Srllabut +
Potic Cowoph, Ysorosphicco andl Cubgeaphs,
Veees “Ond theix. properties, Sponnig taoas , Direct) eee
Binasy ees , plooner Grsaphe feud Perynthlla Mull guophe
and Eahe Guodk, Hani to nian Graphe , chaowohc Numbers,
The Fou =coloy oleae
Basic | Coneepty s—
Graph AN Graph G 18 a pair of cet Cv, E), vhow v i
a set lof veotfces ad £ Sa get of edber. .
) 4 G % a Airectod geoph CAigroph) the glome
| ate. otdined poire of vertices. Lf G 1k a condites
graph Me ehmeste of E ase unotdar pale of verkiteg.
iStapl_jeoph anc 9aph wilh no loops 4% said) 4
low loop -Peoe .
sel6
epee’ edges
il |
,
hava 0 veolfeor
opto pot
Cheeni: A path of by by PT wath a
and end) point ane gual a calked a Cigar
Cycle: Tie 1 @ Gnple Cirertt hostng al laark - @ bathe
Pe (ed) Bao cy ele wilt length a
4y Lab) foie} Leva} — length ¢
a WD Cart Loch fed} tad 7 bath 4
oN)
d
ee hae Teomonphisen and) Subgraphs —
i a apie ees ‘somosphic 7h Shere
( ine ti +
Ue os eee VG) aS VG") Rom We verbices of G to
] vertices of Gl cule)
| ) fi ow = one. (into)
1) 8) P is Onto , ancl
WD tes each pow of veekiers u od uy of @Cunpe ECS)
We (Pew) fons) ECG) © Ce ie Uae al
ey Paredion 2 ust the Hheee propelicr # called O°
{Somos phis~o fom G to ay dessted by & =6!
Properties of Twomwsphic geaphs:—
) The nor of vertices ond) edbes cue Some.
\veay] =|v fe")
(ele) = | €Ca')|
WD) Te degeee sequence of &
) HE Orv) % 9 Loop 19 @ Hay Hu
5) ey = Veeve 1S 0 cycle a Leas tn G,
len Sess) —fOu) fn) - - fe) = Lvs) (s @ cycle ot bak
tn Gl 16 the cyelr vector of gf Gord G! are tare
cle vectser—T. ucla veetse of @ of bagi 4s Yo veclou
Cer =~ Cm) where os © We nor ot Cyebs 1G ot bath a
ond @! ane the Game.
Leh % 0 loop in! ee No ote the vertices of @ then the
_— CU Lemme ee where “al is He Ades
Graph Go 3
dosent cs cae alee he 4]
cS Ca edge. Cur, yj)
ACY) =0.
Bethy ACD ofA
RSP ENA Gta nC Uemoiaentenices
SepRoe HD G od) G) nas boo Goaphe an) Ho
ANCE) 5 V0Et) Fa ono 1p ore , onto furetion - A ane A
= adjacency malice fos G ond G! ca
+ 18 on ‘somesphiim som WG) 10 VCG') i he
adjacency sta lei ano gored
VT Prow Re Lol lovstig a ee oe
—
Zk
oi a al 2 EN
Geogh G Gap)» G'
1) “The noe of egos in Ger,
Te vo ot edaes tn gi gpg. 4 ane hase Game ans
o. edge
amon? vekeos tn Gee
We nor of veces, Gl x 5
DIN Gre G\ creel honing Come now of vertices
cl
oclfacen z
|
|
|
j
| _v
ae
sa nan + enone ee
| itt) The deneee Sequmce of G is 2,1,2, 551
| The Aeptee We Aptence Cae Semen StI
the Aegtee Cequernee of GuG' ase Came:
BOP Oncatinsones @cespord ing petnecn verliecs oo! eclaer.
acral Law} — Lob]
| bes ol torch eo elie
| rap Ladt © tela)
| ge gach d> fal ct
eve me Hea
Mid) <> ¢al,a!]
they ev (dle,
, We Giver quaphe CG od 6! aw ssomorphic.
ee fos ‘isomechie pe
2
7 t. —
FES ie
\=4, 2—¢, %—-b, 4 -d
[Seog ae eq
aA \ v a & ik
ee
e Py a e
ROE, ate ienok
Nok isomosphic vee ae Sane
We dogece Rasance 1% cot Came for He groepre.
\
ye
Zz
f
c
B24
ft
rom Hl) the bollowiry gath G avd) Gate ‘tonoethtc. |
Ay
) Whe nov of verkcos tn @
{e 5
We gor of verkces fo Ql ig 4
Rot, graphs hovtog 4 ven fees .
*) Ne no" of edges 1 G % \¢
Be ner of ectace In G! 4 14
Both geaphs hosie dine cot of edges
") dogten Seqjacne te G BAG! ase Sane -
Fos neo verlon of dogere Scaee
Ws) On Ow Corxesporclicg :
aval cH tl ed
bod Beare
fer 9
nace BAe:
(2.5) Gl) (.) oo@l,s)
| Coie) <> Celt!) (Ce) <> cele)
(Cid) > Cul fly ig) <> ce), 4’)
Go +> cele!) 4,4) 23d! e!)
©) — cc 9!) (oid) — cele!)
Gia) c4!,!)
(Gi) <> ¢d!,a) Cha) > C4! 0!)
goles of Glph
Qheck wheothe He folloorg Grogs
oot
fe Came
oe frono e
sol Te co! of veattees ase Came fo both Graphsle)
She aor of edges aL2e are 4 5)
The dagee of every vater 44 Ne geoph
46 tal ty He geoph.
But He lag th of path io geoph G 4S ad more
Go G! Hen. tc 00 path wilh bgth =
Pee ae eine |
Seu aS gph
2
orp Graph A Greaph fs gofd +o be compli te when
sd hot an edge betixny eu pie of vewkdces, 2 :
NOTE!) & geoph contsh 9 veelfces then moriman 00" of Capes 1h geoph
fia Conrplitimart of a sink gtaphG fs 0 yephQ |
on a cet of vaulters af G ah Had Mew ill be 2 ede |
bebcern +20 veltor GY) I. & , 3(L Were fe eddy:
bebxen (uw) tn G- |
2s} a b 4 oa b |
a 3 © a ce 4 iat |
Grraph S G tGonlime-tot 6 |
poretet :
+ LW) ae adored iG , 1H hy aw st adjocet tn G
3% CG) = VCG)
» £66) - juy|i) +'c4)}
# ECG) = ECkn) — E(a)
* GUG = %
+ GAG = Null Groph
w EG) 1200) — ECKa) | | V-©)
ree
NOTE* UY Avo Greophe ase “‘Womerphic Hen there Complement
|
bo % hic.
aue al somos phi eee
Broo th Compo mead) ole ee Pollawig Gr vophs
on
YY
ee
col. 3
1
a) Ve Sx
‘y
complet
b)
Co nplend Spel al Gomophe:
_Oyele Grophs A gyole qtaph ot osdee h 1 a Connell graph)
whore edges fede Oo cyele of bgt 0 » Cyele graphs cw p
destd a.
pads Greophi— to edge 4 Removed) fom He cyeb geoph
© alld path geaph. path geaph 1 doroled! by Pr whee
Sa ee He oscho of graph.
Nall Greagh: — A Groph rane He vesfices bet! 00 ediyes
© called null geoph Ma deoph 1% devoted by No.
ipa te Graph: — A rordieetd Graph i Aekel GCvié) (6 |
Called uipaskle, FL cet of vestiert VC) Can be pustitiorsd
Jato too dijomly sek Had N 'n suchtuoy Hal « eal
Oe Goin: a verben in M to an verte N- dlonoled) alin |
oo the cae 40 a qastition dro oot adlfaceab
ae ano a
sare deacteh
pads Ebel
ves _ Nok Ripeutite Geaph
wip
@
\ ee,
ow aye ty
? re Wg, ae
e@ jo Bipastle BoA
1 = yt)
complete Ripastt te BeaPh*= A Complete Peeeene
wipactite aeaph in whied Every sen mcPar pe adlfacod to ty
Verlin of N-
a
Omelet biptile Graph
Gees aud Thai poopeibics \—
aussie
Asari A sieph endizectsd geoph GT ee
fess Paro nate oyeles A tae vik 0 veltees ce?
Disecled tie +— A Neacted ead ts Like a simple urclieecled) Hee
jul 4k hag a cpeetall tea feadivee of fodlicabing the Aieeekon
Claman ees edges.
Rooke) toe -— A°wortd tion % a tye wkich bag 0
[Poiial oe ds ee 4p rooted)
dee TS a directed) te they thee % 2 Rom Rooke = of guile): — To Rostd the He lavel of a a
Vite dhe loghh of dhe pak ftom root 40 v..
EAA direct) trea T Ue), wae V= faibie dieiFigiht oef
E= | ca,b) Ca,c) Cad) Cbd), (AD) Cea) Cebh
7. “Wan
Rov, Ss He rea a
Boy ica omc cecie aus
ERE 40 an oncencler of Ve, v % 0 olescendond of u.
pe Nan veo CKildeen Mon US 0 laak of T
Yh v ts sot a leak of T, then v wan Inbenal verkn of T.
The. Subasaph of 1 Conicliag of v and all Vte descondante,
with vy oti ancted a2 a dook ,% He obttae of Loved a Uv.
Bigecillns fo epooring tee 2— Pik
To produce o sare ion fos a, Conncelee® Geof
we have “yoo algertths
J. Breadt Past cease (RES)
2. Depth - Pest. ceareh CnFs)
BFS %5 to Git all Hla ualicas cequostially on a given
ticd be lsre org to He oot lavel- WFe, produces
Saccestively do Kighee lovele fb a Pret
Ne edges ane ajeotd) fo BFL are Called) ‘Coo edge
Ne gee positron He edger of He geaph Q sto too
cele Tree eies
9 Clow edger. Bweadlh Pieet eavol) <—
StEPY cel ob eae Vv.
Step idodtify the adjoat yetiers by vond diaw the
oll he pes oom 40 odlfaces) vesficeg.
Sleps; Update a, verboe U ty she CM Qren
SEY Repeal! ae cepa unk vist the all the vertices tothe
Geaph
Dept Li et peove —
a Sa es
Stops: selol a verten V.
lpr! ceboct one adlfacer! veola, to's and drod tea! Ase]
slepe: upadle, We anita to ale ckld
step: Repeal slepa to Reach the highes Real
sees: 4h wicit all he wertices leomimte
erste, Rackhaok and chook Ie adliaced vciiers |
42 Repeal shp2- |
Bock tack Neen Ge pote alos ei dhe Fall SW
sre Phe follorsing qroiph using
(i 4 BES.
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dae ec 7 cdi cde)
Te edlao (dt) 1 Refecled teoanrte Sb forme Hel
Doo He eabper (bid) Cd)
d
an
b e ;
SEY Ty adjncesd wenteas fos ¢ ore die > Cd
Ee ase +4 2 @f) leg) ~ ie Vas
na
ses. The adljooed vertices, dos 4,4 ie |
45% 2 U9 hi) beferbens.
G7 4h o cgh
a eee
2 WO CHDOw
skps: Ty odlfoaed vettees eae es Athi) chy
q
Boe yeotices %0 Ho gene Co
fos pave Gaaph .
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Mas He spanning pee
Aa Bollowsinn Graph vin) DES
p08 the oar Anon 06 . U ? ()
cps: Select g yestrn how He suagh & cena
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stein: prcljaont ae 3 wothib)
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Dvor He eile bho (b ©)
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claret Sppanitg Bee ot a gaeph G wi
welghe oy lee weigh This 1 applicable Pos weighted
cost = Som of weights ofall Heedes
th niin
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weighted Geaphi— weightsd Gungh { A Graph in aohich
Cach eu KaL, aumeshcal value called) a weight of
Cote Usually the dalye weigh, ore ovo - negative eee
coex for he. fallasty Greph
Dram the enicteaem Cost spanairg
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