Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines (AMN13104)
Assignment-2 (based on Unit-2)
[1] The angle of a reducing bend is 60º (that is deviation from initial direction to final
direction). Its initial diameter is 300 mm and final diameter is 150 mm and fitted in a
pipeline, carrying a discharge of 360 litres/sec. The pressure at the commencement of the
bend is 2.943 bar. The friction loss in the pipe bend may be assumed as 10 percent of
kinetic energy at exit of the bend. Determine the force exerted by the reducing bend.
[2] A discharge through a 24 cm diameter horizontal pipe increases linearly from 30 to 120
litres/sec. of water in 4 seconds.
(i) What pressure gradient must exist to produce this acceleration?
(ii) What is the difference in pressure intensity that exists between two sections that lie
9 m apart?
[3] Water at an altitude of 40 m above sea level has a velocity of 5 m/s and a pressure of
392.4kN/m2. Find out the total head of 1 kg of this water reckoned above the sea level.
[4] The water is flowing through a tapering pipe having diameters 0.25 m and 0.125 m at
sections 1 and 2, respectively. The discharge through the pipe is 40 litres per second. The
section 1 is 5 m above the datum and section 2 is 3 m above the datum. If the pressure at
section 1 is 0.4 MPa, then determine the intensity of pressure at section 2.
Figure to Prob. No. [4]
[5] A pipeline is 15 cm in diameter and it is at an elevation of 100 m at section A. At section
B it is an elevation of 107 m and has diameter of 30 cm. When a discharge of 50 litres
per sec. of water is passed through this pipeline, pressure at A is 35 kPa. The energy loss
in pipe is 2 m of water. Calculate pressure at B if flow is from A and B.
Figure to Prob. No. [5]
[6] A 0.25 m pipe carries water at a velocity of 20 m/s. At points 1 and 2, the measurements
of pressure and elevation are 350 kPa, 275 kPa, 30 m and 33 m, respectively. For steady
flow, determine the loss of head between the given points.
[7] A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100 mm is
used to measure the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 0.18 N/mm2 and the vacuum
pressure at the throat is 280 mm of mercury. Find the rate of flow. The value of Cd may
be taken as 0.98.
[8] An orificemeter having an orifice dia. 0.2 m is fitted in a pipe of dia. 0.4 m carrying
water. The pressure gauge fitted with upstream and downstream of orificemeter indicates
readings of 196.2 kPa and 98.1 kPa, respectively. If the coefficient of discharge of the
meter is 0.65, then determine the discharge through the pipe. Also, determine the velocity
of water in the pipe.
[9] A Pitot-static tube placed at the centre of the pipe of 0.35 m diameter pipe indicates
stagnation pressure and static vacuum pressure as 10 kPa and 0.11 mHg, respectively. If
the coefficient of velocity is 0.975 and the mean velocity of flow is 0.82 times the velocity
at the centre of pipe, then find the discharge through the pipe. Take specific gravity of
mercury as 13.6.
[10] A fireman intends to reach a window 25 m above the ground with a water stream from a
nozzle at 1 m height and 3 cm in diameter. If the jet discharges water at a rate of 0.019
cubic meters per second, then determine the greatest horizontal distance from the
building at which fireman can stand and still reach water stream upon the window.
[11] Using Buckingham’s π theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice is given
by
D
V = 2 gH ,
H VH
where, H= Head causing flow, D= diameter of the orifice, µ= Coefficient of dynamic
viscosity, ρ= Mass density, and g= Acceleration due to gravity.
[12] A wind tunnel is used to test 5:1 scale model of a car. The velocity with prototype is 60
km/hr and for the dynamic similar conditions, the model drag is 240 N. If air is used
with model as well as the prototype, then determine the drag and the power required for
the prototype.
