variable: ………………………………………….
Mark and label Real depth, H and Apparent depth,
h.
Apparatus: …….……………………………………….
Real depth, H:
……………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………
Material: …………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

apparent depth:

……………………………………………………………..

189
Arrangement of Apparatus:
Analyze: plot graph H against h

Determine the gradient of the graph.

Relate real depth, apparent depth and refractive

index of water, n.

………………………………………………………………

State the value of refractive index of water ……….

Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..
Procedure:
Method of controlling manipulated variable: ……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………… Precaution:

…………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………. Activity 4:
Aim: To solve problems involving Refraction of
Method of measuring responding variable: light.

…………………………………………………………….. 1. The light ray travels in air and glass.

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….
(a) Which medium is air? ……………………
…………………………………………………………….
(b) In which medium the speed of light is higher?
……………………………………………………………. Why?

Fixed variable: ………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….. 2. Calculate the refractive index of medium x.

……………………………………………………………..

Tabulate data for all values of H, y and h

Real Depth, y/cm Apparent
H/cm depth, h / cm
6.0

7.0 3. The light ray travels

from air to medium x.
8.0 Find the:
(a) incident angle ………
9.0
(b) refracted angle: ………
10.0
(c) refractive index:
190
191
 4. A light ray travels from glass to air. The 2. Which of the following situations does not
refractive index of glass is 1.54 and the speed show the refraction of light?
of light in air is 3 x 108 ms-1. Calculate
(a) the angle of refraction, θ

(b) the speed of light in glass.

5. A light ray is incident normally on a glass

prism which has a refractive index of 1.50.
(b) Complete the ray diagram.
(c) Find the incident angle and the refractive angle

3. A light ray travels from medium A to

medium B. If the density of medium A is
larger than the density of medium B, which
diagram shows the correct path of the
6. Calculate the refractive index of water light?

1. What is the refractive index of the glass?

4. The diagram shows a light ray travels from

air to plastic.

TUTORIAL 6.1

1. Refraction of light occurs when light

travels through two medium with different What is the refractive index of plastic?
densities. This is due to a change in ……… A Sin S B Sin P
A. the amplitude of light Sin Q Sin R
B. the intensity of light
C. the speed of light. C Sin Q D Sin R
Sin R Sin S

192
 9. Table 2 shows the refractive indices of
5. A light ray travels from air to glass. water and glass.
Substance Refractive index, n
Water 1.3
Glass 1.5

Based on the information in Table 2, which

light ray, A, B, C, or D in Diagram 14 is
correct? (2008)
What is the index of refraction of glass?
A. 1.38 C. 1.45
B. 1.51 D. 1.62

6. An observer cannot see the coin in an

empty glass as shown in Figure(a).
However , he can see the coin when the
glass is filled with water as shown in
Figure(b).

10. Diagram below shows the appearance of the

word PHYSICS as seen through a magnifying
lens.

Figure (a) Figure (b)

The observer can see the coin in Figure (b)

due to
A. the total internal reflection of light Which light phenomenon explains this
B. the refraction of light situation?
C. the reflection of light A. Reflection
D. the diffraction of light B. Refraction
C. Diffraction
7. The diagram shows a boy appearing D. Total internal reflection
shorter when he is in a swimming pool. The
depth of the water in the pool is 1.2 m. 11. Diagram 21 shows a ray of light propagating
[ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ] from air to water.
What is the
apparent depth of
the pool?
A. 0.1 m
B. 0.3 m
C. 0.9 m
D. 1.1 m
E. 1.6 m

8. The diagram shows a light ray directed into

a glass block. Which is the angle of
refraction?

What is the refractive index of the water?

A. 0.75
B. 0.92
C. 1.34
D. 2.39

193
12. Diagram below shows the apparent position 1. Diagram 2 shows a light ray passing through
of a fish as seen by an observer standing by a a glass prism.
lake.

(a) Name the phenomenon involved.

At which point , A, B, C or D is the actual ......................................................................................

position of the fish? (2009) [1 mark]

13. Diagram 17 shows a ray of light directed to a (b) Why does the phenomenon in (a) occur.
glass block.
......................................................................................
[1 mark]
(c) What is the refraction angle?

.....................................................................................
[1 mark]

(d) Calculate the refractive index of the

Which statement is correct?( 2011)
A. The light refracts towards normal as it glass prism.
enters the glass block. [2 marks]
B. The incident angle is equal to the
refracted angle.
C. The light travels faster as it enters the
glass block 2. SPM 2003
Figure 3.1 shows a mother observing the legs of
D. The brightness of light increases as it
her son in the pool. His legs appear to be shorter
travels in the glass block.
because of a light phenomenon.
14. Diagram 16 shows a light ray propagating
from water to air. The refractive index of
water is 1.33.

(a)(i) Name the light phenomenon involved.

……………………………………………………………..

(ii) Explain how this phenomenon occurs.

What is the angle of refraction? (2012) ………………………………………………………………

A. 22.1°
B. 41.7° ………………………………………………………………
C. 48.8°
D. 60.0° ………………………………………………………………

PAPER 2 SECTION A
194
 (iii) In Figure 3.2, draw a ray diagram from (a) Tick (√) the correct answer in the box
point P to the eye to show how the legs provided. The refractive index of the glass can
appear shorter. be determined by:

(b) Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.

(i) Compare the real depth of the coin.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the apparent depth of the coin
(b) The depth of water is 0.4 m seen by the observer.
Calculate the distance of the image of
the foot at point P from the surface of the
………………………………………………………………
water.
[1 mark]
[Refractive index of water = 1.33]
(iii) Relate the real depth to the apparent
depth.

………………………………………………………………
3. SPM 2013 [1 mark]
Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 shows the positions
of the image seen by the observer when two (iv) Name the light phenomenon involved.
identical coins are placed under two different
glass blocks. The glass blocks have different ………………………………………………………………
thickness but same refractive index. [1 mark]

(c) Diagram 5.3 shows an incomplete ray

diagram.

Complete the ray diagram to show how the

image is formed.

[3 marks]

195
4. SPM 2012 (iii) mark with X the actual position of the
(a) Diagram 7.1 shows a ruler appeared bend in fish.
water. [1 mark]
(iv) Give one suggestion how to shoot the
fish accurately.

[1 mark]

(c) The speed of light in air and in water are 3.0 x

108 ms-1 and 2.25 x 108 respectively.

Calculate:
(i) The refractive index of water
[1 mark]

(ii)The real depth of fish in water when the

apparent depth is 1.8 m.

(i) Name the light phenomena involved. [2 marks]

………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how the light phenomena in 7(a)(i)

happened.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) Diagram 7.2 shows a man shooting a fish as

seen by him in water. His shooting does not
hit the fish.

(i) Give one reason why his shooting fails to

hit the fish.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
On Diagram 7.2:
(ii) draw two light rays to determine the
actual position of the fish
[2 mark]

196
 6.2

Diamonds are famous for

their sparkle. A diamond
gliters when it is moved
about. Why does a diamond
show such brilliance? This
phenomenon is related to an
important properties of light
called total internal
reflection.

Activity 1 (a) What happens to the light ray when the

Aim: To explain total internal reflection of light angle of refraction reaches 90⁰?

1. Diagram 1 shows a light ray is directed from ………………………………………………………………

air towards a semicircle glass block and
moves out to air. ………………………………………………………………

(b) This is the limit of the light ray that can be

refracted in air. The angle of incidence in
the denser medium at this limit is called
the critical angle. Define critical angle.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

3. Diagram 3 shows situation when angle of

incidence exceed critical angle.

(a) What happens to the light when it enters

form a denser medium to a less dense
medium?

………………………………………………………………

(b) Compare the intensity of the refracted ray

and the reflected ray inside the glass.

……………………………………………………………… (a) What happens to the light at this

situation?
(c) Relate incidence angle and refracted
angle. ………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………

2. Diagram 2 shows as the angle of incidence (b) Name the light phenomena.
increases, the angle of refracton also
increases. ………………………………………………………………

(c) State two conditions so that this

phenomena can occur.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
197
Activity 2: Discussion:
Aim: To obtain critical angle and observe the total 3. Explain why the light ray must be directed at
internal reflections the centre of the glass block from the curved
edge?
Procedure
1. Trace the outline of the glass block on a piece ………………………………………………………………
of paper and mark the centre of the glass
block as O. Draw the normal line, N. 4. What is the critical angle, c of the glass
2. Direct a light ray towards O from the curved block used?
edge with angle of incidence i = 20⁰. Observe
the ray emerging from the glass block. c = …………………
3. Increase the angle of incidence slowly and
observe the change in the refracted angle 5. Describe the path of the light ray at the
straight edge of the glass block for each
case.
(a) i < c: …………………………………………

(b) i = c: …………………………………………

(c) i > c : …………………………………………

Relationship between Critical Angle, c and

Refractive Index, n
4. When the refracted angle is 90⁰, mark the
angle of incidence, i. Measure and the record Referring to figure d
the value of i. and using Snell’s law,
5. Increase the value of i and observe the write an equation that
direction of the ray after reaching the border gives the relationship
between the two mediums. between the critical
angle, C, and the
Results: refractive index of
1. If the angle of refraction, r < 90⁰, what liquid-Y, n
happens to the refracted ray?

………………………………………………………………
State the relationship between refractive index
2. Measure the incident angle, i, when refracted with critical angle of a material.
angle is 90⁰.
………………………………………………………………
i = ……………………………
………………………………………………………………
3. When the incidence angle is further
increased, the ray upon reaching the border Exercise 1
between the two mediums will be 1. Figure 2 shows three light rays, X, Y and Z,
incident at the mid-point of AB of a semi
……………………………………………………………… circular glass block of critical angle 42°.
<NOZ = 30° , <NOY = 42° and <NOX = 60°.
4. Complete the following diagram based from Draw the direction of the rays of X, Y and Z
your observation in 1,2 and 3. from O and label them as X’, Y’ and Z’
respectively.

Observation 1 Observation 2 Observation 3

i <c i=c i>c

198
2. The refractive index of water is 1.33. What is Activity 3
the critical angle of the water? Aim: Explain natural phenomenon and Application
of Total Internal Reflection

1. Mirage
On hot days, a distant road will appear to have
3. Predict what will happen to the incident light pools of water lying on the surface. When
ray shown in the image. Support your answer reached at the place, the pool of water disappears
with calculations. (Refractive index of water and actually it does not exist. This phenomena is
is 1.3) called mirage, How this phenomena occurs?

4. The diagram
➢ On hot day, compare the temperature of air at
shows a light ray
higher level and air near the road surface.
entering in a
glass prism.
………………………………………………………………
[Refractive index
of glass = 1.51]
………………………………………………………………
(a) Determine the
➢ Compare the density of hot air and the cool
critical angle of the
air.
glass.
………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..
(b) Draw the ray light after it passes through a
point P.
➢ What happens to the light ray from the sky
which travels from denser to less dense air?
5. The diagram shows a light ray travelling from
air into a glass prism. What is the critical
……………………………………………………………..
angle of the glass?
……………………………………………………………..

➢ Incident angle will increase. Compare

incident angle with critical angle.

………………………………………………………………

➢ If the observer’s eye is in the correct position,

he will see a pool of water (image of the sky)
appearing on the road surface. Explain why.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

199
2. Rainbow 3. Prism Periscope

A rainbow is a colourful natural phenomenon.

When sunlight shines on millions of water
droplets in the air after rain, we see a
multicoloured. ➢ Name component to built a perscope.

………………………………………………………………

➢ What is:
Incident angle : …………
Critical angle : ………….

➢ Compare incident angle, i, and critical angle, r,

………………………………………………………………
➢ Name phenomenon which is the separation of
light into colours arranged according to their ➢ What happens as light ray enter the
frequency. binocular?
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
➢ State three light phenomena which produce
➢ Draw ray diagram to show the light rays that
rainbow.
enter the periscope.
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

➢ What happens when white light enters the

raindrops?

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

➢ What happens when the dispersed light hits

the back of the raindrop.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
➢ State the characteristic of the image formed.
………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
➢ The colours of a rainbow run from violet
along the lower part of the spectrum to red
along the upper part.

200
➢ Explain two advantages of using glass prism 5. Fibre optics
periscope instead of plane mirror periscope.
➢ What are the uses of fibre optics?
......................................................................................
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
➢ Name the material for fiber optic.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

4. Binocular ➢ Compare the density of the inner core,Q, and

the outer cladding, P.

………………………………………………………………

➢ Compare the refractive index of the inner

core, Q, and outer cladding, P.

………………………………………………………………

➢ Explain why the light ray experiences total

internal reflection when it hits the inner wall
of the optical fibre.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

➢ State the use of a binocular. ………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… ➢ Complete the light path in the fibre optic.

➢ What happens as light ray enter the

binocular?

………………………………………………………………

➢ State the characteristics of the final image in

the binocular.
➢ Give advantages of the fibre optics.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
➢ Draw a ray diagram to show the light rays
after entering the binocular. ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

201
 TUTORIAL 5.3 4 The diagram shows a cross-section of a fiber optic
cable.
1 Which of the following shows total internal
reflection?

Which comparison is correct?

A. Density of P < density of Q
B. Density of P > density of Q
C. Density of P = density of Q

5 The diagram (i) and diagram (ii) show light rays

traveling from glass to air at different incident angles.

2 The diagram shows light ray XO experiencing total Which angle is the critical angle of the glass?
internal reflection when traveling from glass to air. A. P
B. Q
C. R
D. S

6. Which diagram shows a ray hitting a semi-circular

glass block at the critical angle, θ?

Which statements about total internal reflection are

correct?

P – θ is more than the critical angle of glass

Q – The speed of light in glass is higher than in air.
R – The refractive index of glass is greater than air.
A. P and Q C. P and R
B. Q and R D. P, Q and R

3 The diagram shows a light ray, P, directed into a

glass block. The critical angle of the glass is 42°. In
which direction does the light move from point Q? 7. The critical angle of a type of coloured liquid is
48⁰. Which diagram shows the total internal
reflection? (2009)

202
 8. Diagram 17 shows the path of light from P to (a) Find the angle of incidence at the surface PR.
O.

(b) Calculate the critical angle of the prism.

(c) (i) Explain what happen to the light ray after if

strikes the surface PR.

………………………………………………………………

(ii) State the condition for the phenomenon

in (c)(i) above to take place.
The critical angle of water is 48⁰. If θ = 48⁰,
which is the correct path of light after ………………………………………………………………
passing through point O?
A. OR ………………………………………………………………
B. OS
C. OT (d) Another identical glass prism XYZ is
D. OU arranged as shown in Figure 8.2 below. Two
parallel light rays K and L are incident
9. Diagram19 shows a ray of light propagates in perpendicularly onto the surface PQ.
a semi circular block.
(i) In the diagram, draw the correct path of
the light rays K and L until they emerge
from the prism XYZ.

Apakah indeks biasan blok kaca lutsinar?

What is the refractive index of the transparent
block?
A. 1.25
B. 1.33
C. 1.43
D. 1.66

10. Which instrument uses the concept of total

internal reflection?
A. Microscope
B. Magnifying glass (ii) Name the device which uses the above
arrangement of prism.
C. Prism Binocular
D. Astronomical telescope
………………………………………………….

2. Question 6: Spm 2006

PAPER 2 SECTION A
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan sebuah kapal selam yang
1. (SPM 1993) dilengkapi dengan alat optik P.
Figure 3.1 shows that a light ray being incident Diagram 16.1 shows a submarine equipped with
an optical instrument P. Diagram 16.2 shows the
perpendicularly to the surface PQ of a glass prism
structure of the optical instrument P.
PQR. The refractive index of the prism is 1.5.

203
 (a) What is meant by critical angle? Thick (√) the
correct answer in the box provided.

_____ The angle of incidence when the angle of

refraction is 90º.

_____ The angle of incidence when the incident

ray is totally reflected.
. [1 mark]

(b) Explain why the light ray does not bend when
it enters both prisms at point A. [1 m]

………………………………………………………………

(a) Name the optical instrument P. [1 mark] (c) (i) Based on Diagram 5.1 and
Diagram 5.2, how can the angle of
.................................................................................... incidence at point B be made equal to the
critical angle?
(b) In Diagram 16.2, two glass prisms must be
placed so that the object can be seen by the Prism P: …………………………………………
observer. The position of one of the glass
prisms is as shown. Prism Q: …………………………………………
(i) In box A in Diagram 4.2, draw and shade the [2 m]
second prism. [1 mark] (ii) Diagram 5.1 shows the light ray passing
from glass to air at point B. Compare the
(ii) Explain why the prisms in optical instrument density of glass with the density of air.
P are placed as in 16(b)(i).
…………………………………………………………
..................................................................................... [1]
[1 mark] (iii) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2,
what happen to the light ray after passing
(c)(iIn Diagram 4.2, complete the path of the light point B?
ray from the object to the observer’s eye.
[1 mark] 5.1: ………………………………………………….

(ii) State one characteristic of the image 5.2: ………………………………………………….

observed. [1 mark] [2 m]
(d) Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram 5.2.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(d) The refractive index of the glass prism is 1.52. [1 m]
Calculate the critical angle of the glass prism.
[2 marks] 4. SPM 2016
Diagram 7 shows the structure of a rear reflector
of a bicycle created by a student. The reflector
consists of identical plastic prisms which have
critical angle of 42°.
3. Diagram 5.1 and diagram 5.2 shows a light ray
passing through prism P and prism Q, (a) What is the meaning of critical angle?
respectively. Prism P and prism Q are made
of glass with different densities. ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) (i) On diagram 7, complete the ray of light after
entering the reflector.
[1 mark]

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2

204
 6.3

Introduction to Lenses
A lens is made of transparent material (glass or
clear plastic) with two faces, of which at least one
is curved. A convex lens is thicker at its centre
while a concave lens is thinner at its centre.

What are the effects of lenses on light and why

are lenses useful?

Activity 1:
ii. Based on answer in 7(b)(i), what happens to
Aim: Identify Focal point and focal length
the ray of light after entering the reflector.
Apparatus : convex lens, concave lens, ray box,
Give one reason for your answer.
white paper
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(c) Based on the observation in 7(b)(ii), the

student found that a few modifications should
be made so that the reflector reflects more
light. The modifications are based on the
following aspects:
(i) The angle of prism used Procedure:
1. Direct a set of parallel rays to a cylindrical
……………………………………………………………… convex lens. Observe the rays that pass
through the lens.
Reason 2. Trace the parallel light rays before and after
passing through the lens. Mark the focal point
……………………………………………………………… of the lens and the focal length.
[2 marks] 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 by using a cylindrical
(ii) Number of prism used concave lens.

……………………………………………………………… Draw the rays diagram when the parallel lights

passes through a convex lens and concave lens.
Reason Mark the focal point, F, centre of lens, O and focal
point, f.
……………………………………………………………… Convex lens
[2 marks]

(d) Based on the prism in Diagram 7, calculate the

refractive index of the plastic prism used.
[2 marks]

205
What happens to the parallel light rays after Procedure:
passing through the convex lens? 1. Align and adjust the screen and lens so that a
sharp image of a distant object falls on the
……………………………………………………………… screen.
2. Measure and record the distance between
……………………………………………………………… lens and the screen.
3. Calculate the power of the lens.
Concave lens

Results:
What happens to the parallel light rays after
passing through the convex lens? lens Focal length, f

……………………………………………………………… 10 cm

………………………………………………………………
15 cm
Terms regarding lens

Focal point, F 20 cm

What inferens about light rays that come from a

distanct object?

………………………………………………………………
focal length, f
State the characteristics of the image formed on
the scrren.

………………………………………………………………

object distance, u

Activity 3
Aim: Draw ray diagram

Convex lens
image distance, v
Rule 1: Rays parallel with the principal axis

Activity 2:
Aim: To determine the Focal length, focal point
and power of a lens After:

Apparatus: Lens holder, white screen, metre rule,

a convex lens (10 cm , 15 cm dan 20 cm)

206
 Rule 2: light rays pass throught the focal point.

After:

Rule 3: light rays pass through optical center.

The point of intersection of the rays is a point on
the image.
Real image: the image is on the side opposite of
the object.

After:

Concave lens

Rule 1: Rays parallel with the principal axis

The point of intersection of the rays is a point on

the image.
Virtual image: The image is on the same side with
the object

After:
Exercise 2:
Characteristics of image formed by a convex lens
Construct ray diagrams for each of the following
Rule 2: light rays pass throught the focal point. cases and state the characteristics of the image
formed.

i) Case 1 : u > 2f

After:

Rule 3: light rays pass through optical center.

Characteristics of image:

……………………………………………… ……………

After:

207
ii) Case 2 : u = 2f Conclusion:

Object Characteristics of image

distance ,u
u=∞

u > 2f

u = 2f

Characteristics of image: f <u< 2f

……………………………………………………………... u=f

iii) Case 3 : 2f > u > f u<f

In each of the following statements below, fill in

the space provide one of the following conditions.
( u > 2f / 2f = u / 2f > u > f / u > f / u < f )

Type of image Position of object, u

Real image

Characteristics of image:
Virtual image
……………………………………………………………...

iv) Case 4 : u = f
Characteristics of image formed by concave lens :
(by construction of ray diagrams )

Characteristics of image:

……………………………………………………………...

v) Case 5 : u < f

Characteristics of image:

……………………………………………………………...

Characteristics of image:

……………………………………………………………...
208
Activity 4: Discussion
Aim: To determine the position and ➢ State the positions of convex lens which form
characteristics of images formed by convex lens real image and virtual image.
and concave lens for different object distances..
……………………………………………………………..
Apparatus: candle light, convex lens (f = 10 cm),
metre rule, white screen, lens holder. …………………………………………………………….

Procedure: ➢ What are the common characteristics for real

images formed by a convex lens?

…………………………………………………………..

➢ What are the characteristics of images formed

by a concave lens?

……………………………………………………………

Linear Magnification
When an object is seen through a magnifying
glass at a distance less than its focal length, the
1. Adjust the position of the lens until u = 40.0 cm image formed is magnified. The size of the image
2. Adjust the screen in order to form a sharp formed by a convex lens depends on the position
image on it. Observe the characteristic of the of the object.
image formed.
3. Measure and record the image distance, v.
4. Repeat procedures 2, 3 and 4 for u = 35.0 cm,
30.0 cm, 25.0 cm, 20.0 cm and 15.0 cm.

Object Characteristics of image

distance ,u
u > 2f
40.0 cm

u > 2f ➢ Which position of the convex lens forms

35.0 cm
(i) a magnified image? ………………………
U > 2f
30.0 cm (ii) a diminished image? ……………………

U > 2f inear magnification of a lens

25.0 cm
m = image distance = v
u = 2f object distance u
20 cm
m < 1 : image diminished,
f <u< 2f m = 1 : image same size ,
15 cm m > 1 : image magnified.

Concave lens:
1. Hold the concave lens at object distance, u =
20.0 cm, 15.0 cm dan 10.0 cm in front of your
eyes and look at the writing in your Physics
textbook through the concave lens.

209
TUTORIAL 6.3
1. The diagram shows an object which is placed 4. Diagram 18 shows an object placed in front of
at u cm from the centre of a convex lens. The a convex lens.
focal length of the lens is 20 cm.

Which of the following characteristics of the

image is not correct when u is 10 cm, 15 cm, 35 What are the characteristics of the image
cm and 45 cm form the lens? formed?
A. Real, inverted, diminished
u/cm Characteristics of image B. Real, inverted, same size
A. 10 Virtual and big C. Virtual, upright, enlarged
B. 15 Virtual and big D. Real, inverted, enlarged.
C. 35 Real and small
D. 45 Real and small 5. Which ray diagram is correct for a convex
lens? (2009)
2. A student draws light rays passing through
lenses P, Q, R and S as shown in the diagram
below. F is the focal point of lenses P, Q, R
and S.

Which drawing shows the correct path of the

light rays?
A. II only
B. I and III only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV

3. The diagram shows the formation of the image

of an object by a convex lens.

6. Which diagram shows the correct refraction

of light ray after passing through a lens?

If the height of the object is 2 cm, what is the

height of the image?
A. 6.50 cm
B. 4.50 cm
C. 4.00 cm
D. 3.25 cm
E. 2.25 cm
210
 (c) Based on the answer in 5(b), relate
7. Question 5 (i) the thickness of the lens with the focal
Diagram 5.1 shows a ray diagram of the convex length
lens with a focal length of 35 mm in a camera
which produces an image of height, h 1. ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) The focal length with the height of image.

……………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(d) A leaf blown by a strong wind covered the
upper portion of the convex lens in Diagram
5.1. What will happen to the size and
brightness of the image?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
8. SPM 2009
Diagram 5.1 Diagram 8.1 shows an image seen through a lens.

Diagram 5.2 shows a ray diagram of the convex

lens with a focal length of 50 mm in a camera
produces an image of height, h2.

(a) Name the light phenomenon involved in

Diagram 8.1.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show how the
image in Diagram 8.1 is formed.

Diagram 5.2

(a) State the light phenomenon involved to

produce image by the convex lens.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.

(i) Compare the thickness of the lens..

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the focal length of the lens.

……………………………………………………………… The focal length of the lens in Diagram 8.2 is f.

[1 mark] Referring to f, suggest a suitable position to
(iii) Compare the height of the image. place the object to produce an inverted image.

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
[1 mark] [1 mark]
211
 6.4

Diagram (a) shows a school board is observed Apparatus: ………….………………………………….

through a convex lens.
……………………………………………………………..

Material: …………………………………………………

Arrangement of apparatus:

Diagram (b) shows the school board is observed

through the same convex lens when the lens is
brought nearer to the board.

Procedure
Method to control manipulated variable:

………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………….

Method to measure responding variable:

……………………………………………………………..
Experiment 6.3: Text pg 259
…………………………………………………………….
Inference:……………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….
Hyphotesis: ……………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
Aim: …………………………………………….……
Method of repeating:
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..
Manipulated Variable: ………………………………….
……………………………………………………………..
Responding Variable: …………………………………

Fixed Variable: ………………………………………….

212
213
Tabulate data for all values of u, v, 1/u and 1/v
Thin Lens formula:
u / cm v/cm 1/u /cm-1 1/v /cm-1
1 1 1
40.0 + =
35.0
u v f
30.0 Rules using lens formula

25.0 Sign Positive value Negative (-)

(+)
20.0 u Real object Virtual object
v Real image Virtual image
15.0 f Convex lens Concave lens

Analyze: Plot graph 1/v against 1/u Activity 1:

Aim: To solve problem involving Lens Equation
1. Find:
(i) y-intercept: ………………………….. 1. An object is placed 30 cm from a convex lens
with a focal length of 20 cm.
(ii) gradient: (a) How far from the lens is the image?

2. Deduce how the values of the intercepts relate

to the focal length of the lens
(b) What is the magnification produced by
……………………………………………………………… the lens?

3. Write down an equation to relate between the

object distance, u, image distance, v and focal
length, f of a lens.
(c) What is the characteristics of the image?
.................................................................................
………………………………………………………………
4. Conclusion: State the relationship between
object distance, u and image distance, v 2. An object is placed 10 cm from a convex lens
with a focal length of 20 cm.
…………………………………………………………….. (a) How far from the lens is the image?

……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

Precautions:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
(b) What magnification does the lens
produce?

(c) What is the characteristics of the image?

…………………………………………………………

214
3. An object is placed 30 cm from a concave TUTORIAL 6.4
lens with a focal length of 20 cm. 1. Diagram 15 shows the apparatus used to
(a) How far from the lens is the image? determine the relationship between the object
distance, u, the image distance, v, and the
focal length of a convex lens.

(b) What magnification does the lens

produce?
The results are shown in Diagram 16.

(c) What is the characteristics of the image?

…………………………………………………………

4. A concave lens with a focal length of 25 cm

forms a virtual image of an ant at a distance
of 20 cm from the optical centre of the lens.
(a) What is the original positon of the ant?

What is the value of q?

(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a
virtual image of the ant.

5. Diagram 11.2 shows the formation of an

image by a convex lens. The focal length of
the lens is 6 cm and the height of the object is 2. Diagram 17 shows an object in front of a
2 cm. convex lens.

What is the image distance?

Calculate A. 15 cm
(i) The image distance. B. 20 cm
(ii) The height of the image. C. 25 cm
D. 30 cm

215
3. SPM 2004
Figure 4.1 shows an image of letters FIZI when
viewed through a glass of water.
6.5

The Uses of Lenses in Optical Devices

Magnifying Glass

Application

It consists of
(a) State the light phenomenon that causes the
image FIZI to be enlarged. Position of
object
……………………………………………………………… Characteristic
[1 mark] of image

(b) What is the change of size of the image if the

water is replaced with a transparent liquid of a Draw ray diagram to show the formation of the
greater density? image using magnifying glass.

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) The glass of water is replaced with a lens M

with focal length of 10 cm. The distance
between the book cover and the centre of the
lens is 8 cm. It is observed that the image
FIZIK is enlarged.

(i) Name the type of lens M.

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the distance of the image from
lens M. Compound Microscope
[2 marks]

Application

(iii) In the space below, sketch a ray diagram It consists of

to show how the image is formed.

compare fO & fe

Position of
object
Characteristic
of image
formed by
objective lens
Position of
eyepiece lens

Characteristic
of final image

216
Draw the ray diagram for microscope on page 219
Draw the ray diagram for telescope on page 220

Astronomical Telescope

Application

It consists of

compare fO & fe

Position of
object

How light rays

passes through
objective lens
Position of
image passes
objective lens
Characteristic of
image formed
by objective
lens
Position of
eyepiece lens
Characteristic of
final image

Normal
adjustment:
what is the
distance
between fO & fe
Equation for
magnification

217
218
TUTORIAL 6.5

1. The diagram shows the design of a simple

astronomical telescope. The focal length of
the lens P is fP and the focal length of lens
Q is fQ.

219
 5

Formed at infinity
10

15

Real, inverted, same size

20
Which statement is correct?
A. fP shorter than fQ
B. The power of lens P is higher than lens Q. 25
C. The image of lens P is real whereas the
image of lens Q is virtual Real, inverted, formed at
D. The image magnification is the ratio of fQ to
Infinity focal point
fP
(a)(i) Based on the information given in the
2. Which of the following ray diagrams is
table, state the focal length of lens K.
correct for a magnifying glass?
……………………………………………………………

(ii) Give two reasons for your answer in (a)(i)

……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………..

(b) Complete the information in the table

above.

(c) An image is formed on the screen when an

object is placed 20 cm from lens K. A
black cardboard is placed in front of lens K
so as to close the lower portion of the lens.
State the changes to the image formed, if
any.

…………………………………………………………

(d) A student intends to build a teleskop. He

uses lens K as the eyepiece lens and
another convex lens as the objective lens.
3. A lens has a focal length f. What are the
(i) State the focal length that is suitable for
required conditions for the lens to be used
the objective lens
as a magnifying lens?
…………………………………………………
Type of Object distance
lens
(ii) If the student wishes to build the
A Convex Less than f telescope in normal adjustment, what is
B Convex Between f and 2f the separation between lens K and the
C Concave Less than f objective lens?
D Concave Between f and 2f
…………………………………………………
2. SPM 2014
The lens in Diagram 8 is used a magnifying
1. (SPM 2000) glass.
An object is placed at different distances u in
front of a convex lens K. the corresponding
characteristics of image formed are as shown in
the table below.

Object distance, Image characteristics

u (cm)
Virtual, upright, larger

220
 …………………………………………………………..
[2 marks]
(ii) Distance, d :

……………………………………………………………
Reason :

…………………………………………………………..
[2 marks]
(iii) Distance, ui :

……………………………………………………………
(a) Name the type of lens in Diagram 8. Reason :

………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………..
[1 mark] [2 marks]

(b) (i) On Diagram 8, draw a ray diagram to (d) Based on the answer in 8(c), choose the
show how the image of the object is most suitable arrangement for a simple
formed. compound microscope.
[3 marks]
……………………………………………………………
(ii) State two characteristics of the image [1 mark]
formed in 8(b)(i).

1. ………………………………………………..

2. ………………………………………………..
[1 mark]

(c) A compound microscope contains an

objective lens and an eyepiece lens. The
focal length of the objective lens is fo and
the focal length of eyepiece lens is fe.
Table 8 shows three different distances of
object and different distances between the
two lenses.

Arrange- Object Distance Distance

ment distance, between between the
uO from objective image formed
objective lens and by the
lens eyepiece objective lens
lens, d and the
eyepiece
lens, ui

J U O < fO d < (fO + fe) Ui > fe

K U O = fO d = (fO + fe) Ui = fe

L FO < UO d > (fO + fe) Ui < fe

< 2fO
6.6
Based on Table 8, state the suitable
arrangement in order to build a simple
compound microscope. Give one reason for the
suitable arrangement.

(i) object distance, UO :

……………………………………………………………
Reason :

221
When we look into a
mirror, we can see
our image in the
mirror. The image
seen in the mirror
looks exactly the
same. How does the
image in the mirror
form?
• Mirror works
because it reflects
light.. Complete table below to show terms regarding
curve mirror.
Activity 1:
Aim: Image formed by convex mirror and Principle
concave mirror axis

Place the concave mirror upright on a piece of Focal

white paper. Using a ray box, produce parallel point, F
rays directed at the mirror. Draw the ray
diagram.
Repeat the steps using a convex mirror and a Focal
concave mirror. length, f

Object
distance,
u
Image
distance,
v
Center of
curvature,
What happens when parallel rays are directed C
towards the 2 types of mirrors?
Radius of
Concave mirror : curvature
of mirror,
…………………………………………………………… r
…
Activity 2:
Convex mirror : Aim: Construction Rules for Concave Mirror and
Convex Mirror
……………………………………………………………
… 1. Put a concave mirror on a white paper. By
using rays box, mark the focal point, F and
Complete the ray diagram for concave mirror center of curvature, C.
and convex mirror. Label principal axis, focal 2. Aim a straight ray to the concave mirror for:
point (F) and pole of the mirror (P) and center of (a) A ray parallel to the principal axis
curvature (C). (b) A ray passing through point F
(c) A ray passing through point C.
3. Observe the reflected ray.
4. Repeat step 1 – 3 for convex mirror.

(a) Rule 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis

222
(b) A ray passing through point F

f < u < 2f or f < u < c

(c) Rule 3: A ray passing through point C.

Activity 3: u=f
Aim: Ray Diagram to determine the position and u<f
characteristics of an image in a concave mirro

u > 2f

u = 2f or u = c Concave mirror
Object
distrance,u Characteristics of the image:

223
 u > 2f 2. Transmission of radio waves and signals
Name the shape of the
u = 2f reflector ………………………

f < u < 2f
Where is the location of the
u=f signal receiver?

u<f …………………………………

Give reason to your answer.

Ray diagrams for convex mirror
u<f ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………..

3. Reflector of
torchlight

Name the type

of reflector
used.

…………………

Where is the location of the light bulb?

u < f < 2f ……………………………………………………………

How does the reflectior function?

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

4. Dentist’s mirror

Conclusion:
Characteristics of the image of convex mirror :

Name the type of mirror used.

Activity 4
Aim: Explain applications of mirror ……………………………………………………………
State the position of the teeth from the mirror.
1. Make-up Mirror
What is the type of mirror ……………………………………………………………
used?
State the characteristics of the image seen.
…………………………..
……………………………………………………………
State the position of the
observer.

……………………………………………………………

State the characteristic of the image produced.

……………………………………………………………

224
5. Car’s side mirror TUTORIAL 6.6

1. The diagram shows an object placed in front

of a concave mirror. The distance of the
object is less than the focal length, f, of the
mirror.

Name the type of mirror used for the car’s rear

view and side mirror.

……………………………………………………………
What are the characteristics of the image
State the benefit of using this type of mirror.
formed?
A. Real, upright, bigger than object
……………………………………………………………
B. Real, inverted, smaller than object
C. Virtual, upright, bigger than object
……………………………………………………………
D. Virtual, inverted, smaller than object

2. The diagram shows two cars, P and Q,

traveling in the opposite directions, passing
through a sharp bend.

6. Mirror at the sharp corner.

Which mirror is the most suitable to be

placed at X so that the driver in car P can see
car Q?

Name the type of mirror used to see incoming

cars at a sharp corner.

……………………………………………………………

Explain how the mirror is used to see the

incoming car.

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

3. Which diagram shows the correct reflection

of light from a concave mirror? F is the
principle focus.

225
 1. Diagram 1 shows the side mirrors of a car
which helps the driver to see objects behind
the car more effectively.

4. Diagram 23 shows an object placed 20 cm in

front of a concave mirror of focal length, f, 10 (a) State the type of mirror used.
cm.
...................................................................................

(b) Give one reason why this type of mirror is

used instead of a plane mirror. [1 mark]

...................................................................................

(c) In Diagram 2, F is the focal point and C is

the centre of curvature of a convex mirror.

What are the characteristics of the image

formed?
A. Real, same size, inverted
B. Real, diminished, inverted
C. Virtual, same size, upright
D. Virtual, diminished, upright

5. Diagram 14 shows an object placed at O, in

front of a concave mirror. F is the focal
point of the mirror. (i) Complete the ray diagram to show the
position of the image formed.
[ 2 marks]

(ii) State two characteristics of the image

formed.

...................................................................................
What are the characteristics of the image
formed? 2. SPM 2008 Paper 2 A2
A. Virtual and smaller than the object A pencil is placed in front of a concave mirror.
B. Real and smaller than the object Diagram 2.1 shows the image of the pencil in
C. Virtual and bigger than the object the mirror.
D. Real and bigger than the object

6. Which ray diagram for a concave mirror is

not drawn correctly? [C = centre of
curvature of mirror, F = focal point of
mirror]

226
 (a) Name the phenomenon involved in the (c) Diagram 7.2 shows the cross-section of a
formation of the image. concave reflector used in a torchlight.

……………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) The image is upright and magnified.
State one other characteristic of the
image.

……………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) Diagram 2.2 shows an incomplete ray
diagram. C is the centre of curvature
and F is the principle focus. Complete
the ray diagram to show how the image
is formed.

Ray S from the filament bulb is incident at

point Q on the concave reflector.
(i) Complete the path of ray S on Diagram
7.2.
[2 marks]
(ii) State the light phenomenon involved in
7(c)(i).

...................................................................................
[1 mark]

(d) The torchlight in Diagram 7.2 does not

produce bright parallel rays. Suggest a
modification that can be made to produce
bright parallel rays through these
aspects:

(i) The position of the bulb

3. SPM 2010 ...................................................................................

Diagram 7.1 shows an object O placed in front [1 mark]
of a concave mirror.
(ii) The curvature of the reflector.

...................................................................................
[1 mark]

(e) Suggest one other method to produce

brighter rays by the torchlight shown in
Diagram 7.2.

...................................................................................
[1 mark]

4. SPM 2015
Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show the ray
F is the focal length of the mirror and C is the diagram of a man standing at two different
centre of curvature. distances infront of a concave mirror.
(a) What is the meaning of focal point?

...................................................................................

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) Draw a ray diagram on Diagram 7.1 to

show how the image is formed. Diagram 5.1
[3 marks]

227
 5. SPM 2018
(a) Diagram 7.3 shows a situation at a road
junction in which car A is turning to the
right while car B is moving towards the
junction.

Diagram 5.2

(a) What is the characteristic of the image

formed in Diagram 5.1? Tick (√) the
correct answer in the box provided

…………. Real
…….……. Virtual [1 mark]

(b) Observed Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.

(i) Compare the object distance

………………………………………………………….. The driver in car A cannot see the incoming

. [1 mark] car B because his view because his view is
(ii) Compare the image distance blocked by a row of shophouses. To
overcome the problem faced by the driver in
…………………………………………………………… car A, a suitable mirror is needed to be
[1 mark] placed at a proper position.
(iii) Compare the size of the image
[1 mark] (i) In Diagram 7.3, mark with X, where the
mirror should be placed. Give one
................................................................................... reason for your answer.

(c) Based on the answer in 5(b), ……………………………………………………………

(i) State the relationship between object [2 marks]
distance and the image distance. (ii) State the most suitable type of mirror to
be used.
……………………………………………………………
[1 mark] ……………………………………………………………
(ii) State the relationship between object [1 mark]
distance and the size of the image.
(iii) Give one reason for your answer in
………………………………………………………….. 7(d)(ii).
[1mark]
(d) Diagram 5.3 shows a parabolic dish that is ……………………………………………………………
used to receive signals from a television [1 mark]
station.
(iv) State one other characteristic of the
suggested mirror in 7(d)(ii) for the
driver of car A to see a clearer image.

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(i) Where should the receiver be placed to

obtain the strongest signal?

……………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in
5(d)(i).

……………………………………………………………

228
 TEST PERFORMANCE Determine the most suitable optical fibre that
is capable of carrying the largest number of
1. SPM 2008 signals simultaneously. [10 marks]
Diagram 11.1 shows a light signal travelling
through an optical fibre made of glass. (d) Diagram 11.2 and Diagram 11.3 show a ray of
light passing into glass and diamond
respectively.
[Refractive index : Glass = 1.50; Diamond = 2.42]

(a) Name the light phenomenon involved at Y.

[1 mark]

(b) (i) State two changes that happen to the

light ray when it passes from air into
the optical fibre at X. (i) Calculate the critical angle of diamond
[2 marks] and of glass. [2 marks]
(ii) Explain why the light ray follows the (ii) Copy Diagram 11.2 and Diagram 11.3
path shown in Diagram 11.1 when it hits and complete the path of the light ray in
the wall of the optical fibre at Y. glass and in diamond until it finally
[2 marks] emerges from each object.
[3 marks]
(c) The optical fibre in Diagram 11.1 can be
used in telecommunications and medicine.
You are asked to investigate the 2. SPM 2005
characteristics of optical fibres for use in Figure 11.1 shows two
these fields as shown in Table 11. convex lenses, R and S,
used in an astronomical
Optical Features of Comparison Purity telescope. The focal
fibre optical refractive of
fibre index of the Flexi- inner length for R is 40 cm and
inner core, ni bility core for S is 10 cm.
, and the
outer (a) Give two reasons
cladding, no why R is used as the
objective lens of the
P Single fine telescope.
optical ni > no High Very [2 marks]
fibres high

Q Bundle of (b) Using lenses R and S, draw a ray diagram

fine no > ni Low Low on Figure 11.1 to show the formation of the
parallel final image by the telescope at normal
optical adjustment. Use a scale of 10 cm to 1 cm.
fibres [5 marks]
R Bundle of
fine ni > no High Very (c) Calculate the magnification of the final
parallel high image formed by the telescope at normal
optical
fibres
adjustment.
S Single fine [2 marks]
optical ni > no Low High
fibres 3. Explain why a piece of paper burns when
T Bundle of placed under a convex lens aimed towards
fine no > ni High High hot sun rays.
parallel [4 marks]
optical
fibres

Explain the suitability of each feature of

optical fibre in Table 11 for use in
telecommunications and medicine.

229
4. Question 11, SPM 2015 5. Question 8
Diagram 11.1 shows a man standing infront of a Diagram 8.1 shows an incomplete light ray path
curve mirror with his image shown in the mirror. entering a glass prism. The refractive index of
the glass prism is 1.5.

(a)(i) Calculate the critical angle of the glass

prism.
[2 marks]
(a)(i) State a light phenomenon involved in the (ii) On Diagram 8.1, complete the light ray
formation of the image. [1 mark] path from point O. 8(a)(ii)
[2 marks]
(ii) Based on Diagram 11.1 explain how a
magnified image of the man is formed by (iii) Based on the answer in 8(a)(ii), name the
the curved mirror. light phenomenon involved.
(4 marks)
...................................................................................
(b) Curved mirrors are always used as security [ 1 mark]
mirror in shops to watch our for shop-lifter.
You are required to investigate the (c) Diagram 8.2 shows prism binoculars. The
characteristics of curved mirrors as shown position of two prisms on one side of the
in Table 11. binoculars are as shown.
Curved Type of Size of Position Charac-
Mirror curved curved of teristic of
mirror mirror curved coated
mirror material
for
reflection
of light
inside the
curved
mirror
ng
P Convex Small Low Weak
reflector
Q Concave Big High strong
reflector
R Convex Big High strong
reflector
S Concave Small Low Weak Diagram 8.2 Diagram 8.3
reflector
Diagram 8.3 is a schematic diagram of
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of Diagram 8.2.
the curved mirror to be used as an effective On Diagram 8.3, draw the ray path entering
security mirror. Determine the most suitable both prisms. In your drawing, indicate the
curved mirror that can be used as a security direction of the ray path. [2 marks]
mirror. Give reasons for your choice. (10 marks)
(c) Objective lens is used in the binoculars so
that the object can be seen clearer. Table 8
shows the characteristics of three lenses.
Lens Focal length Diameter of the lens
Kanta

P 1.Ocm small

Q 10.0 cm big

R 100.0 cm big/

230
Based on Table 8, state the suitable
characteristics of the lens to be used as the
objective lens. Give one reason for the suitable
characteristics.
(i) Focal length of the lens:

...................................................................................
Reason:

...................................................................................
[2 marks]
(ii) Diameter of the lens:

...................................................................................
Reason:

...................................................................................
[2 marks]

(d) Based on the answers in 8(c)(i) and 8(c)(ii),

determine the most suitable lens to be used
as the objective lens.

...................................................................................
[2 marks]

6. Diagram 9.3 shows a binocular which is

used for bird watching in a jungle.

(i) An upright image is formed after a ray of

light passes through the two prisms in the
binocular. Explain how the upright image is
formed.

[4 marks]

(d) You are required to modify the binocular

that can produce sharper and clearer image
as well as more portable during bird
watching. State and explain the
modifications based on the following
aspects:
• the type and characteristics of objective
lens used
• the angle of prism used
• the characteristics of material used for
the body of the binocular
[10 marks]

231