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NORTHWESTERN MINDANAO STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY Labuyo, Tangub City, Misamis Occidental
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS
Anatomy – is the study of the composition ad structures, and tissue of the
animal’s body.
Fields of Anatomy 1. Gross anatomy – is the study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye. - They are also known as macroscopic anatomy. 2. Microscopic anatomy - is the study of tissues and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. - The study of tissues is known as histology while the study of cells is also known as cytology. 3. Comparative anatomy – is a study of the structure of various species of animals compared to each other. 4. Embryology – is the study of development in utero or within the egg (e.g. birds)
Physiology – is the study of the functions of these structures and tissue of
the animal’s body.
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology
The importance of knowing the anatomy and physiology of farm
animals are as follows: promotes animal well-being (well-being – caring for animals so that their needs are met; animals do not suffer consider environmental needs of animals provides facilities to meet needs provide care based on age and condition consider animal production capacity in selection
Nomenclature for Systematic Anatomy
The approach to the study of anatomy will focus chiefly on individual systems. This method of study is referred to as systematic anatomy.
Nomenclature for systematic anatomy
System Name of Study Chief Structure Skeletal Osteology Bones Articular Arthrology Joints Muscular Myology Muscles Digestive Splanchnology Stomach, Intestine Respiratory Splanchnology Lungs, Air Passage Reproductive Splanchnology Ovaries, Testes Urinary System Splanchnology Kidney, Bladder Endocrine Endocrinology Ductless gland Nervous Neurology Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves Circulatory Angiology Heart, Vessels Integumentary Dermatology Skin Sensory Esthesiology Eye, Ear Microscope anatomy – animal cells and tissues
Definition of Terms a. Cell – basic structure of living organisms contains cytoplasm, which carries out important chemical reactions. b. Tissue – is a group of cells that are alike in structures and activity. c. Organ – a distinct collection of two or more tissues that performs specific function or functions. e.g. kidney, intestine, blood vessels d. System – is a group of organs that work together to carry out a specific activity. e.g. respiratory, digestive, reproduction
Cell Structure The three main parts of the cell: the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and the cell membrane. The animal cell can be divided into three (3) distinct parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
Important functions of the cell membrane:
a. It separates the content of cells from the external environment. b. It controls the exchange of substances between cell and environment. c. It acts as a receptor site recognizing external stimuli.
The cell membrane is partially permeable as it allows a particular
substance to free pass through it but prevents movement of other substances.
1. Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is consisted of the following:
a. Mitochondria – are involved in respiration. It is the cell’s powerhouse because it breaks down complex molecules like sugars resulting the release of the energy (ATP). b. Endoplasmic reticulum There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum: 1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum *without ribosomes attached. 2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum *with ribosome attached.
Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
1. Production of protein, especially enzymes (rough ER) 2. Production of lipid and steroid (smooth ER) 3. Production of substances throughout the cell
c. Ribosomes – are small granules found mainly in the cell
Cytoplasm (cell Liquid). The functions of ribosomes are assembled. Protein. Ribosomes may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or occur in groups (polysomes) free-floating in the cytoplasm.
d. Golgi apparatus – the function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort
and package large molecules (lipid and proteins) either for secretion or transport to other parts of the cell.
2. Nucleus – the nucleus is the most considerable cell organelle and a
typically ovoid. The main functions of the nucleus: a. Contain the cell genetic information in the form of DNA. b. Controls the cell’s activities c. Carries instructions for protein coded in the DNA d. Controls cell division e. Synthesis RNA and ribosome
The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane envelope called the nuclear
