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JX TERS IT (C@NOPRE SE TUN
GRAPH
THEORY
GARY CHARTRAND
AND PING ZHANG Gyn, ph They e
© Sromple pep boarh
Oe y rmAultigref
sear rr > preuclopyh
nom, veyth
# Subgreph rd Subp
Ss Prdutel obgrof'h
oe
x adjacent vedios are these vabich ove jorrrel y °” lye
x Otkerwe, thy are none odjeewh
* Simply, we Aof thet Guo veHiod art aofierrt if there be
Comat Spm between them.
x Similorly, Toe edge ort aalintod up there us the Commer
Yerden between therm
ue andl Vi ove font Ly an sly cS,
- of fiero vertitey
Then bath u and vo are increled with © owck vier-Veda.
fon \ fo AbBf Ip Thd @J5e,
Loop: An ool ge yoy a ver
fa veer vis ork fo be suf, abject
Paral eolftti Lf jos verhiuy ove jams Uy (fois ov mere. than
due de nuanber ff poly, then Mal wolyed ave cael
Ponlled elqu. Jwo or anere thon fuse eckyer Janieg
a verfet bo Wf are old parol, tlvef. ave Cathal
poraltek ferps
[ povoL tok JoopS —> Porn wg > porstth GB, ;
= Simple rer A re wabrch iy free Prem loopS ab well oS
Pool 209. Othe 3&, The 7 L
Pe mbt a rere 4 * ‘
A mon Simple i of heo ¢fipeds
“ >
muitigaph Preudograph
a “4 gph cathich hos only raph wah, bros only food
Fore llel edge (Hey ale wn wf ell oo dingle Sep
(on be pero feof), + pop He has be prowlleh
with A least
slg ae Joop
Ge 916 Angle feof
mie Aimgle Ja p.
( wane Simp)
‘ o&
~~ ED
o pi-
a) Pee Gy:
Gui
Remark lt G be a gph of onler n ie $€G). Ten
Ww The qmokiatia exdle Nt of & Aim lc /,
f simple proph is (Moy
ive) Sf SlG6)<€ = (9), then G Can be Aanpile time dl if
SCG) 7B), tem G Cannot be Aionple, Sub
aaph: 4 gph Hs ded bo be 0 Aalpapl of » pou
G ff vow commedes! verhag > aachjeaterA verbo
adjaey
x Ff every fo vesiter of 4 pt Gare Camedecl then
G ib o conted graft. Athansink, Gy 1a htonmeckeal
¥ A olitomete! graph baa comechel pail, 3 aubraphs
owl, of alueeds a camponerd tLe umber f
campenerts in a re G10 denoltl by KIB.
kA ry Ge ere Oe a
% The ditdante behween quis veihien wal vIn o Sv’ G6
i te length 4 a [Eee Ldween Und V, clinebed by”
acu) or aioflg d04%9.
Gf There to me path behoran yank ¥ (e0, & onal ae di tamed)
dtuvye a. ‘
a ! nedeo! ;
x Te diameter of af pop G 1S the amanimuan dirtonte Lefeseey
dle verhiey iG, donb! by dhivom 6).
#
gy.
Oo.”
pjrconnede! gol with KID=e2,
park, compbsed in 0 (omedael
py!
decade 2, dla, Y= oo
dhaonG Je 2- dif, (jet, Af, w) = :
diam( G2) =3 | x Make all foplle diljrot Git | Sif rr"
of oreliy ly.
x Daw a Aronple conectel py of orev b and Arde §
fe Carviler th rath Gs a
find 2
wa nog walk of bro 6.
ty oe vow Geaik thal jn vit oft of bogtl 6
() a 2-7 pol. df levoth s
(d) a errorA # Groth, lo
ve g— cycle.
Oa
|. ole foure
cc) dian CG).
(h) te ginth 4 G
x Draw comedee! Prag G condeining three vation “ev
byl Oo Juee et dtyvye dune SMMI= diamlG) =3
x Drees alt clipfered pranple canedked graph A.
whch drAdane Ldlween every (bo non- ol) atvd vertray 14
Bome ant tn 2,
a Gorafh aaa
Comer clams of gps phd (al these conoph we eae ‘2)
mall raph: A pr h jd by Ny f° 77
xN 10 the drviol ph
aving ane edge, otend
0
oO 00? KA Wall pt,
rd
ny o Ms mn conf”
eo heed ave ccjjacwA
Complet graphs # gy cabicl, every pio verhied £
coon PE nde! $y Ku ® ny.
x KyeMi °
ma, fe
path, lente! Lg
iy hacen ected eh
path ph, a gop dich Just 0 single
Ze ny2s
ooo io o-oo = 2-9 : e
gett a cldeh Pull rp, dunked by C, 5 173
G: L -ronrnpte, G: aoe votre
So fer dinphivid , nyt
OT Biperbde yvaph A ry G bo Lpadite fT vahdse
ecko pet Gr be cliereled! inks two purl X and
ee puch @ bhan tot each Se AG
Los me endl in X anol ome end 7 Y.
, x
: : Gy
7 & bipartite
x Melhed de check a graph fr bipertideness.
Proper borg fs of, A célarig of vetraeg qf
a py G in Aoicl fo be profler if (fo adhacet ;
verdiiey hove the Aame Cer.
i Tle omnnimuon nuanler sf choad wel be proffer
of Gt Claes tht chronmthe murder
eslenieg
of G, olendcl by KS).
xO VGekrl then ake path nap, ow
a omutt pooh pre
8, ie : /
fy: OC, In 4- parte . Bhe
ole Reel
C e Blue
a Red :
{Yl Gk te
: R eR
ea
15 bipartite, 3-parhle or dre partrte
Ss it ly nef Lipa kh | Compide wpaiBle aph A bspartdle qungh crit parby x
and iD 4 compl bipattifs py if each vertex
of xX 1 adjorcerd wd, every verter in % lind d
by Kann fe omnrl.
x Sion larly we bot canpflele Brudk py Kom
fo mn. 2!
Kost Keg! 4
Kso0
PEF ESS,
: a nee
fav Gap. yp complet bien de ph Kn Kn, 19 4
Abaw py, alfo a oe = ae
my oo” Sy “
&
Ky Ske 2 Bye Ss
reed a A of tan be dbdeined
ae wre veokin ith th veer,
of o CF graph. ;
Wy, = Ky Cnet x Wek, + Gy,
Wa
, ek+¢
pe Kit Ce | RB Me Kt'7
iP
~*~ \D 1p | AA gnares a
____~_—_——_
Defevanne thot wabrd. py ff perk fenilia ane
th gamed
fo enurnfle. N= Ky, on eke,
Lined the erie onl We cook gop ford
fa Prberen graph ant cach wheel m5 hes
ernuth ponte gr phd 1
fird the clinmete af each of ur py 1"
Suypyphe thet the vertias of a jos G are
jnbegers, arc tue sng ers QR av L are atid
rf & ab i odd Tay cledlermnin to which wi'll-knews,
claws of gpl > G belonging 2 Topi 0
rig: Degree, raguler fond _elepree sayusnts.
lat G fe rth, v be eng verdex of G ond esny be
fr] edge of G, flan
ae clegree of Vion the onetonber incickincren of aS IY
with v, HI kendel by dev a oy.
. a
F The clgree of on wlge any 19 deya AAA?
A verter of ckegree zero 13 on thelotecd vertex.
tS terssae eee
+
+ A vevten of deqree one 1d a eof. be
4h veker of even (odd) degre in knann os even (oA) 7
4 al te wht of G beve te Aume degre ¥, ton G
“1 (alleck yorequlay 6 Aienflg regular goph.
+ A Be requly pth 1S talbeel 0 cubic _g7efrh.
+A por i aege_requlr Uf all He alge ge The Sums okeyree.
were. oot theorem of pop troy (Mond Atak Cnr)
Ine rr G, the Jum of the dhegrua of oll te vation
ry Lei’ the nusnber of elf:
% ove Ha ved 09 to G
That 4 matheanaNy If 4%
and SCG) Ly the Si? of G Cthe monber of 90) . Ton
n
S_ dts 2nSG). (even) W
ce
The mumber of odd verditey ino per deve
CMi4 iy the consegeanee of hand phoke lemme)
Because, if the umber ol veda iy Gyn odd, an the
(’ all Tht oLegrers woulel Le odlel, which whut
*
Reson
Jum of
the hanel Ahatke Lemna, wo
A 3-requler graph, (cobic pop)
% Degree sypane of 9 pth ik G le a pooph. Tere
arranged of te deg res of all te vesbhicn f G in
Men iincreosing or nen-deereosing ery 15 colleS #
olegvet Aeguener of G.
Fer eno te pes sens of GS-8
/334°
The chagrea Spams Pog 1 LA LILY
Th deyree Aguen® of Gy if 3333
3
A deg ioe Sopunts Ly friviel f all of eum) are Pere Inti £49¢9--—0-
¥4 Ti conshruction from Be o gyi degre Ayn.
Remeober the filaring stfy.
the,
SPE, check by wsing (hand hats lemon thet th gen
Arquants Wm degree feguence. Sua oll the ferard
of the Piven pequsmce, amok then pum shaull Le wen
Ahenwine, hand ghole Lemma 10 nel 248 vevif Vel, and
wut thet y thin in not digner aypuns anck we
connot ltd a Vr from thin aera
sty; afer vanifitcken of bond thoke (remma, draw the
verfices. The awmber of drm tn the Aguenk #15
the qtumber of verbs in Ke proph . | bm
1 Now,
verditey, Gente seel pfevon in
a iA previeles Ihe in braned Yon of the suber aSGe
tnerelenes'es with exch verdex, Compl euch deron
inferton on exer] ve vifor, Than we gd ‘thy poh:
Explain gi
Explaining the AI consicler lee Lepore
(Wonk Shale
doavo the edge belvce te olvac!y d Yaw
we
Ms DY 10 © lagrh a
Lowms)
S27, 54,4 510 peseyagrltpor 22 even, HSL verifier!
S234 see Sahagezerte toe 17 edd, HSL is st vif
ee ee
gaqarartltl = (2 248", HSL vevifisl.
a. oeaete
wo, es oa nob-
Here, 5 Grol Ss an the dagres a
Luk connot oftees fon S
Gwe draw pepe fren S and So,
Remember: thing HSL, we get the Ait of Gta muanber fy
Ly adling ott the derma) ond! Hen by dlevidlcg wh 2”
See the fpranule am the fost page
Cee Si 332207
we hve Jen vet'ay, ond HH} we hove AN i ,
yal ee AIR vertiag AIM aclgey,
wD w
wy
Cy a
From the preriate onampl, rife that we cosbruct a Ample
Poh from the dryner Sy, enh merecjimfe Vp fom Sy.
Thersfre, came some wwe can emsfivel beth Ainfle owl non chenple
TTS fiom a given degree joquente, evel Jone trme ote con
construct only avon -Sianple pe from ~ fven a Apne
No, that 14 thy jlendyfeden of a Aypoen from whibe we
Gn corghrul » Aim ple py?
The antuer 15 thet we can cndhucl a fumple ry from
A Aagrente eahich Uy gonphiool ond If a Jaguence 4 nt
pre, He ose tan crs braret ony nen Himpe pyr a
. dayne ,
Grophicol Aewena, p firen [Aegon a Awd de be ped
if it Gr be pola! fo te Ariviol Agni,
frocectire fo reduce tb chech) 0 Jopeans for pepo’
andl met graphiod. ov greater
He of there 1D a term in te Deprun vihich apollo
the pd rvrmber off devmp, thn the Aeguene 1S mot prbicet
for exempt, the pager S: 7S 44110
styl of the gren pyeena in mot Sobity Shp-L, Thi, arrange
STF
the frum in En increasing sreley CVF already mol rn thot rom)
| shpBD suip the Fat feomyulich to deg ey, and dubtoct 4 from
eath newt oh Ard.
APH "Re ovrange again in nar in creo grter, ad do hep i. cortinue ther procébue anil ote ef any ve dorm OF ©
we Hoch the drivial Ayene,
& Decesion» 1f we gucemfull redecrel fo the priviel spite,
hen the green Acgeante 19 papliel, thus 17
Gay pilriothor the geynence orl md prypelet
Lxan/'le lw the
Ji ok ie;
cmbsidlev the Aquinee Controter Ibe agene
tod 3 z21l/o
$334 HA2Ee il
jaye, et PALLLLI ©
Lue aeL Lhe
7 veteran ra
La LILL 2,00 Yoong)
4o APP : Lee.
Tk given Aye 19 LT, 2,2,0,0 (ve-avrnge )
nen. pyr ol. ecard privil Jyones
[ene the gree Agome 2) pot
So Tepie: Neighberhord ord Tein class O
ylt G be o rr Te verter in 6 are Aark Bo be
neghbers of cachither ff thay om acjacerte
of
Eo ont bare etghbor, bet a ib at neighbor of LeLdh,é
x for ve V(G) the nei hbsthed of V Ms
we ey
Ne [uEHl| 4 tect wit, y} > Nive New UI
(The calledion of meighbon -f ~)
Ne) efa bd Nieleiaks a
“x A gonph G omy hod Three dpe of vetieg aecoreliny to reighbarkod,
S
z
a vertex ¥ Suh that f vertex v for vbw a verte ov hovtrg
wevy 247 F emp sd ve doe) ot exit ¢
‘ A Lt. non-conphy
wiv) < ivd Bingltohy 4 only we on te nepberhacls
Kin dhe af vedo ahead chek abbd. NOVI +.
he an iboloded ae A veer baring lop atlas than incletcal
cabich > not oobjace ost of thin dype sod loopafrae vert,
any verteu Bf thy ype i,
The veden i mG Th verlen @ inG at the verde,
weed MteJejed, f} 6 except @ .”
¢
niis et
ao i H Tong yeyfitey wom v mre Torin 5 @
Tue Fabje
& >
of wu) wiv) af Newenevy)
Tn Gy the verter a onl b In G, the verbs J ad hore
Ore Tre Jwind, becuse false foird becacse
whaJ= ga, b,Ge NL wtay= if}. VOM
Tf verbies ore Tarte fend, than they wsull net be falas hond ce
vite vera,
% Tf a verdex
1s dt hain cath any har sayher, then A oid
fo be udp hie
% Reledion, Fie verlian uo od v are fin equivalind
Cwriten oyu Dy) iff elthye NCW-NW) or ntuje avd,
in G6 GLb avd gach
,
are A af duin equivedeocd ;
wher all Ser vericer
x Te velcbion of dain eqpivolol 15 an epuivalinee valodbon,
franditive
Ly, becavdt NWN)
T &
Vd = Nev)eniuy -
Mer 2 NWeNW) awh uw dros
eho
ae . ae ? ve
ae twin pattidion , whee
part 09 fale a fuin cha.
>udtv b v
Moen) wel yeuy Nowy
2 NCv= Ncw)
») v bw
theamadially , a fin cheb of a verfen vo 1S
Te ivevea) | ud} Labehiy 2
WD ve. in ta cl representa,
2)
Fach seyfex belorny exw ome dein clo, buner the 0
ether Tee a TMT A lompy il),
ey : :
4 cesin class Ty ty allo the chiin clas for each of ha vedo
in Ty.
Consiler We grph G on page -
Nerghbar het f wb verden ure:
Moa)= tb, <} nloJ=Labef= Mlb)
Nobeha,cf NeeJ- Lah od
N Ce) =ha,b, A nidJ=to4e}
Ned=4S et nleJ=bLSF ft
NEP LD 4} NEY $6.69 Af
_ eff nch) wg 26S}
wae i NChJe it OF
nce’ | wees fel,
Kain patton 12
Geir 4ed, Leth Debt heih Geis}
ee oS
2
babel» gb
oo
plier qushie.: Kind the down partition, pprembly of pups
Gfodiel) to N+ Comma clotsen 4 gaps Tile: mbes on Gp 7
lt Ghee a gy watt verbiter WV Mm and eden ey Oe
the adjnting) moder of 4 ACG) te jintidunte onclrin. fF LOY
hos over nxn, ord ty ended
nxn, and entr'es Gr
hae
hes ovdey
be obtemel od falland con be found 0d flaws
; erken ve 10 08
if the verted ve ark Vy os ee °, if te ve ic
) fay} °. ve at ame! ‘ n)-Da) « tnodart valth the lye G
(Gz O5 J] the oworbe
ADS (Gacgy , if Ye oe LIB 1 incident
bee, ae odjocerd 2" with ey.
G:
= The order f AG) 19
order of GX orler FG
5 yi] lt 2 fol |
Acale ;
vy | > too ° j— Te oder f £9) 4
eo te yd oil PG xX Se of 6.
ve | Oo | to | 6
& & & th es % & & &
y| e o TY pec getter te
Wp oe py ee aE
Ges} | °
[Ga %s ee eC -
Properties of MG) @
=) ee i
CW Ft dhol be @ Syomm dere arodon eth, -non-mghe
and a dhagerned entry oust be even
(2 The Aum of cach vod 19 the digpee of fara panding ver
the clagrer eguente ond the Arte of G can be favol
(3) Fach non- Are diagonal ef jinditwteed @ Loo? and antl”
| non chagene man binary enh india) prroklth schgep
inkeger ends,
den, So
&) Goa yar tn entirely pore, then the carrspondlng vertex 14
an toloter! yerken
The entry of ACG) a7 the binary ogni
if Goin a Alonph rer.
Remembers Binoy digtty wre 0 ore 4 |.
Prfeer TG)
(D Each onty Ahald be a binad dart, Fock Celumn Aur
be etthy 4 oy 2.
wclge hep Cduom Aun 9 A 0 loop, andl tot Claw
(alee! a (oop Column, Two jorhiol cdluornA trot coke Paral
L, if avd only
heute
(2) An
h
akg e in G.
tg) Re dum of tach raw, by cleing the loop Celamn endry of ted rors
frie Hime, in the degra of correpandirg verte. Sy ten degree
pepena of F Can be found.
wy) fo ” evtrrely feats coal :
ppardin: .
an tolotec! verden. “oy verde Lh
beh umn Aun i 2 and me dvs Csluomnr are jalnBeak
th anol only uf G 18 a Simple pyr © 6 o 6 gt nut) ile
“ Oo te) 9 4
©
Me} o 6 mm oo | wel f 7
; eee q je
3 °
ie So 2
e o tg i of OD
Mz= : te va (oo
eae Oe tee oes
cele 2 o 8 fo
ie go
Dedreny
om
c | ao. 3 6 GE
Om 27, | 7 oa
ee eo
2 el ie es (6 ol.
oi. , © ot « & I fy
: : 7 [tle oe
MT) adorn | a dgerency rec mt adjntenky omen
mt | Puta
ya, an es
ip ete
ye, heewudt if 17 —
Not iderd nel Clergy
aN an
2
eo 1 ee fe ° .
pp eye fs
2 8 4° ( a
ie a
1 ° i *
bree th ote f°
ams | © oN) a
o een, Se EAI sey
foo tf pe y ;
om rFetao tle ! toy
g-[t ete? ee ok ae eee
a ease Le qt flee . eo [y
; ee co fo
. a ty oe fi ot 1 oy fy
16 6 o 1 0 og
Column 24 5” a ee a Meer
19 ref snerclona modon because if hos ane ehimn tum 2e
Qty On jacichnes omc, fe > nm Oimple PY.
Bn not sneclente onobin becouse 14 hea gre ey
grecder thay 2. © Glow cin
Ty 8 an inockna’ adn der Ample rp
Trenbferimathond rN
metry ee “none
Q Trenofrmetn of gropth ‘ioe ha clegree Aequeancs
@ Tansfermedhion of % degre Oeysente ih 9 prog
both ‘those havsfrrcDir) hod ban gdhucied tr the
pie of dee bod dagra Dequentr,
a Tran fermion of a qroph info matin
(fudial tn this loduure )
@ Frnsfermabion of « $b” inde pap,
W) From ACG) to 6,
~ . eee odjeatoney
onda n Me given of paye-3. Yow %
ylo oe 1
“lo 4G 2
“i ( 2 2
M%l2 o 2
wt 3 (2
y(o 11 oe
WIO Oo | o
wil | o ©
“JO o 9 ©
o |
©: D Fanformcbin of rad of ratrin ints
dugree Aeyuente,
d) From the odjacenty mdny Me
Gnd py given of Prye— J,
Mg G7, 7, 4 5) ce
Mo 64334 4,4) °
ip from the jneiclew@ amoibiey ‘
Ly avok Ly given of Px-4
en i :
34,44 30) :
°
°
° t
' °
© Dp
o 8
o O
o 6
nels of th
oo ta PT
°o oo ° ° o
eo o o ° |}
o © D © jj
2 © o | 3
eo 6 2 2 4
o 2. oe
é
to2 2 4],
@) Frenofooredion es dagret deyuere
into Rod oe hin
lot the cog pe Jepeancs
LL34b6D
