Scheme of work/Note of lesson from first week to tenth week
Weeks Topics
1 Revision of last term’s work
2 Atomic Structure
3 Chemical formula
4 Simple Chemical Equation
5 Nervous System
6 Endocrine System
7/8 Sense Organ I (Eye and Ear)
9 Sense Organ II (Nose, Tongue and Skin)
10 Light Energy
11 Revision
12 Examination
Week two
Behavioural objectives: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to;
i. Explain what an atom is
ii. Identify the similarities between proton, electron and neutron
iii. state why it is important to understand the structure of an atom
Atomic Structure
Atomic structure is the arrangement of the neutron, proton and electron in an atom. The
structure of an atom comprises of nucleus (comprises of the positively charged proton and
neutron which is neutral) which is found in the centre of the cell and electrons (negatively
charged) which revolves round the nucleus.
An Atom is the smallest indivisible particle of an element which can take part in a chemical
reaction.
A scientist called John Dalton’s discovered that all matter is composed of atoms which are
indivisible and indestructible. With other findings, Dalton put together the theory called
Dalton’s Atomic Theory which states that:
1. All elements are made up of indivisible particles called atoms
2. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed
3. Atoms of the same elements are exactly alike in every aspect and are different from
atoms of all other elements
4. Atoms of different elements can combine in simple whole numbers ratios to form
compounds
5. All chemical changes result from the combination or the separation of atoms.
Evaluation:
i. Define atomic structure
ii. Describe an atom
iii. What are the components of an atom?
Assignment:
1. Memorizing and write the first twenty(20) elements
Lesson Plan for week three/four
Behavioural objectives: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to;
i. Explain what an atom is
ii. Identify the similarities between proton, electron and neutron
iii. state why it is important to understand the structure of an atom
Content:
Chemical Formula
Chemical formula is the way of representing the name of a compound, this shows the
symbols of the element and the valencies of atoms of elements that makes up the compound.
Valency is the number of outermost electron in an element that participates in chemical
combination with atoms of other element. For example Sodium and Potassium has one
valence electron, Calcium and Magnesium has two valence electrons, Boron and Aluminium
has three valence electros.
Simple Chemical Equation
Chemical Equation is the short representation of a chemical reaction written on paper by
using the symbols of elements and chemical formulae of compounds that are involved in such
chemical reaction.
Example
A+B C+D
Where the A + B which may be an element or compound is called a Reactant, the C + D
which can also be a compound and element or compound and compound is called a Product,
the plus sign (+) means react with and the Arrow ( ) means To produce or To give.
How to write a balanced equation
In order to write a balanced equation, the following rules must be followed:
1. Write out the word equation where the real equation is not given
2. Write out the formula or symbols of elements and compounds that are involved in the
chemical reaction.
3. Use the plus sign to show where reactants combine and arrow to separate the reactant
from products as shown above.
4. List out the elements and their numbers of atoms at both left and right hand side.
5. Ensure that the numbers of atoms at the left hand side (reactant) are equal to the
number of atoms at the right hand side (Product)
Note:
H2O means 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen
3 H2O means 3 molecules of water or 6 atoms of Hydrogen and 3 atoms of Oxygen
Ca(OH) 2 means 1 atom of calcium, 2 atoms of Oxygen and 2 atoms of Hydrogen
Examples
Write a balanced equation for the equation for the reaction between magnesium and
hydrochloric acid which produces magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
Step 1: Write out the word equation
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen gas
Step 2: Write out the formula or symbols of compounds and elements that are involved in the
chemical reaction.
Mg + Hcl MgCl2 + H2
Step 3: List out the elements and their numbers of atoms at both left and right hand side.
Mg + Hcl MgCl2 + H2
Mg = 1 Mg = 1
H=1 H=2
Cl = 1 Cl = 2
Step 4: Ensure that the numbers of atoms at the left hand side are equal to the number of
atoms at the right hand side
Since the number of atoms of H and Cl are not balanced, then the equation becomes
Mg + 2Hcl MgCl2 + H2
Mg = 1 Mg = 1
H=2 H=2
Cl = 2 Cl = 2
Example 2
Balance this equation
H2 + O2 H2O
Step 1: Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
Step 2: Write out the formula or symbols of compounds and elements that are involved in the
chemical reaction.
H2 + O2 H2O
Step 3: List out the elements and their numbers of atoms at both left and right hand side.
H2 + O2 H2O
H=2 H=2
O=2 O=1
Step 4: Ensure that the numbers of atoms at the left hand side are equal to the number of
atoms at the right hand side
Since the number of atoms of H and O are not balanced, then the equation becomes
2H2 + O2 2H2O
H=4 H=4
O=2 O=2
Evaluation: The teacher gives the students some exercise to test how well they have learnt
the topic:
i. Define atomic structure
ii. Describe an atom
iii. What are the components of an atom?
Assignment:
Write out and memorizing the first twenty(20) elements
Lesson Plan for week five
Behavioural objectives: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to;
i. define Nervous System;
ii. differentiate between Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System and
iii. discuss different parts of the brain and their functions.
Nervous System
The nervous system is a complex network of a group of nerves( and cells that carry
messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.
The Nervous system is made up of :
1. The Central Nervous System (CNS)
2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
3. The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
1. The Central Nervous system is the part of the body that is responsible to irritability
or sensitivity and that is why once one mistakenly steps on a nail he immediately
withdraws his leg this simply means that that person is sensitive to touch or danger
stimulated by the nail. In other words, anything that stimulates any part of the body is
called stimulus plural – Stimuli). Other example of stimuli are pain, pressure,
temperature, sound, light, etc some of these stimuli can also come from inside the
body eg hunger, stomach ache, menstrual pain, etc and so whatever the body does in
terms of a stimulus is called Response. The Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of
the brain and the spinal cord
The Brain which is located in the skull is the control centre of the body and it is made up of
the fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.
The Fore-brain consists of the cerebrum which is responsible for memory, reasoning and
intelligence in man, it receives impulses (stimuli) from the sense organs and returns the
information to the appropriate effector organs.
The mid-brain connects the cerebellum to the fore-brain and controls the eye muscles and
posture.
The hind-brain consists of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum
regulates and coordinates muscular movements like running, jumping, dancing and balancing
while the Medulla Oblongata controls involuntary actions like the heartbeat, digestion and
breathing, it is joined with the lower part of the brain with the spinal cord.
The Spinal Cord is the continuation of the brain, it connected to the brain and runs through
the back bone. It coordinates simple reflex actions like knee jerk
2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) controls the involuntary actions of the body,
it is made up of nerves which connects other parts of the body to the central nervous
system apart from the head. Each nerve consists of many nerve cells called Neurones.
3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is concerned with the stimuli that come from
inside the body unlike the CNS and PNS whose stimuli are from outside the body, the
ANS serves the muscles of the heart, the muscles of the glands and also the blood
vessels.
Types of Action
The actions responded to in mammals are of two kinds which are the voluntary and
involuntary actions.
Voluntary Actions are actions that can be controlled ie actions that can be carried out at will.
Examples are talking, running, etc.
Involutary Actions (Reflex Action) are actions that cannot be controlled by mammals; it is a
sudden action that is never thought of. Reflex action is controlled by the spinal cord; the brain
only creates awareness of what has happened. Examples includes heart beat, withdrawing
your leg when you step on sharp object
Evaluation:
i. Define Nervous System
ii. State the components of the nervous system
iii. Describe the brain
Assignment:
1. Describe the Central Nervous System
2. Differentiate between the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System
3. Discuss a reflex action and give examples of them.
Lesson Plan for week six
Behavioural objectives: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to;
i. define the endocrine system;
ii. describe several parts of the endocrine system and where they can be found in the
body;
iii. examine the importance of the endocrine glands.
Content:
Endocrine System
Endocrine System is the collection of glands that produce hormones which regulates
metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc. In
other words, the endocrine system is made up of the glands that secrete hormones.
Types of endocrine glands
Endocrine glands which are also called ductless glands can be classified into various types
which are pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal
gland also hypothalamus, ovaries and testes are parts of the endocrine glands. The largest of
these glands is the thyroid gland which is found in the neck region between the trachea and
the larynx.
The pituitary gland plays a vital role than other glands because its hormones influence the
activities of other glands, it is also called the master gland.
Functions of Endocrine System
The endocrine system helps to control the following processes and systems:
Growth and development
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Appetite
Metabolism (body energy level)
Reproduction
Response to stimuli (stress and/or Injury).
Evaluation:
i. What is endocrine system
ii. List the types of endocrine gland
iii. Mention the functions of the endocrine system
Assignment: Attempt the multiple choice questions on chapter 10 page 97 and 98 of the
Classic Basic Science to take home for practice to enhance their understanding of the topic as
thus:
Lesson Plan for week seven/eight
Behavioural objectives: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to;
i. draw the diagram of the eye and ear;
ii. associate parts of the eye and its functions;
iii. connect parts of the ear with its functions;
iv. explain the effect of the eye and ear problem to man.
Sense Organs
The sense organs are the special parts of the body that enable us to see, smell, touch taste and
hear.
The Eye
The eye is oval in shape and is made up of three layers which are the outer layer, middle layer
and inner layer.
i. The Outer Layer is also called Sclera. It is white and appears in front as cornea,
it is responsible for the protection of the inner structure of the eye.
ii. The middle layer is also called choroid. It contains many blood vessels and a
black pigment, it supplies food to the cells of the eye. In front of the choroid there
is a hole called pupil which controls the amount of light going into the eye and it
is controlled by a muscle called Iris.
iii. The inner layer which is also called retina have the most sensitive part called
called fovea, the least sensitive part is called the blind spot. All the nerves of the
eye meet at the blind spot to form optic nerve which transmits information from
the retina to the brain.
Eye Defect
There are three major eye disorders which are the long- sightedness, short-sightedness,
astigmatism, etc.
1. Long-sightedness (hypermetropia) is the ability to see far objects but do not see
close objects. This is caused by a short eyeball, flat lens and the images of the objects
are formed behind the retina. This defect can be corrected with the use of a convex
lens (converging lens) which will make the image of the object to be formed on the
retina.
2. Short-sightedness (myopia)is the ability to see close objects but do not see far
objects, this occurs as a result of long eye ball, and curved lens which makes the
images of the objects to be formed in front of the retina. This can be corrected by the
use of a concave lens (diverging lens)
3. Astigmatism is the inability to see a horizontal or vertical object, this occurs when
the cornea or lens is no more evenly curved as a result of old age and so rays of light
cannot focus on the retina. This can be corrected by the use of a cylindrical lens.
4. Colour blindness is the inability to differentiate various colours properly, this can be
caused as a result of heredity, venereal diseases or lack of vitamin B. This is more
common in male than in female and is not correctable.
The Ear
The ear which is an organ for hearing can be divided into three main parts which are the
outer, middle and the inner ear.
1. The outer ear consist of the pinna which we see physically
2. The middle ear consists of the ear drum and the ossicles, the ossicles are connected
to the throat by a tube called Eustachian tube.
3. The inner ear which is also called cochlea, semi-circular canals which are full of
fluids and the auditory nerves which makes up the inner ear.
Ear Defects
1. Partial Deafness: This is the failure of the ear to pick up sound of normal loudness
except when the sound is very loud.
Causes: This arises when the membrane covering the middle ear is so thick that
sound waves cannot vibrate in it.
Correction: This condition can be corrected through the use of a hearing aid
2. Total Deafness: This is a situation in which the ear cannot detect sound at all.
Causes: This is caused by malformation or absence of cochlea or ossicles.
Correction: there is no known correction for this condition.
Care of the ear
i. Do not subject your ear to loud noise for a long period.
ii. Prevent the entrance of foreign or sharp objects into the ear.
iii. See the doctor for washing of ear when it itches you or any other ear discomfort.
Evaluation:
i. Define sense organs
ii. List the different layers of the eye
iii. Highlight the possible defects that occurs in human
Assignment:
1. Write short note on the possible defects on the human eyes
2. Discuss the possible hearing defects
2. State how you can take care of your ear
3. Draw a well labeled diagram of the human eye and the ear.
Lesson Plan for week nine
Behavioural objectives: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to;
i. exercise their nose to detect different smells around them
ii. describe different taste on their taste buds
iii. detect items by feeling
iv. discuss how to take care of the body parts.
The Nose is used for breathing, it is made up of two nostrils which have openings to the
outside. The nose is usually moist inside with the help of a watery substance called mucus in
the nose.
The Tongue is the muscular organ for taste, it lies in the floor of the mouth, it has taste
sensitive cells called taste buds. The tongue is divided into four taste regions which are bitter,
sour, salt and sweet bud.
The tongue and taste buds
The Skin is the organ responsible for touch, pain, pressure, heat and cold, it is an excretory
organ that helps to remove waste such as excess water, urea and mineral salt from the body in
form of sweat. The skin also regulates the body temperature. The skin is the largest organ in a
mammal and it is divided into three layers which are:
i. Epidermis which is referred to as horny or cornified layer, and it consist of the
dead cells
ii. Dermis is the middle layer of the skin which is made up of glands, hair follicles,
nerve fibre and sweat glands which are connected to the sweat ducts that opens on
the surface as sweat pores. The sweat glands are surrounded with blood
capillaries.
iii. Sub cutaneous layer: This layer is made up of fat and it helps to insulate the
body.
The diagram of the skin
Evaluation:
i. State the taste bud of the tongue
ii. Mention the layers of the skin
iii. State five ways by which we can take good care of our body.
Assignment:
1. Draw a well labeled diagram of the human eye skin.
2. Attempt the multiple choice question on page 87 and 88 of Classic Basic Science.
Lesson Plan for week ten
Behavioural objectives: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to;
i. experiment to show refraction and reflection of light;
ii. showcase how light disperses through a prism;
iii. distinguish between natural and artificial source of light.
Content:
Light Energy
Light Energy is a kind of kinetic energy which allows various forms of light to be visible in
the human eyes. It can travel in the form of a wave through a material medium and also
through space.
Properties of Light
1. Light travels on a straight line
2. Light is reflected on polished surface (such as plane mirror or smooth surface)
3. Light produces the picture of an object placed in front of it
A ray of light is a straight line along which light ray travels.
A beam is a collection of parallel rays of light moving close together, a beam of light may be
1. Parallel – when rays of light travel in a straight line
2. Convergent beam of light – when rays of light meet at a point
3. Divergent beam of light – when rays of light spread from a point away from each
other
Concepts of Light Transmission
When light rays fall on a surface it may result to the following:
1. Reflection: Light rays are reflected when a ray of light strikes a polished surface such
as mirror or smooth surface
2. Refraction: Refraction is the bending of light rays as it passes from one medium to
another that is from a light to a thicker medium or from a thicker to a lighter medium.
Light rays are passed from air to water that is why a stick or coin dipped in a glass of
water appears raised.
3. Luminous Objects are objects that emits or give out light eg sun, stars, candles, and
electric bulbs.
4. Non-Luminous Object are objects that cannot emits or give out light examples of
them include an opaque, Transparent and Translucent objects.
Opaque Object: These are objects that do not allow rays of light to pass through them eg
wood, iron, black clothes and human beings.
Transparent Objects: These are objects that allow rays of light to pass through them and
one can see through them clearly examples are plain glass, lenses and clean water.
Translucent Object: This is the kind of objects that allows small rays of light to pass
through them but one cannot see through them clearly. Examples are wet paper, oiled white
paper.
Natural Luminous Objects include sun, stars and some living creatures such as glow-worm
and fire-fly.
Artificial Luminous objects are objects such as electric lamps, kerosene lamp and candles.
Terms used in Light Energy
Incident Rays - is the ray that comes into a plain mirror.
Reflected Rays - is the ray that is returned from the surface.
Point of Incidence: This is the point on the surface where the incident ray touches the mirror
Normal - is the line drawn from the point of incidence.
Angle of Reflection: This is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
Angle of Incidence: This is the angle between the incidence ray and the normal.
Apparent Depth
Apparent depth is the height of an object that appears raised in clean water. This occurs a
result of refraction.
Dispersion of Light
Light dispersion is the separation of light into different colours. These colours are called
visible spectrum because they can be seen and detected by the eye and this can be seen when
a white light is passed through a triangular prism. The visible spectrum is composed of seven
different colours which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet these, colours
are also visible during rainfall and are called rainbow. But the invisible spectrum is the light
that one cannot see and they are ultraviolet light, radio waves, x-rays and infrared.
Dispersed Light
Evaluation: Define Light Energy
i. Outline the properties of light
ii. Distinguish between convergent and divergent beams of light
iii. Differentiate between opaque, Transparent and Translucent materials.
Assignment:
1. Describe what happens when a ray of light passes through a plan mirror
2. Describe light dispersion light
3. Highlight the various colours to which dispersion of light separates into
